中国的减贫实践证明,地理学在服务国民经济建设和支撑减贫瞄准与扶贫决策中发挥着重要学科价值。然而,由于基本概念模糊、基础理论滞后、学科体系不健全,“理论贫困”成为制约贫困地理学创新发展的最大短板。本文在解析贫困核心概念的基础上,系统剖析了贫困地理学作为一门分支学科的学科性质、基础理论、研究对象、研究内容与框架,提出了未来贫困地理研究中的前沿领域。结果表明：① 贫困是指与一定标准相比,人们所享受的各种福利处于劣势、缺少或不足的状态,具有多维性、区域性和动态性特征。在测量标准上,绝对贫困强调“极小值”,相对贫困强调“平均值”。在瞄准对象上,个体贫困关注个人福利或能力的缺失与不足,区域贫困则是从空间视角关注个体福利背后的“区域福利”。② 贫困地理学是一门研究贫困地区的形成、分布、地理特征及其与环境的关系和反贫困措施的学科,以贫困地域系统为研究对象,以“贫困—环境”关系为研究核心,具有综合性、交叉性和区域性特点。贫困地理学的基础性理论包括空间贫困理论、区域贫困理论和多维贫困理论,其研究内容与框架包括3个维度、2大要素、2类对象、2大标准。③ 贫困地理学需要进一步强化贫困地域系统演化、区域贫困测度、相对贫困瞄准、贫困监测模拟、减贫效应评估、区域可持续发展模式等方面的基础研究。

China's poverty alleviation practice has proved that geography has played an extremely important role in supporting anti-poverty targeting and poverty reduction decision-making. However, due to vague basic concepts, lagging basic theories, and an imperfect discipline system, "theoretical poverty" has become the biggest shortcoming restricting the innovation and development of poverty geography. Based on the analysis of the core concept of poverty, this paper systematically analyzed the nature, basic theory, research object, research content, and framework of poverty geography as a branch of the discipline, and put forward the frontier areas of future research on poverty geography. The results show that firstly, poverty refers to the state of inferiority, lack, or insufficiency of various welfares enjoyed by people compared to a certain standard, which has multidimensional, regional, and dynamic characteristics. In terms of measurement standards, absolute poverty emphasizes the minimum value, and relative poverty emphasizes the average value. In terms of target objects, poverty can be divided into individual poverty and regional poverty. The former focuses on the lack and deficiency of individual welfare or capability, while the latter focuses on the regional welfare behind individual welfare from the perspective of space. Secondly, poverty geography is a discipline that studies the formation, distribution, geographic characteristics of poverty-stricken areas, their relationship with the environment, and anti-poverty measures. It takes the impoverished areal system (IAS) as the research object and the poverty-environment nexus as the research core. It has comprehensive, cross-cutting, and regional characteristics, focusing on the study of regional poverty. The basic theories of poverty geography include spatial poverty theory, regional poverty theory, multidimensional poverty theory, and sustainable development theory. Its research content and framework include three dimensions (economic, social, and environmental poverty), two elements (nature and human), two types of objects (regional poverty and individual poverty), and two standards (absolute poverty and relative poverty). Thirdly, there is an urgent need to strengthen the basic research of poverty geography in terms of the evolution of IAS, regional poverty measurement, relative poverty targeting, poverty dynamic monitoring and simulation prediction, urban poverty and rural poverty, poverty alleviation effectiveness evaluation, transformation and development and revitalization path of poor areas. In the situation that we face new challenges of poverty reduction and development at home and abroad, there is an urgent need to constantly innovate and develop the fundamental theory of poverty geography, promote the globalization of China's poverty research, and contribute China's anti-poverty project to the eradication of global extreme poverty.

增强贫困山区脱贫农户的生计可持续性不仅是新时期农村扶贫的现实需求,更是推动乡村振兴的客观要求。论文从生计资本、生计策略及生计环境出发,建立了脱贫农户的生计可持续性评价指标体系,利用陇南山区脱贫农户的入户调查资料,评估贫困山区脱贫农户的生计可持续性、识别脱贫农户的生计障碍。研究发现:① 从川坝河谷区、半山区到高山区,从早期脱贫到后期脱贫,脱贫农户的生计可持续性依次降低,且务工型与农工互补型脱贫农户的生计可持续性强于其他生计方式农户;② 陇南山区生计不可持续脱贫农户比重达28.83%,高山区、传统务农型及后期脱贫户中生计不可持续农户比重较高,而川坝河谷区、农工互补型与务工型及早期脱贫户中该比重较低;③ 生计不可持续脱贫户均面临着多元生计障碍,其中近2/3的农户面临多维资本—环境阻滞型与多重要素阻滞型障碍;④ 针对生计不可持续脱贫农户面临的多元生计障碍,需分类实施多维生计干预。

Enhancing the livelihood sustainability of out-of-poverty farming households in poor mountainous areas is not only the realistic demand for rural poverty alleviation in the new era, but also the urgent demand of rural revitalization. Taking into consideration livelihood capital, livelihood strategy and livelihood environment, this study established a livelihood sustainability evaluation index system of out-of-poverty farming households, and used the household survey data of the out-of-poverty households in the Longnan mountainous area to evaluate their livelihood sustainability and identify livelihood barriers. The results show that: 1) From river valley, the middle mountain to the high mountain area, and with the passage of time since a household was out of poverty, livelihood sustainability of the out-of-poverty households decreased in turn, and the livelihood sustainability of work-oriented type and agriculture-industry complementary type are higher than other farmers. 2) The proportion of farmers whose livelihood is unsustainable in Longnan mountain area is 28.83%, and the proportion of farming households with unsustainable livelihoods is higher in high-mountain area, traditional farming type, and late out-of-poverty households, while the proportion of farmers who have unsustainable livelihoods is lower in river valleys, agriculture-industry complementary type, work-oriented type, and early out-of-poverty households. 3) Out-of-poverty households with unsustainable livelihoods are all faced with multiple livelihood barriers, and nearly two-thirds of them are faced with multidimensional capital environment barriers and multi-factor barriers. 4) In view of the multiple livelihood barriers faced by the out-of-poverty households with unsustainable livelihoods, targeted multidimensional livelihood intervention should be implemented for different categories of households.

In the mid-1990s, the responsibilities to design, implement, and evaluate social welfare programs were transferred from federal to local jurisdictions in many countries of North America and Europe through devolution processes. Devolution has caused the need for a technique to measure and compare the performances of social welfare programs across multiple jurisdictions. This paper utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for a comparison of poverty reduction performances of jurisdictional social welfare programs across Canadian provinces. From the theoretical perspective, findings of this paper demonstrates that DEA is a promising method to evaluate, compare, and benchmark poverty reduction performance across multiple jurisdictions using multiple inputs and outputs. This paper demonstrates that DEA generates easy to comprehend composite rankings of provincial performances, identifies appropriate benchmarks for each inefficient province, and estimates sources and amounts of improvement needed to make the provinces efficient. From a practical perspective the empirical results presented in this paper indicate that Newfoundland, Prince Edwards Island, and Alberta achieve better efficiency in poverty reduction than other provinces. Policy makers and social administrators of the ineffective provinces across Canada may find benefit in selecting one of the effective provinces as a benchmark for improving their own performance based on similar size and structure of population, size of the budget for social programs, and traditions with administering particular types of social programs.Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Based on SPOT-5 images, 1:1 million topographic maps, the maps of the returning farmland to forest project and the Chongqing forest project, social and economic statistics, etc., this paper identifies the features and factors influencing farmland marginalization. The results showed: (1) During 2002-2012, the rate of farmland marginalization was 16.18%, which was mainly found in the high areas of northern Qiyao mountains and the medium-altitude areas of southern Qiyao mountains. And this farmland marginalization will increase, associated with non-agriculturalization of rural labourers and aging of the remaining labourers. (2) Elevation, distance radius from villages and road connections had a great influence on farmland marginalization. Farmland marginalization rates showed an increasing trend with the increase of elevation, and 60.88% of the total farmland marginalization area is found at an altitude greater than 1000 m above sea level. The marginalization trend also increases with slope and distance from the distribution network. (3) Farmland area per labourer and the average age of farm labourers were major factors driving farmland marginalization. Farmland transfer and small agricultural machinery sets affect farmland marginalization with respect to management and productivity efficiency. (4) Farmland with “comparative- disadvantage-dominated marginalization” accounted for 55.32% of the total farmland marginalization area, followed by “location-dominated marginalization” (33.80%). (5) According to the specifics of each real situation, different policies are suggested to mitigate the marginalization. A “continuous marginalization” policy will encourage the return of farmland to forest in “terrain-dominated marginalization”. An “anti-marginalization” policy is suggested to create new rural accommodation and improve the rural road system to counteract “terrain-dominated marginalization”. And another “anti-marginalization” policy is planned to improve management and micro-mechanization for “comparative-disadvantage-dominated marginalization”. A new idea was developed to integrate high resolution remote sensing and statistical data with survey information to identify land marginalization and its driving forces in mountainous areas.

“精准扶贫”是近年中国全面推进建设小康社会的重大战略举措,精准识别扶贫对象、精准安排扶贫项目、精准监测脱贫成效是“精准扶贫”战略的核心内容,如何保障系列“精准”的实现亟需科学、系统的评估方法和评测手段作支撑。为从多维度、动态、一体化角度对扶贫项目的可持续减贫效果进行评估,本文针对中国目前已在执行的各种扶贫项目减贫效果评估多偏重经济维度、缺乏机理解析和可持续性评价等问题,借鉴DFID可持续生计分析的学术思想,提出了适用于扶贫模式可持续减贫效应评估的分析框架,进而对社会保障式、项目建设式、产业化、科学技术、移民与城镇化、易地搬迁与安置、信贷、参与式等8种扶贫模式可持续减贫的作用机理进行了探析。研究结果既能展示扶贫模式的减贫作用机理与贫困群体特征的契合程度,又能分析扶贫模式对贫困群体多维度及可持续的生计改善状况,同时也可为系统、综合、定量地评估可持续减贫效果的方法模型发展提供思路借鉴。

The "targeted poverty alleviation policy" is one of the most important strategies in recent years for China to build a well-off society in an all-round way. Among the many contents of this strategy, accurately identifying poor people and groups, arranging anti-poverty projects, and monitoring the effects of poverty reduction are the three core aspects. To ensure effective implementation of these policy objectives, a series of scientific and systematic methods for estimating and assessing the accuracy and efficiency of poverty reduction are necessary. However, related studies so far have focused mostly on the economic dimension, and very few of them have explored the underlying mechanisms or assessed the sustainability of poverty-reduction effects. From a multidimensional, dynamic, and systematic perspective, this article categorizes the anti-poverty models in rural China according to the main aspects each project works with, formulates a framework for analyzing the sustainable poverty-reduction effects of these models based on the sustainable livelihoods framework proposed by DFID, and then explores the working mechanism of each anti-poverty model. The result shows that the proposed framework can not only express whether the mechanism of an anti-poverty model matches the characteristics of the target poor people, but also assess the improvements it brings in multiple dimensions of people’s livelihoods and its sustainability. Thus the framework may help shine light on the development of systematic, comprehensive, and quantitative methods or models for estimating the sustainable poverty-reduction effects of anti-poverty projects.

可持续生计框架是辩证思考贫困的影响因素及其形成过程的理论总结,有助于对精准扶贫进行规范化和系统化的研究。本文以可持续生计框架为蓝本,构建基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析框架,并从影响农户生计的内因和外因视角,讨论精准扶贫的多维贫困识别指数(MPII)的基本构成。以四川省凉山州作为案例区域,建立具有本土特色的MPII指标体系;识别出420户贫困户,其中80.48%(338户)的建档立卡户与识别结果重叠;与建档立卡农户相比,所识别贫困农户在各单个维度和综合维度都几乎处于更劣势的水平,识别效果更加精准。根据贫困原因的相似性,可将贫困农户划分为人力资本贫困型、基础型资本贫困型、社会资本贫困型、多维资本贫困型、生计环境恶劣型等五种类型,并针对不同的贫困类型提出相应的帮扶措施。

Targeted poverty alleviation refers to focusing on the poor in anti-poverty programs and enhancing the ability of those who desire to fight against poverty. Sustainable livelihoods framework facilitates exploring the influencing factors and formation of poverty, which is useful in standardized and systematic research on precision poverty alleviation. Based on this framework, our study sets up an analytical framework to divide precision poverty alleviation into four stages and five links in order to assist the poor to reduce poverty; it also discusses the basic components of multidimensional poverty identification index (MPII) from the perspective of internal and external causes of difficulties in farmers' livelihood. Taking Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province as the example, we establish a unique MPII index system. A total of 420 households are identified as impoverished families. About 80% of the designated poor households (who are registered at the government office) overlap with the identified families; and the identified poor households are the poorest among those who have been registered, both in individual dimensions and the integrated dimension, so the identification is more accurate. The poor households can be divided into five types: lack of human capitals, lack of primary capitals, lack of social capitals, lack of multidimensional capitals, and living in severe environmental condition. Corresponding measures have been proposed in accordance with the causes of poverty conditions.

贫困与地理环境之间交互耦合形成了空间贫困陷阱,本文在对贵州50个国家级贫困县乡村人口转移减贫效应和松桃、威宁、望谟3个典型县域贫困村贫困发生率与农村道路可达性指数空间耦合关系进行实证研究基础上,阐释了破解空间贫困的作用机理,并构建相应政策体系。结果表明：① 贵州国家级贫困县乡村户籍人口向县内城镇转移和县外转移具有显著的减贫效应,但县内城镇转移比县外转移减贫效应的作用力更大。② 松桃县、望谟县极度贫困、可达性较差型和深度贫困、可达性较差型贫困村所占比例在15%左右,威宁为10%左右,对该类型贫困村实施整村易地搬迁和村庄撤并;对具有自然历史文化特色资源的深度贫困、可达性中等型和一般贫困、可达性中等型贫困村应进一步扩展道路宽度,打通断头路,形成网络,增强通行能力。③ 应坚持以县城为中心的就地城镇化和发达地区中心城市、省会城市等异地城镇化并重,加强对转移劳动人口的技能培训,提升其城镇生存能力。继续加大对具有自然历史文化特色资源的保护类村庄的“通村、通组、通户”道路拓宽、硬化等措施,逐步完善自来水、宽带等较为薄弱的基础设施投入力度,推进贫困村基本公共服务均等化;通过发展山区“绿水青山”内生性和外生性产业,引导贫困人口提升自我发展能力。

The interaction between poverty and geographical environment creates a spatial poverty trap. This paper makes an empirical study on the effect of rural population transfer on poverty reduction of 50 state-level poverty-stricken counties in Guizhou Province, and examines the spatial coupling relationship between incidence of poverty and rural road accessibility index in poverty-stricken villages in Songtao, Weining and Wangmo counties. Then this paper explains the mechanism of solving spatial poverty and constructs the corresponding policy system. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) the transfer of rural household registration population in poverty-stricken counties to towns within the county and the transfer of counties outside the county have significant poverty alleviation effects. However, the poverty reduction effect of urban transfer in the county is greater than that outside the county. (2) The poverty-stricken villages of extreme poverty and poor accessibility types (EP) and deep poverty and poor accessibility types (DP) in Songtao and Wangmo countries account for about 15% and those of Weining take up about 10%, and these types of poverty-stricken villages should be relocated and merged. For the poverty-stricken villages with natural, historical and cultural characteristics, such as deep poverty and medium accessibility types (DM), general poverty and medium accessibility types (GM), the rural road width should be further expanded, the network should be formed, and the traffic capacity should be enhanced. (3) It is necessary to adhere to the local urbanization in the county and the urbanization of the central cities and provincial capitals in developed regions. We will strengthen skills training for the transfer of the working population and continue to promote equalization of basic public services in poverty-stricken areas. This paper believes that the endogenous and exogenous industries of “lucid waters and lush mountains” in hilly and mountainous areas should be developed to guide the poor to improve their self-development capabilities. In the current and future period, we should adhere to development of the green industry, and further mobilize the enthusiasm of poor people to increase production. At the same time, we should steadily improve the basic public service level in poverty-stricken areas, enhance the self-development ability of the relatively poor people, and gradually move toward common prosperity.

防止致贫返贫、建立脱贫长效机制是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的关键落脚点。探究农户贫困脆弱性及其机制可为建立预防致贫返贫机制提供思路和借鉴。通过构建贫困脆弱性分析框架和测度体系,以秦巴山区为例,测度农户贫困脆弱性水平,分析贫困脆弱性差异,采用分位数回归模型揭示农户贫困脆弱性的影响因素。结果表明：① 农户贫困脆弱性水平均值为0.046,贫困脆弱性等级呈现“纺锤形”分布。② 农户贫困脆弱性水平及不同维度间差异明显。补贴依赖型、务农主导型农户受健康冲击或教育压力大且适应力薄弱,贫困脆弱性较高。多元型和纯务工型农户具有低风险与低敏感性,适应力较高,贫困脆弱性较低。③ 农户的暴露风险、适应力具有地域分异性,中山区农户自然风险较高且高贫困脆弱性的农户比例大;河谷川塬区农户的适应力较高。④ 建档立卡贫困识别与贫困脆弱性评估结果具有一定差异。⑤ 农户贫困脆弱性受家庭层面的户主受教育程度、健康水平、职业类型、社会连接度、政策依赖性、非农就业人数、生计多样性以及村域层面的地形起伏度、道路可达性、与河流的距离以及教育可及性等因素的影响。

The prevention of poverty-returning and the building of a long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation are the keys to consolidating and expanding the achievements. Exploring the poverty vulnerability of rural households and its corresponding mechanism can provide ideas and examples for the establishment of a early warning mechanism. Taking Qinba Mountains as an example, this paper measured the poverty vulnerability level of rural households and explored their differentiation. The factors affecting poverty vulnerability were revealed by Quantile regression mode. (1) The analystical framework of poverty vulnerability was effective. In addition, the poverty vulnerability level of rural households was 0.046, showing a “spindle-shaped” distribution. (2) Poverty vulnerability and its different dimensions were characterized by differentiation. Subsidy-dependent and agricultural-dominated households showed high poverty vulnerability due to the high risks of health or education and weak adaptability. Diversified and pure-work farmers had low vulnerability to poverty because of their low risks and sensitivity and strong adaptability. (3) The exposure risks and adaptability of rural households were geographically differentiated. Rural households in the middle mountainous area exhibited high natural risks, with a large proportion of high-vulnerability households, while those in the river valley area displayed high adaptability. (4) A certain difference existed between the identification of poverty with archiving cards and the assessment of poverty vulnerability. (5) The poverty vulnerability of rural households was affected by the education level, health and occupation type of household heads, social connectivity, policy dependence, non-agricultural employment ratio and livelihood diversity at the household level, topographical fluctuations, road accessibility, as well as the distance from rivers, and schools at the village level.

贫困具有多维属性,根据不同社会群体和背景从多维视角定义贫困已成为贫困问题研究的共识。依据Alkire-Foster多维贫困框架,拓展精准扶贫的“两不愁,三保障”识别标准,建立了涵盖教育、健康、居住、生活和收入指标的海南省农户多维贫困评估指标体系,基于海南省70个乡镇、134个贫困村3924户入户调查数据,采用双重临界值法评估了农户及村域多维贫困状况,进而运用地理加权回归(Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR)模型,分析了村域多维贫困影响因素的空间分异。结果显示,调查农户多维贫困率达18.22%,多维贫困程度严重的村多维贫困发生率不一定高,“两不愁、三保障”及收入指标对多维贫困指数的贡献率低。中、西部连片贫困地区多维贫困主要表现为较差的资产状况、不清洁的炊事燃料、较高的家庭成员患病率和较低的家庭成员最高学历。GWR模型分析表明,作为多维贫困最重要的影响因素,户主性别、户主受教育水平、女性劳动力占比和抚养比4个变量估计系数的空间分异明显。总体上,女性户主和低学历户主为主的地区倾向于更易发生多维贫困,二者的影响分别表现为从东到西、从北到南有所增强。女性劳动力占比为负向影响,抚养比为正向影响,呈现出自北向南增强的趋势,体现了海南贫困地区劳动力弱、女性相对更勤劳等典型地域特征。

Poverty has multidimensional attributes, and it has become a consensus to study poverty from a multidimensional perspective according to different social groups and backgrounds. In order to measure the multidimensional poverty situation in the rural areas where the poor population is concentrated in Hainan Province, we expanded the index system based on the exit criteria for targeted poverty alleviation fulfilling the basic needs of food and clothing and guaranteeing compulsory education, basic medical care, and housing, and established a multidimensional poverty assessment conceptual model for rural households in Hainan Province that covers education, health, housing, livelihood, and income indicators. Then, based on household survey data from 3924 households in 70 towns and 134 poor villages of Hainan Province in 2018, we used the double threshold Alkire-Foster (A-F) method to evaluate the multidimensional poverty status of rural households and villages, and then used the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the influencing factors of multidimensional poverty in villages. The study results show that: 1) The incidence of multidimensional poverty of the surveyed households was 18.22%. But the incidence of multidimensional poverty in villages with severe multidimensional poverty is not necessarily high. 2) The four indicators of farming households' asset status, cooking fuels, family members' diseases, and family members’ highest academic qualifications contribute the most to multidimensional poverty, while the contribution ratio of indicators belonging to the standard of fulfilling basic needs of food and clothing and guaranteeing compulsory education, basic medical care, and housing, as well as income are generally not high. The multidimensional poverty in the contiguous poverty areas in the central and western regions of the province is mainly manifested by poor asset conditions, unclean cooking fuels, high prevalence of disease of family members, and lower education levels. 3) The GWR model analysis showed that as the most important influencing factors of multidimensional poverty, spatial heterogeneity of the estimated coefficients of the four variables, gender of the household head, education level of the household head, ratio of female labor force, and dependency ratio, have very obvious impacts. In general, areas with more female-headed and low-education attainment individual headed households tend to be more prone to multidimensional poverty, and their impacts increased from east to west and from north to south, separately. With an increasing trend from north to south, the effect of the proportion of female labor force is negative and that of the dependency ratio is positive, which reflects the typical regional characteristics of weak labor force and relatively more industrious women in Hainan poverty-stricken areas.

农村贫困化是长期以来备受世界各国关注的焦点问题,消除贫困,实现共同富裕是中国全面建设小康社会的重大任务,科学揭示农村贫困化地域分异机制,成为实施国家精准扶贫战略的重要课题。论文以河北省阜平县为典型案例,运用地理探测器、多元线性回归等模型方法,诊断出县域农村贫困化分异的主导因素,揭示了农村贫困化分异的动力机制,提出了不同贫困化地域类型的扶贫政策与模式。结果表明：① 影响农村贫困化分异的主导因素包括地面坡度、人均耕地资源、到主要干道距离、到县城中心距离等,各因素对贫困发生率分异的决定力分别为0.14、0.15、0.15、0.17;② 不同类型区域农村贫困化的分异机制存在明显差异,可归纳为自然环境约束型、资源丰度约束型、交通区位约束型、经济区位约束型等四大类型;③ 根据阜平县各乡镇核心主导因素,进一步划分出单因素、双因素和多因素影响区域,县域整体呈现出以横向中心为双因素影响区,两侧为单因素与多因素并存的多极核心主导因素影响的农村贫困发生分异区;④ 不同驱动机制下的县域扶贫开发亟需因地制宜、尊重科学、讲求实效,有序推进精准扶贫与城乡发展一体化战略。

Rural poverty has long aroused attention from countries around the world, and eliminating poverty and achieving realize common prosperity is an important mission to build the well-off society in an all-round way. Scientifically revealing the regional differentiation mechanism of rural poverty has become an important issue of implementation of national poverty alleviation strategy. This paper, taking Fuping County of Hebei Province as a typical case, diagnoses the dominant factors of differentiation of rural poverty and reveals the dynamic mechanism of rural poverty differentiation by using the Geodetector model and multiple linear regressions, and puts forward the poverty alleviation policies and models for different poverty regions. The result shows that the dominant factors affecting rural poverty differentiation include slope, elevation, per capita arable land resources, distance to the main roads and distance to the center of county, and their power determinant value to poverty incidence differentiation are 0.14, 0.15, 0.15, and 0.17. These factors affect the occurrence of poverty from different aspects and their dynamic mechanism is also different. Among various factors, the slope and per capita arable land resources affect the structure and mode of agricultural production, while distance to the main roads and distance to the center of county have influence on the relationship between the interior and exterior of the region. There are significant differences in the four types identified of regional rural poverty, namely, environment constrained region mainly affected by slope (seven towns), resource oriented region mainly affected by per capita arable land (seven towns), area dominated by traffic location affected by distance to the main roads (three towns), and economic development leading area mainly affected by distance to the center of county (four towns). Then, Fuping County is divided into single core, dual core and multi-core area according to the number of core elements of the township. The county has shown a multi differentiation of rural poverty with a horizontal center of dual core area, and both sides have a single core and multi-core, which are affected by different dominant factors. Finally, this paper suggests that policy of targeted poverty alleviation should take science and technology as the foundation and form innovation of targeted poverty alleviation according to the core dominant factors of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty. The county's poverty alleviation and development under different driving mechanisms need orderly promotion of poverty alleviation and integration of urban and rural development strategy with adjusting measures to local conditions, respecting for science, and stressing practical results.