Spatial autocorrelation is an important kind of spatial statistics, which is used to disclose the spatial structure of regional disparity. Spatial autocorrelation means self- correlation or spatial dependence among observations of a geo- referenced attribute. There are two different scales for spatial dependence: global indicators and local indicators. Based on the image data including Fujian and Taiwan provinces cutting from ASTER images in 2002 after geometric correction, the construction land patches were distilled, and the question of construction land density of regional disparity in Fujian and Taiwan was reconsidered by using spatial analysis methods. According to the analytical results, there is a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of construction land density in Fujian and Taiwan. That is to say, the relatively high (low) developed area tends to be located more often nearby other high (low) developed areas than expected by random chance, and then each area should not be viewed as an independent observation. We also investigate the spatial association between core areas and adjacent areas by computing the Local Moran I at county level. With the use of Moran’s scatter plots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) cluster maps, we can identify some different types of significant local spatial association based on the analysis of different areas in Fujian and Taiwan. As a result, the research provides an important cognition to construction land distribution in Fujian and Taiwan, and insights into the types of spatial association present in an economic region allow for more effective implementation of economic development policies in Fujian.

人类和每一种生物的生理生存都依赖于水,而许多人类食品的生产却又破坏了水质(如灌溉、鱼类产卵场的维护等)。要想评价地表水水质是比较困难的。与海水相比,它的离子含量变化非常大,海水是很均一的。

In the cities of the 21st century, taxicabs become an important component supporting the urban public transportation system. The convenience and efficiency of taxi services will promote the urban daily activities and business activities, so as to increase the accessibility of urban space.  Exploring the approach of time geography, this paper establishes its data base through cluster sampling questionnaire of 350 taxi drivers’ daily activities in Beijing.  It’s found that the out-dining space of taxi drivers is more likely to locate between the second and third rings road, near the expressway, and are intended to agglomerate along diagonal direction streets, river banks and administrative boundaries. Typical daily paths based on in-depth interview of taxi drivers reveal that both individual characters and external constrains affect on the dining time-spatial decision. Specifically, individual characters such as the residential location and serving shifts influence the habit of long-term out-dining behavior, while the constrains such as economic affordability, passengers need and the viability to park influence the selection of a certain dining spot. Responding to the mismatch between dining service provision and taxi driver’s needs, suggestions are put forward from the perspective of urban planning. These suggestions include the establishing of more multi-functional driver’s centers in the gateway of a city and driving-through taking away food cafés, and prolonging the business hours of the existing dining facilities. It’s believed to provide some implications to build up an efficient urban public transportation system which meets the various and flexible daily commuting needs of citizens in the contemporary urban China.

1 引言 人类已经并还在不断地使地球生态系统发生变化,这些变化不仅对他们当地的居住环境具有很大的影响,而且对全球环境变化产生很大的影响,这些影响均是全球性的并融惯于支撑生物圈的生物地球化学循环之中。当然,这些变化随着其对地球生态系统的反馈而潜在地引发气候变化(Henderson-SellerS)。

Tourism potential is an important part of tourism industry planning studies. As the antecedent condition of tourism development and potentiality exploitation of cities, tourism traffic accessibility is always the key to breakthrough the bottleneck of tourism, especially in the medium and small sized cultural tourist cities that are under the effect of shielding in tourism development. There is a large quantity of tourism potential measurements and evaluations based on a certain type of tourism from the perspectives of markets and resources in the large and medium-sized cities, but relatively few studies are available on the tourism potential study of the medium and small sized cultural tourist cities by using accessibility concepts of tourism affected by the traffic of different scales of regions. With the building of evaluation index system, this article evaluates the tourism traffic accessibility for the nationwide 34 medium and small sized cultural tourist cities from macro scale, and analyzes the tourism traffic accessibility in the region of time accessibility hinterland based on 1h, 2h and 3h traffic circles on the micro scale. Combined with the evaluation and analysis results,we analyzed the tourism potential under the influence of the tourism traffic accessibility, and drew the conclusions that the tourism potential displays a high coefficient of correlation with the coefficient of traffic accessibility in medium and small sized cultural tourist cities. What is more, near the Sichuan Basin, the downstream and delta of the Yangtze River, cities with a high traffic accessibility coefficient will enhance the tourism accessibility of the small and medium-sized tourist cities under their governance, and will become the tourists stopover stations or important tourists potential markets of the medium and small sized cultural tourist cities. The higher economic output and better traffic conditions of the country regions and the adjacent areas provide the necessary financial support, the travel gathering and diffusing function conditions for the small and medium-sized tourist cities, and thus, the small cultural tourist cities have more comparative advantages on tourism potential compared to other areas.

Rapid urban expansion in China has led to the plowland reduction, energy consumption and pollution discharge increase. The concept of compact city prevailing in western countries since the 1960s has become the choice for China's urban development with the character of high density of industrial sectors and population in limited space. However, the route and characters of Chinese urbanization are rather different from those of western countries. It is necessary to study the feasibility on whether compact city could lead to the decrease of traffic energy consumption and pollution, and increasing economic efficiency of urban land infrastructure. Based on the analysis of compact cities, this paper built the urban compactness evaluation indicators of Chinese cities, evaluated the urban compactness of 120 cities above prefecture level, and studied its correlation matrix with urban size, resource consumption and pollution factors. The results show that many cities were in the low degree of compactness in China, and there is a weak correlation between urban compactness with the size of urban population and economy. And it is the same to the resource consumption and pollution release. There are three factors which lead to this dilemma, including rapid urbanization process, characters of urban industrial structure and low investment on public infrastructure. Finally, this paper discussed several questions: (1) what is the ultimate aim of city development? (2) what compact cities does China need? (3) how could China build compact cities?

The study on adaptation attracts much attention in the field of global change. Based on the concepts of adaptation, this paper concluded scientific meanings of adaptation and the approaches to study adaptation. As listed below, there are three approaches to study adaption: (1) in the perspective of sensitivity-vulnerability-adaptation, (2) in the perspective of adaptive capacity-resilience-vulnerability, and (3) in the perspective of of resilience- vulnerability-adaptation. Furthermore, this paper also discussed how to take the study of adaptation into practice and provided several examples. Finally, the aim and focal points of the study on adaption were discussed in this paper.

Segmentation is the basis of object-oriented image analysis. For many years, due to the increasing require for object-oriented image analysis, procedures for image segmentation have been a main research focus in this area. The aim of segmentation is to extract the interesting region from remote sensing image, so the region-based approach is the best way for image segmentation. The region growing method generates many meaningful objects through merging the spectral-similar neighboring pixels. Meanwhile landscape spatial heterogeneity requires multi-scale analysis with remote sensing information extraction. Each pattern or process has its inherent feature in different scales. To ensure high precision surface information, the remote sensing application model building on one scale image need to be modified if it is used on the other scale. The combination of image segmentation and multi-scale analysis becomes a new trend in remote sensing application. Based on the scale affect and minimum-heterogeneity rule, this paper presents the necessity and possibility of multi-scale affects analysis as well as the principle and practice of the region growing image segmentation. There are two sites to test the multi-scale image segmentation process. The results show the image objects richness of geometry and semantic information. Therefore this approach offers an optical solution for the object-oriented and multi-scale image analysis.

Accessibility denotes the ease with which activities may be reached from a given location using a particular transportation system. Accessibility reflects the opportunities and potentialities of a particular region to exchange with other regions. There is a number of accessibility measures, some accessibility indicators are generalized and compared in this paper: time of access to city centre, mean travel costs, opportunity accessibility, economic or population potential. Also, the progress of accessibility measures is reviewed. Accessibility indicators is applied both on regional and metropolitan dimension, such as the regional development, the impact of new infrastructure, the urban land use, the providing of social facilities, the urban social problems, and so on. Relative to the overseas there is rarely research on accessibility in our country. Therefore, some problems are put up in the end and accessibility research needs to be improved.

文化不仅改变着景观,而且通过景观来体现。景观生态学包含着这种动态的两个方面,但是,这两个方面在景观生态学领域内从来没有引起足够的注意,因而没有形成文化理论。本文阐述了景观生态学的四个主要的文化原理,在这些主要原理之下还可得出更确切的一些原理。一个根本的中心前提就是文化与景观在一个反馈环中相互影响:文化建造各种景观,同时景观影响文化。本文提出如下四个主要原理:(1)人的景观感知(Perception)、认识(congnition)和准则(Values)直接影响着景观,同时也受景观的影响。(2)不仅在居住景观中,而且很明显地在自然景观中,文化习俗强烈地影响着景观格局。(3)自然的文化概念不同于生态功能的科学概念。(4)景观外貌与文化准则互通。 作为获得更确切的文化原理的方法,这里建议在人类尺度上研究景观,以及进行可能景观(Possible landscape)的试验。

Encouraged by David Harvey’s search, Western economic geographers took money and finance seriously for the first time in the 1970s. They focused on the role played by financial institutions in channeling capital to and from particular places. In the 1980s, Western geographers turned their attention to understanding the impacts of finance, spatial organization and operation of financial institutions, development of financial centers, and the relationship between financial flows and the industry’s development. Since the 1990s, based on the “cultural and institutional turn” in economic geography, studies in financial geography have been reshaped by three increasing challenges; which are deregulation, technological innovation and economic globalization. At present, there are three major research themes in the field, i.e., the study of financial centers, financial exclusion and its impacts on society, and the study of money and space. Compared to the progress in financial geography made by Western geographers, as discussed in this paper, studies in the field of financial geography in China are just starting up. Economic geographers in China are suggested to focus their current research in the field on analysis of financial service network, spatial differences of money flow, and financial exclusion.

The existence of a relationship between short-term fluctuations or economic volatility and economic growth has essential macroeconomic and regional development policy implications, as it suggests the possibility that policies designed to stabilize short-term fluctuations might also have effects on the long-term performance of the economy. Depending mainly on whether this relationship is negative or positive, there is the presumption that successful stabilization would also entail either an improvement or deterioration in growth prospects. This paper aims to provide the general empirical evidences on regional economic volatility’s impact on regional economic growth in China. Based on the panel data set of 28 provinces in Chinese mainland over the period from 1978 to 2007 and on the cross-sectional data, using the corresponding econometric methods, we find that: (1) There is a robust negative relationship between regional economic volatility and regional economic growth in both temporal and spatial dimensions, although the magnitude of this negative effect is decreasing with the deepening of China’s reform and opening-up. Specifically, during 1978-1993, one percent increase of economic volatility would lead to the decrease of economic growth rate by 0.024%, while it only led to the decrease of 0.020% between 1994-2007 in our one way fixed effect panel data models. (2) The advancing process of financial and market-oriented development alleviates the negative effect imposed by economic volatility on long-term growth and the heterogeneous effect of volatility on growth in different regions caused by different levels of regional financial development and market-oriented development differs only in magnitude. This also shows the robust negative relationship between economic volatility and the growth in the spatial dimension. (3) In the Schumpeterian Waves analysis, we find strong evidence to reject the hypothesis that economic volatility is exogenous, and we use the fixed effect two stage least square method proposed by Keane and Runkle to capture the true impact of economic volatility on economic growth. Once we account for simultaneous and reverse causation in the economic volatility-growth relationship, the negative effect is magnified to a large extent. As a matter of fact, in the financial models, without considering the nonlinear effect of financial development, one percent increase of economic volatility will decrease the economic growth rate by 0.125%. Therefore, implementation of stable macroeconomic and regional development policies is beneficial to the long-term economic growth, especially in China.

A wetland is a structural and functional unit of a landscape consisting of various environments and sustaining a certain biodiversity. Conservation of wetlands is important at both the regional and the national level. The paper elucidated the changes in marsh spatial pattern during a period of about 16 years after 1986 in the Zhalong wetland. Three Landsat TM remote sensing images in 1986, 1999 and 2002 were used to analyze the evolution of Zhalong marsh pattern assisted by GIS and RS technology. The landscape indices such as fragment index, fractal dimension, distribution centroid points, etc were calculated and analyzed. At the same time the paper studied the changes of marsh area in each district relative to the changes of the whole marsh area. The results show that the fragmentation of wetland patches is increasing, the shape of marsh patches changes little, the distribution centroid points of marsh wetland has moved towards northwest and that marsh in Zhalong northwest is less stable and affected more by human actions than that in Zhalong southeast.

In 21 century, the restrictions of water resources shortage and eco-environmental crisis in the urbanization process in arid area are even more evident. However, what are the real roles of water resources and eco-environment in the urbanization process? What kind of urbanization modes should be adopted under the dual restraints of water resources and eco-environment? This paper reviewed the domestic and international research progress about the theories, ideas, methods and practices of the research of urbanization and eco-environment in arid area. Then the viewpoint that the relation between urbanization and eco-environment is mutual promotion while inter-coercing was put forward. Finally, the author pointed out the weak side of studying in this field at present, and prospected the main research directions in the future. Studies showed that international scholars generally paid close attention to the research of urbanization and eco-environment reciprocation relation, and thought much of the research of urbanization and eco-environment reciprocation mechanism in arid area. They generally adopted “3S” technology and quantitative analytical method to appraise the response course of urbanization and eco-environment respectively, and strengthened to research the sustainable developmental modes of urbanization and eco-environment in arid area progressively. Domestic scholars mainly studied on the phenomena of water deficiency and ecological degradation, the interactional mechanism between urbanization and eco-environment, the quantitative analysis models and the urbanization development modes in arid area. Although a series of theories to study the relation of urbanization and environment have emerged recently, there are a lot of weak points which should bring our attention in. For example the researches of urbanization or eco-environment solely were more, but the researches combining them together were less; the empirical researches were more, but the law summarization researches were less; and the researches of coercing effects were more, but the researches of restraint effects were less. So, an independent and integrated theoretical system of urbanization and eco-environment research in arid area has not formed yet. In the future, the multi-disciplinary merges, the close integration with practice and the application of new technical method and the dynamic simulation will be the main research directions.

This study is based on almost all of the papers focusing on the relationships between tourism and environment- resources, from two tourism scientific SSCI journals and four journals in environment and resources field. They are Annals of Tourism Research (ATR), Tourism Management (TM), Environmental and Resource Economics (ERE), Ecological Economics (EE), Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (JEEM) and Journal of Environmental Management (JEM). According to these papers, we make a detailed analysis on the trends in tourism -environment relationship research and we come to many other significant conclusions. We have divided all the papers into four groups according to four topics, namely tourism resource valuation, tourism sustainability and ecotourism, tourism -environment -resource relationship, and tourism -environment -resource management. At present, about one-third of study cases are related to tourism resource valuation, but the valuation lacks theoritical foundation. Valuation methods vary a lot but they are used singly, without even shallow integration. So theoritical fondation thickening and method-integration are a meaningful task. And cultural tourism resources valuation is lacking. For China, the big country rich in its cultual heritage resources, cultural tourism resources valuation can be significant. Contents enrichment and quantification research on tourism sustainability and ecotourism should be the research focus in the near future. About the tourism-environment coupling relationship, we should consider the effects of environment on tourism industry or tourism activities. Relationship between tourism and climate change is another focus in future studies. Meantime, we cannot ignore the research on tourism impacts on the environment. Tourism-environment management, tourism taxation, environmental taxes and environmental or ecological certificates also need further-in-depth research. Besides, topics need furtherbroadening and more perspectives should be considered. The final purpose of tourism development is effectively managing the tourism environment -resources to achieve sustainability goals. Research on tourism resource valuation, sustainability and ecotourism, tourism-environment- resource relationship and tourism environmental management is favourable to solve the imbalance between tourism and environment-resources. Tourism sustainability is a long-term difficult job, and we should make every effort for tourism-environment management optimization.

River system is a critical linkage between the terrestrial ecosystem and the ocean two major active carbon pools in global carbon cycle. The export and cycle processes of the riverine carbon are closely related to coastal zone environment, dynamics of the ocean carbon pool and the global climate system. Organic carbon plays the key role in the global carbon cycle, and to understand the fluxes and characteristics of the riverine organic carbon is an important subject in present studies of the riverine carbon cycle. The area of the drainage basin and differences in climate and environment markedly impact the export and cycle processes of the riverine carbon. At present, a large number of small rivers and the rivers in monsoonal Asia lack systemic information about biogenic components of riverine suspended matters. The fate and main sources of the riverine carbon are controlled by the processes of terrestrial erosion-deposition. Nowadays, human activities dominate the condition of terrestrial erosion-deposition, which accelerates redeposition and perturbation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool, and strengthens carbon transportation from land to ocean. It is necessary to pay more attention to impacts of human activities on the riverine carbon cycle.

Water erosion creates negative impacts on agricultural production, infrastructure, and water quality across the world. Regional- scale water erosion assessment is important, but limited by data availability and quality. Remote sensing technologies have been used in erosion research for many years, satellite image was applied in many respects of erosion assessing during the past 30 years. It is helpful to assess erosion by using remote sensing technologies, which can supply spatial data for assessing erosion. Satellite data can be directly used for detecting erosion and its consequences. Distinguishing the total feature of erosion can divide erosion regions. And then detection results can be achieved by assessing erosion intensity based on empirical relations. In the paper, applications of satellite images and sensors in erosion were discussed. A large number of earth observation satellites has orbited, and is orbiting our planet to provide frequent imagery of its surface. From these satellites, many can potentially provide useful information for assessing erosion. Many examples of detecting erosion features, eroded areas, and erosion consequences by remote sensing were presented.

Landscape pattern, function and process all have close relationship with certain scale. Watershed with clear boundary and special scale and character becomes a focus region in studying landscape ecological process. For the collection of water by the gravitation at the watershed scale, the change of landscape pattern will heavily influence the water quality. Because the change of landscape pattern will dramatically influence the non- point pollution, it is necessary to control the non- point pollution from the perspective of landscape optimization. Considering the needs of water environmental protection at watershed scale, it is necessary to study how the type, pattern and spatial difference of landscape influence water pollution process. By reason-able allocation and complex design of landscape pattern, optimal landscape will change the distribution characteristics of pollution and stop the diffusion of pollution at spatial space. This will do good to water environmental protection and non- point pollution decrease. In order to realize this target, this paper constructs a conceptual framework for landscape pattern optimization concerning water environmental protection. This framework mainly considers four aspects as follows: (1) the feasible usage of ‘Source’and ‘Sink’landscape with spatial differences as optimization rules; (2) the key points in ‘Source’and ‘Sink’landscape pattern optimization; (3) some limits such as quantity, cost and other things that influence the change of ‘Source’and ‘Sink’landscape; and (4) the combination of the landscape quantity optimization with the landscape spacial optimization. On the basis of these results, this paper fulfills a conceptual framework of landscape optimization concerning the water environmental protection and non- point pollution decrease. According to an optimal combination of these four aspects, we could analyze the studying area characteristics, clear studying aims, confine optimal rules and carry out the research step by step. With some controlling methods of landscape ecology optimization, the landscape pattern optimization and water protection will be also realized. This study supplies not only a new view for resolving non- point pollution problem at watershed scale, but also a valid measure for decreasing the influence of landscape type and pattern on water quality.

Spatial planning is an essential tool for sustainable development, and will evolve as the social reality changes. After 1990s, rapid social and economic developments have made the world more complex and uncertain, and thus resulted in the evolvement of spatial planning. Criticism on rational planning and traditional spatial planning, advocacy of sustainable development strategy, and institutional reforms in economic, social and environmental management make people realize that spatial planning should be a strategic and holistic tool for space governance and sustainable development, rather than a departmental one for land use management; should focus on the building of consensus among different stakeholders, rather than analyzing the feasibility and seqence of space development; and should aim at development rather than economic growth. New trends of spatial planning in developed countries have been emerging since 1990s: a) redistributing powers and functions of spatial planning according to governance theory; b) inclusive participating in the whole process of spatial planning formation and implementation; c) stressing cooperation of departmental framework and integration of different scalar spatial planning resources and tools; d) emphasizing on integrating environmental concerns into spatial planning; and e) formulating more flexible spatial plans and bringing more flexibility to implementations of them. The inspirations to spatial planning practice in China are given as follows: a) harmonizing strategic frameworks and action schemes; b) formulating participation mechanisms relevant to China; c) paying great attention to flexibility of plans as well as to their binding characteristics; d) intensifying spatial planning in regional level; and e) highlighting the public management function of spatial planning, and integrating it with market instruments.

本文主要对高纬地区,如斯堪的纳维亚、斯匹次卑尔根、格陵兰和北极地区的北美部分的坡面过程及其所产生的地形,进行了地貌形态的研究。在此,我们主要强调对坡面过程及其所产生的地形的现代过程的观察和观测,以及在漫长的历史时期,如自更新世大冰盖退缩以来的整个全新世期间,对地貌比较分析这两方面的研究。

The flux of carbon from grassland to the atmosphere occurs primarily in the form of CO₂，and is the result of soil respiration，which makes that the soil respiration is one of the major pathways to influence the global carbon cycle. Increasing release of carbon from the soils could significantly exacerbate the increase of atmospheric CO₂ and reinforce the greenhouse-warming effect. In this paper，the commonly used methods of measuring soil respiration were summarized and compared in particular. Factors affecting soil respiration, such as natural conditionts and human activities, were discussed. Finally，four primary methods have been reviewed to distinguish root respiration from total soil respiration including components method，root exclusion method，root biomass ratiocination method and isotope method. The paper suggested that the more studies are necessary in the future work.

Urban land consolidation is an important content of land consolidation. It is the effective measures to make rational, highly effective and intensive use of urban land resources. Its substance is to re-arrange rationally urban land utilization, to make the method, structure and relationship of urban land utilization fit in with the target of economic social development, to increase utilization ratio and productivity ratio of urban land, and to improve urban ecological environment. It plays a big role in disposing rationally urban land resources and increasing profit of land. Based on the intensive analysis of urban land consolidation, theoretical basis of urban land consolidation is put forward and potentiality and benefit of it is analyzed in the article. And in view of existing situation of urban land consolidation, program and applied model of urban land consolidation are put forward. The research is of great importance to enrich urban land consolidation theory, standardize and guide urban land consolidation practice.

With the acceleration of urbanization, the urban residential segregation become more and more remarkable. Living segregation is not a simple social stratification phenomenon, it also leads to social conflicts, and thus controlling the residential segregation becomes an urgent task. Under this circumstance, this paper aims to describe the living segregation in Beijing and analyze the reason for this phenomenon. Based on a wide-scope resident investigation of Beijing in 2009, taking the residents on each block as the research objects, local families are divided into three groups according to their income levels: Poor Families, Working Families and Wealthy Families. After using isolation index analysis method to calculate the living segregation of these families, and extracting the serious residential segregation area by cluster analysis, results show that there is no serious residential segregation in the areas inside the 3rd Ring Road, while the segregation phenomenon become obvious outside the 4th Ring Road. Then through dividing the segregation areas into six rich-gathering areas and eight poor-gathering areas by the proportion of each kind of families, results show that the rich-gathering areas get more better infrastructure and public service facilities where most of the people get higher education, better jobs and own houses themselves, while the people in poor areas get lower education, low-ranking jobs and mainly rent houses except those having old houses.
There have been relatively few studies on living segregation in China, and the present research is mainly about the living status and the cause of the isolation. In addition, the research of the social influence caused by the living segregation and its solution are not mature, which will be an urgent topic in the future.

Road construction has important impacts on ecosystem and landscape fragmentation and it is significant to investigate the fragmentation characteristics for management of road and its surrounding ecosystem. Based on the road network of China, the relationship between road network at different levels and ecosystem fragmentation is analyzed using GIS and FragStat software in this paper. The results show that the ecosystem areas influenced by road network account for 18.37% of the total country area. Among the areas affected by road network at different levels, the area affected by countryside road is maximal, with 161.76×10⁴ km²; the following is the area affected by second level road network, with 5.86×10⁴ km²; and the areas affected by freeway and the third level road network are 4.59×10⁴ km² and 2.27×10⁴km²,respectively. The area affected by the fourth level road network is minimal, with 0.39×10⁴ km². The ratios of agricultural area affected by freeway and the first level road network are the largest, with above 70%.The lower the road network level, the less the ratio of agricultural area affected by corresponding road network. For forest and grass land, the lower the road network level, the larger the ratio of agricultural area affected by corresponding road network. While for wasteland and water area, there is no distinct difference among the areas affected by different road network. The total number of patches increases and the average patch area decreases with the decrease of road network level and the increase of amount of road network, which shows that the ecosystem fragmentation degree rises. Meanwhile, the mean patch fractal dimension increases obviously, which shows that the complexity of patch shape rises.

The integration & fusion of multi source information is one of the key problems in Geo information Science. Its significance is linked closely with the feature of geo information, the technological characteristics of information gathering, as well as the feature of system for information processing. This paper expounded the author’s study on the method, the latest techniques and the application, of integration & fusion for multi source information, detailed in three respects, i.e., the integration & fusion of information from different RS sensors and platform, the integration & fusion of RS information with non RS information, and the integration & fusion of GIS data in different format. Furthermore, the author analyzed the optimized using of this technique, taking the RS image based investigation of soil erosion in Loess Plateau as an example, including the analysis of technical workflow for RS based image mapping, the analysis of various information sources and the method information fusion, as well as information transformation technology from RS based image to GIS database, etc. The paper concluded that for the purpose of optimum utilization of information from various sources, the integration & fusion of multi source information is remarkably important, and the methods & techniques related in this paper are highly efficient and usable.

It is interesting to examine the validity of the Hayuth model in the context of the Yangtze River Delta, especially when considering the differences between the coastal container port ranges and rivers container port ranges or different port categories. In this paper, a distinction between small ports (average container traffic for the period 1990- 2006 of less than 100000TEU), medium - sized ports (between 100000 and 400000TEU) and large container ports (at least 400000TEU). Then, share - shift analysis models are used to measure the total shift and the evolution of the Yangtze River Delta container port system from 1990 to 2006. By calculating the concerned statistics, the author holds that there are four obvious features: (1) From 1994 to 1998, Shanghai was one of the major winners in terms of the total shift, but in the other periods, it lost some TEU. (2)Ningbo port has been the major winner in terms of the total shift since 1990 and shows the best performances in the period of 1990- 1994 and 1998- 2006. (3)In the mass, the coastal container port range is superiorior, along rivers container port range is inferior. The net volume of containers shifted between the respective ranges reached an expectionally high level in the third period. In this period the coastal container port range won a potential growth of approximately 607046 TEU to ports situated in the other ranges. (4)In competition, large container port ranges have won much TEU since 1994;middle container port ranges lost throughout some TEU (from a positive total shift of 22109TEU in the first period to a negative shift in the last); small container port ranges have won much TEU since 1990. A systematic analysis has been carried out on the formation of the total shift change. Finally, this paper holds that there are three development stages for this container port system: initial container port development, hub or load center container port and large deep- sea direct container port.

This paper expounds the theory and methods of Agricultural Expert Decision Support System based on the authors’ research and practice experiences. The objective of the system is to set up optimum scheme on agricultural structure for the base units’ leaders. The key technologies are the computer simulation on agricultural development planning , the multi-standard evaluation models for agricultural structure, the agricultural investment evaluation models, the agriculture expert system, the strategy and method of a-gricultural transportation and storage, the interface for the agricultural expert decision support system, as well as the dynamic analysis and mapping for agricultural development.

On the basis of the risk appraisal index system of coal and oil, a risk appraisal model for the comprehensive risk degrees was established and the degrees of various risk sources for the coal and oil security were estimated. In this paper, we use the AHP and 14 indicators to calculate the risk indexes, and made a comprehensive grading of the coal and oil security risk, and classified the possibility of risks into the lowest, low, medium, high and very high levels. Concerning the comprehensive risk index (ECSRI), 0-0.2 is I (the lowest), 0.20.4 is Ⅱ(low), 0.4-0.6 is Ⅲ (medium), 0.6-0.8 is Ⅳ (high), and ≥0.8 is V (very high). We applied the system to the empirical research in Beijing and Zhejiang, two regions with high levels of social and economic development in eastern China, obtained the comprehensive risk degrees and the degrees of various risk sources for the coal and oil security for this two places, and then evaluated coal and oil security risk ratings. The result is that coal security risk ratings of Beijing and Zhejiang are at the lower and medium levels respectively. The rating for Beijing is 0.3160 and for Zhejiang is 0.4725. Oil security risk ratings are at medium and higher levels (Beijing is 0.4840 and Zhejang is 0.6371). Compared with the actual coal and oil security of these two places, the result is generally coincident with the reality, and thus confirmed the reliability of the index system and evaluation method. At the same time, the empirical results also predicted the risk probability of two places within the next few years. }

Detecting abrupt changes in hydrologic sequences plays an important role in discriminating the impacts of climate change and human activities. In recent decades, researches on abrupt changes of hydrologic sequences have advanced greatly in China from using only one method in the earliest stage to applying diagnosis system of multiple methods and improved methods in the study in the late stage. Different results were given by studies using different methods and/or different time series of hydrologic sequences in the same drainage basins. In this paper, the theories of methods determining abrupt changes in hydrologic sequences and their application in the main watersheds in China are reviewed in order to provide reference for further development of these methods and their applications.