Exploring the patterns of change and influencing factors of business is an important basis for promoting the high-quality development of winter tourism destinations. Taking Chongli District of Zhangjiakou City, one of the venues for the Beijing Winter Olympics, as a typical winter tourism destination, this study constructed an industrial system for ice and snow tourism destinations, which took the core dominant formats as the main body to output major tourism products, used the extended synergistic formats to improve the market operation environment, and employed the supporting auxiliary formats to shape the basic development environment. It also clarified the functional relationships among different levels of industrial subsystems. It selected its point of interest (POI) data from 2005, 2010, 2015, 2022, and 2023 and used the ArcGIS spatial analysis method to analyze the spatial-temporal change characteristics of business in Chongli and its influencing factors. The results shows: 1) The number of POIs in the ice-snow tourism destination has demonstrated progressive growth from 2005 to 2023. Especially during the exponential growth stage driven by Winter Olympics preparations, all tourism sectors achieved unprecedented POI proliferation, particularly core dominant sectors that manifested the most substantial quantitative expansion. It also showed a stable development in the high-quality development stage. Significant spatial variations in business distribution have been observed, characterized by predominant concentration within southeastern townships and sparse distribution in northern regions, with dense clustering in southern areas. 2) Chongli's business formats exhibited an agglomerated spatial pattern, transitioning from a "single-core with multiple nodes" configuration to a "dual-core and dual-belt" structure during the study period, with progressively intensified clustering. Spatial diffusion analysis revealed that the distribution centroid is located at the boundary between Hongqiying Township and Xiwanzi Town on the whole. The standard deviational ellipse displayed a distinct northeast-southwest orientation, indicating pronounced directional spread. Spatial correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive spatial interdependence, with prominent clustering features. Low-low clusters significantly decreased, while high-high and high-low clusters gradually increased, indicating enhanced development levels across business formats. 3) The spatiotemporal change of winter tourism destination business formats is mainly driven by the combined effects of multiple factors: distance from administrative centers, socioeconomic development levels, collaborative development with tourism enterprises, transportation network distribution, altitude, slope, sports, and the winter Olympics policy impacts. Particularly during the rapid development stages, administrative centers and ice and snow policies played crucial catalytic roles in accelerating business format development, with the driving force gradually shifting to tourism-oriented enterprises as the primary growth engine.

Under the background of population decline, the number of cities in China with shrinking urban population continues to increase, posing challenges to the allocation of urban construction land resources. This study, based on multi-source population and land use data and taking Northeast China as a case example, constructed a hierarchical constraint plus multi-scenario simulation forecasting method to predict urban population changes from 2020 to 2035. It further identified construction land development risks from the perspectives of "static coordination" and "dynamic adaptation", proposing ideas for optimized land allocation. The study found that: 1) Urban population forecasts reveal a continued decline in Northeast China, with a growing number and intensifying severity of shrinking cities. The spatial pattern exhibits a clear "core growth-peripheral shrinkage" characteristic, with resource-based and old-industrial cities facing particularly severe shrinkage. 2) Urban population changes show diverse types, with differentiated pressures on land allocation transformation, dominated by "deepening shrinkage" and "falling into shrinkage" types, and significant interprovincial differences. 3) The region is characterized mainly by "static scale redundancy" and "insufficient dynamic adaptation" in the human-land relationship, with widespread redundancy in prefecture-level cities' construction land and most cities still following expansion-based land allocation patterns at the baseline period. 4) Risk identification of construction land highlights deep-seated conflicts; different levels of land allocation risks exist in 30 shrinking cities. High-risk cities form a "land-asset decline cycle" and urgently need to explore "value pathways" within "land reduction". By constructing a systematic logical framework linking population forecasting and land use risk, this study innovated population prediction methods and provided a comprehensive diagnosis of land use risks, offering valuable exploration for guiding optimized construction land allocation in shrinking cities.

The development of digital media has transformed traditional human-environment relationships, as specific narratives and story scenarios within media continuously attract people to visit destinations. Some traditional villages have become Internet-famous check-in spots through the viral dissemination of digital media. However, more traditional villages remain marginalized due to their lack of discursive power in daily spatial representation, raising questions about how they can leverage digital media to gain modern recognition. This study took Taipan Village in Guizhou Province as a case to analyze how multiple actors present and shape this traditional settlement in four dimensions from the digital media perspective: representational change, relational construction, local practices, and power dynamics. The findings reveal that: 1) The spatial representation of traditional villages evolved in phases around media events. 2) The construction of digital-real relationships facilitated consensus on meanings. 3) Individual remote and on-site practices co-created localized symbolic representations. 4) Power dynamics created tension between digital capital operation and local identity preservation, steering development toward sustainability. The research expanded application scenarios for media geography, illuminated the place-making process of traditional villages, and provided insights for innovative and sustainable development of traditional settlements in the digital media era.

Since 2008, China's urban development model has undergone a financialized transformation, driven by a shift in the logic of land development from "commodification" to "assetization". Urban redevelopment processes epitomize such transformation. Existing research has primarily examined land financialization, focusing on land-collateralized borrowing, infrastructure construction, and the indebtedness of local governments, thereby elucidating the financing model of urban redevelopment. This study shifts the lens to the investment side, analyzing how mechanisms of commodification, assetization, and capitalization restructure property-led redevelopment and reconfigure the urban accumulation regime. Using Guangzhou City as a case study, the findings reveal that: 1) at the urban scale, redevelopment programs prioritize infrastructure investment, leveraging its capitalization effects to elevate the asset value of surrounding land and housing, thereby generating higher economic returns for local governments and developers; and 2) at the household scale, housing assetization reinforces middle-class families' property consciousness and investment motivations, with growing numbers of households engaging in property investment driven by optimism about urban development prospects. This asset-based urban accumulation regime, heavily reliant on real estate appreciation, fundamentally sustains the land-collateralized financing model and the land-driven fiscal regime. The article concludes by reflecting on the current housing market downturn and considers possible avenues for reframing the logic of assetization to guide new governance models of urban redevelopment.

Promoting the spatial and temporal adaptation of the cultural system and tourism system along the Long March Route is helpful for facilitating the orderly flow and optimal allocation of cultural and tourism production factors along the Long March Route, and it is of great significance to promote the high-quality development of cultural and tourism integration along the Long March Route and optimize the Long March National Cultural Park strategy. Taking 15 provinces within the scope of the construction of the Long March National Cultural Park as the research sample, this study constructed an evaluation indicator system for the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route, and comprehensively used the adaptability evaluation model, coupling coordination model, kernel density estimation, obstacle degree model, and optimal parameter geographical detector to analyze the characteristics of change of the integration development driven by the spatiotemporal adaptation of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route from 2013 to 2022 and its mechanism. The key findings include: 1) The adaptation and integration levels of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route showed a high degree of convergence in the spatial and temporal dimensions. With the dynamic adjustment and collaborative optimization of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route, the integration level of culture and tourism in the region has shown a significant continuous deepening, which confirms the key driving role of system adaptability in the deep integration of culture and tourism. 2) The obstacles faced by the culture-tourism system in the process of adaptation showed significant differences. The driving factor analysis showed that talent reserve and financial support are the core leading forces to shape the adaptation pattern of the culture-tourism system, and industrial structure optimization and innovation potential mining played an important supporting role, jointly promoting the dynamic adaptation and coordinated development of the culture-tourism system. 3) The development of the integration of culture and tourism driven by the adaptation of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route is essentially a process of wave-like advance and spiral rise, following the logical mechanism of "external drive-internal response-dynamic adjustment-deepening integration". That is, the external driving factors first break the original balance of the system and trigger the internal response mechanism; through dynamic adjustment paths such as resource integration and factor reorganization, system structure optimization and function upgrading are promoted, and finally the integration of culture and tourism is realized from primary coordination to deep integration.

The reconstruction of rural living spaces is a profound aspect of building livable, business-friendly, and beautiful villages, and examining its process is of great significance. Taking tourism gentrification as the entry point and based on Bourdieu's field theory, this study constructed an analysis framework of "rural living space field structure-transformation mechanism deconstruction". Using Shiwei Village in Eerguna City, Inner Mongolia as an example, this study systematically analyzed the reconstruction of rural living spaces and its mechanisms during the process of tourism gentrification. The study found that: 1) Tourism gentrification in Shiwei Village showed distinct temporal and spatial characteristics, having gone through the embryonic stage, the primary stage, and the development stage, transforming from the original field to a tourism field. 2) Rural living space is a field, and based on the daily behavioral activities of residents, four sub-fields—residence, consumption, employment, and social interaction—can be derived. Therefore, a four-element analytical framework for the reconstruction of rural living spaces was constructed and its reconstruction characteristics were analyzed. 3) The rural living space field is full of competitions and games among different actors. Within the field, "power-capital-habit" interact with each other, based on which we deconstructed the transformation mechanism of the living space field in Shiwei Village. The study aimed to deepen rural living space studies from a theoretical perspective. It is not only an exploration of applying field theory in the field of geography, but also provides a new analytical framework for the reconstruction of rural living spaces and the clarification of the complex problems and mechanisms behind it.

The convergence of relational economic geography (REG) and evolutionary economic geography (EEG) offers novel insights into the formation mechanisms of regional emerging industries. Taking the biopharmaceutical industry in the Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) as a case study, this study employed field research and empirical analysis to unravel the impact of dynamic strategic coupling on regional industrial change. Key findings include: 1) Developing regions rapidly transplant emerging industries through "dual-dependent coupling", yet excessive reliance on external actors poses sustainability risks. 2) External shocks (for example, financial crises) trigger decoupling, creating opportunities for governmental agency to upgrade coupling modes from dependency to functional coupling, thereby achieving value chain leapfrogging and industrial diversification. 3) Locational opportunity windows from industrial transfer must align with local conditions (for example, locational advantages, policy demands) to foster emerging industries. 4) The industrial base and entrepreneurial culture in neighboring regions empower local path creation through knowledge spillovers and synergy. This study enriches the analytical framework for the change of regional emerging industries and deepens the understanding of the influence mechanism of strategic coupling on such change, which is of great policy significance for addressing external shocks and promoting the upgrading of coupling models.

In the context of new mobility, spatial governance in rural tourism destinations faces complex challenges. Traditional governance models rely on administrative dominance and localized management, while the emergence of new mobility breaks the boundaries of physical space, promoting the cross-boundary integration of flow elements such as capital, people, information, and technology, thus forming dynamic social structures and power networks. This change makes traditional governance models ineffective in addressing the spatial governance needs of rural tourism destinations in the new mobility context, necessitating the exploration of adaptive governance strategies. Therefore, this study introduced the concept of "spatial good governance", and based on a clear understanding of the theoretical connotation of spatial good governance in rural tourism destinations under the context of new mobility, it constructed a multidimensional framework for spatial good governance around five key dimensions: goals, objects, subjects, scales, and methods. Based on this, the study further proposed directions for future research, emphasizing the importance of goal setting, object identification, subject coordination, scale transformation, and method transition. By transcending the binary opposition of mobility and locality, this study enriched the theoretical perspective on spatial governance in rural tourism destinations and provided some insights for the practical exploration of diverse governance models in rural tourism.

Humanistic geography and behavioral geography represent two pivotal schools of thought within human geography, each possessing distinct theoretical and methodological foundations. Despite their significant potential for mutual enrichment, scholarly discourse, particularly within some regional academic contexts, has not fully explored the inherent complementarity between these two paradigms. This article offers a comparative study of their leading proponents, Yi-Fu Tuan for Humanistic Geography and Torsten Hägerstrand for Behavioral Geography, whose seminal works have profoundly influenced geography and cognate disciplines. Employing a tripartite analytical framework that examines representative figures-school characteristics-methodological system, this study meticulously compared their academic trajectories, core theoretical propositions, and methodological approaches. It specifically endeavored to uncover the humanistic undercurrents within Hägerstrand's time geography and to scrutinize the behavioral dimensions underpinning Tuan's experiential perspective. This comparative lens allowed for a nuanced analysis of each school's characteristics, thereby elucidating their critical distinctions and, more importantly, their areas of convergence. Both schools emerged from a shared critique of the "rational economic man" assumption prevalent during the quantitative revolution, instead emphasizing the intricate interplay of human behavior, emotion, and lived experience of place. In doing so, they introduced vital human-centered dimensions to geographical inquiry. A multi-dimensional analysis—encompassing ontological foci, philosophical foundations, epistemological stances, research methodologies, and practical applications—reveals significant compatibilities and potential synergies. The concept of "home", a profound concern for both scholars, serves as a compelling unifying thread, highlighting their shared commitment to understanding the deep meanings of place and human dwelling. This dialogue between Humanistic and Behavioral Geography not only facilitates theoretical cross-fertilization but also promises to stimulate new theoretical innovations. The article concludes by advocating for continued and strengthened exchanges among diverse schools within geography. Such inter-paradigmatic dialogues are essential for identifying the unique methodological value of each school, exploring fruitful integrations of ideas, theories, and methods, and ultimately propelling the ongoing development of the geographical discipline.

Globalization, climate change, population mobility, and technological transformation have brought multiple challenges to the transformation and upgrading of rural systems. Exploring the path and mechanism of the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas from the perspective of resilience has become the key to global sustainable development. International research has established the basic framework of rural resilience from the perspective of subject + space + system, which has become an enlightenment for researchers in China to explore the process of rural resilience from the perspectives of sociology, geography and management, and provides scientific references for finding adaptive transformation paths for rural areas in different regions of China. On this basis, this study deeply analyzed the relationship between the new quality productivity system and rural resilience, and used this framework to explore the paradigms that should be followed in future research on rural resilience in China. This research clarifies the path to enhance rural resilience and also provides a scientific basis for global rural development policies.

Amid the new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation, new quality productive forces in agriculture have become a pivotal driver of China's agricultural modernization. However, their internal mechanisms, spatial patterns, and systemic constraints remain insufficiently explored. This study approached the issues from three key dimensions—agricultural production systems, management systems, and industrial systems—to systematically analyze how new quality productive forces empower agricultural modernization. Using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method, it evaluated the provincial-level new qualityagricultural productive forces in China in 2022, identifying an overall spatial pattern of "strong in the east, weak in the west, and coastal concentration", and revealing the structural roots underlying these regional disparities. Further analysis highlighted four major bottlenecks—limited autonomy in core technologies, labor structure mismatches, delayed green transformation, and misaligned spatial layouts—which interact and reinforce one another, forming a systemic coupling dilemma that constrains overall improvement. Building on this result, the study summarized four practical pathways—technology-driven innovation, high-quality talent cultivation, green transformation orientation, and modern industrial system development—through typical regional cases to provide context-specific guidance for fostering new quality agricultural productive forces. Strengthening regional alignment and promoting the coordination of elements are essential pathways to mitigate regional imbalances and advance agricultural modernization in China.

Global climate change has exerted significant impacts on the arid regions of Central Asia, reshaping their hydrological cycle and highlighting the increasing vulnerability of regional water resource systems. This study systematically reviewed multi-source observational data and model simulation results from existing research, and, from the three dimensions of climate change, glacier and snow cover variations, and water resource changes, revealed the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns of water resources in Central Asia. The constraints of data-related and methodological uncertainties on water resource evaluation were also discussed. 1) Climate change: Since 1901, Central Asia has exhibited a pronounced warm-wet trend, characterized by a persistent temperature increase and growing precipitation. Annual precipitation increased by 0.66-1.93 mm per decade, showing marked spatial heterogeneity. During 1960-2011, the annual mean temperature rose at a rate of 0.3-0.4 ℃ per decade. From 1901 to 2013, the frequency of extreme high‑temperature events increased by about 30% compared with other regions at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Multi-model projections indicate a regional warming of 2-6  ℃ by the end of the 21st century, with precipitation trends ranging from -3.34  mm per decade to +4.63  mm per decade, and showing seasonal differentiation characterized by winter wetting and summer drying. 2) Cryosphere response: Glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains have been retreating at rates of 0.53%-3.01% per year in area, with mass loss showing a southwest-to-northeast increasing gradient. Snow cover across Central Asia exhibits spatiotemporal variability, with an overall significant decrease in extent and duration. 3) Water resource changes: In glacier-rich basins, runoff has shown a short-term increasing trend, but in some cases, glacier-fed runoff has already reached a turning point toward decline. Long-term projections suggest that by 2100, total runoff in the Tianshan Mountains could decrease by up to 36%. Human activities, superimposed on climatic forcing, further exacerbate water resource stress. Although advances have been made in data integration, distributed hydrological modeling, and downscaling techniques, inadequate high-altitude observations, inconsistencies in data resolution, limited representation of nonlinear processes in models, and insufficient understanding of cryosphere-hydrology coupling mechanisms continue to hinder systematic understanding and accurate prediction. Therefore, strengthening the construction of transboundary hydrometeorological monitoring networks and developing multi-scale data assimilation systems will be essential for enhancing the monitoring and regulation of water resources, advance water resource assessment under climate change scenarios, and support sustainable water resource management, thereby improving the capacity of Central Asia to cope with climate change and ensure water security.

The input-output table serves as a core tool for quantifying the interconnections within an economy's sectors and the material flows between regions, playing a crucial role in studying regional economic ties and the various resulting relationships. Based on a systematic review of the basic structure, development history, and related concepts of the input-output table, this article summarized its functions in various fields, the shortcomings of the existing compilation methods, and its future development trends. The input-output table has played significant roles in economic analysis, industrial configuration optimization, policy evaluation optimization, regional economic connection and resource flow analysis, regional sustainable development and environmental governance, among others. Currently, the compilation of the input-output table overly relies on scarce historical trade data, which has caused problems such as insufficient accuracy, and low timeliness. In highly regionally heterogeneous countries such as China, the common simplistic homogeneity assumption can lead to failures. The future directions of the input-output table development include: First, compiling regional input-output models under future scenarios to predict future regional economic ties, which can provide basic data for predicting future trends of regional economic ties, resource flows, and environmental issues, identifying potential risks and opportunities, and thus providing a strong basis for scientific and reasonable decision-making. Second, establishing spatial input-output models, combining production and demand spatial distribution patterns, transportation and price factors and so on, to analyze regional trade ties, thereby breaking the excessive reliance on trade data. Third, data collaboration optimization, integrating enterprise-level transaction data and AI technology, dynamically computing industrial sector-correcting technical coefficients, and reducing uncertainties. In addition, combining real-time data with predictive models to establish a high frequency response-detailed analysis-multidimensional governance mixed model framework to adapt to dynamic and diversified application needs. This research can provide a reference for further research on input-output models.

In recent years, the vigorous development of Douyin short videos has become a crucial channel for enhancing the brand awareness and resulting visitor flow of tourist attractions. Studying the online influence of scenic spots and its influencing factors based on Douyin's sales power is of great significance for improving the digital evaluation system of scenic spots and promoting their high-quality development. Taking the Douyin ticket sales of scenic spots as the measurement indicator, this paper applies methods such as rank-size, Kernel density,typological division and Geodetector to analyze the spatial differentiation of online influence and its influencing factors of China's 5A-level scenic spots. The research findings are as follows: 1) Rank-size characteristics indicate that high-ranked scenic spots account for only 10.45% of the total but demonstrate significant influence and cluster in areas such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Medium-ranked scenic spots are the most numerous, accounting for 71.29%, yet their internal hierarchy is indistinct. Low-ranked scenic spots exhibit substantial variations in influence. 2) From the overall spatial differentiation characteristics, the number of scenic spots of medium-high, medium, and medium-low grades is large, while that of high-grade and low-grade ones is small. The spatial pattern features a single high-density main core, two secondary cores with subordinate density distributions, and multiple low-density cores scattered across the country. 3) Spatial differentiation of ticket types indicates that high grade scenic spots in total ticket sales and subtype metrics show significant convergence, with dominant regions concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, Sichuan-Chongqing area, and the central plains. 4) A comparison with traditional indicators shows that both the MBI and Douyin ticket sales reflect a "central agglomeration and sparse distribution at both ends" pattern, with high grade scenic spots sharing similar regional distributions. However, from the perspective of brand online influence, high and low grade scenic spots are fewer in number, indicating a relatively balanced and stable distribution. Based on these two indicators: Total ticket sales on Douyin and MBI (Meadin Brand Index), scenic spots are classified into five categories, providing practical guidance for marketing optimization, policy-led resource allocation, and accelerating tourist decision making. 5) Influencing factor analysis results indicate that the number of tourist receptions, favorites, and followers demonstrate strong explanatory power; likes, topics, and posts show moderate explanatory power; while regional per capita Gross Domestic Product has the weakest explanatory power.

Festivals are often regarded as key resources for identifying the locality of ethnic regions.In the process of localization and integration, the locality represented by festivals is of great significance for the inheritance of cultural vitality and the sustainability of the cultural tourism market. This study focuses on the cultural practice of local small heritage, taking the Enshi Daughter's Festival as a typical example. From the perspective of "placeness", a "structure-human/non-human-action-locality" analysis framework is proposed to systematically analyze the dynamic process and deep logic of local construction in the local practice of ethnic festivals. It shows that: 1) The local practice of ethnic festivals has certain path dependencies. The locality presentation depends on the gradual adjustment of the government's role, mainly manifested as moving from domination to scrutiny and then to government empowerment. 2) The practical process is based on the sequence of initial stage, rapid development stage, and high-quality development exploration stage, manifested as the structural background setting and defining the actor elements required for local practice of ethnic festivals, determining the implementation of action strategies based on geographical and business relationships, and generating local representations such as materials, symbols, and experiences. 3) The transfer of cultural sovereignty, the proliferation of narrative dimensions, and the extension of spatial scales constitute three logical units of local practice. Across different temporal sequences, the locality context presents an evolution from "the continuation of local life under economic and trade" to "the presentation of local distinctiveness within social reality" and then to "the symbiosis of super local under cultural and tourism strategies". This study deepens the theoretical understanding of the complex interaction between structural and dynamic elements in local construction, providing an important case for understanding the reshaping of locality through festivals in the process of globalization and modernization. In the future, comparative research can be expanded to further verify the theory.

Research on the identification and evaluation of inefficient land use is the premise of revitalizing and reusing the stock land. Existing studies focused on the comprehensive evaluation of inefficient land use, but lack interactive analysis of a variety of inefficiency factors, and ignore the excavation of inefficient high potential parcels. In addition, existing inefficient land use identification models usually use linear methods such as entropy weight method, which do not consider the nonlinear relationships between the attribute characteristics and the degree of land use. Therefore, this study took land parcels as the spatial unit of research and proposed a dual dimensional interactive framework for identifying and evaluating inefficient land use. Specifically, BP neural network was used to identify the internal development intensity of land parcels, entropy weight method was used to evaluate the external locational conditions of land parcels, and the interaction between internal development intensity and external locational conditions was analyzed to identify low development intensity-favorable locational conditions land parcels with synergistic effects. An empirical research was conducted using Beijing as an example. The results show that the BP neural network model can better take into account the nonlinear relationships between the internal attribute characteristics and development intensity. Through the coupling analysis between inefficient land use and urban regeneration districts, we found that most relatively severe/severe low efficiency-superior/favorable locational conditions parcels are distributed in key urban renewal blocks, with a high degree of coincidence. In addition, there are also a few relatively severe/severe low inefficiency-superior/favorable locational conditions parcels outside the key blocks, mainly distributed in Yangfangdian and Qinghe Communities of Haidian District, Lugouqiao Community and Nanyuan Community of Fengtai District, and Jinsong Community and Shibalidian area of Chaoyang District. The research results can provide a reference for the fine-scale governance and dynamic improvement of urban renewal blocks.

Accurately assessing the level of human development in cities is of critical importance for advancing people-centered urbanization and achieving the goal of common prosperity. This study extended the framework of the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) by incorporating two additional dimensions-low-carbon development and social equity-to construct a Spatial Human Development Index (SHDI) that captures spatial dependencies. Using a Bayesian spatial factor model, the SHDI was estimated for 279 prefecture-level and above cities in China over the period 2010-2020, effectively addressing spatial endogeneity. Furthermore, the Theil index and its two-stage nested decomposition were employed to analyze the characteristics and sources of regional disparities. The results show that: 1) Although the SHDI shared a similar overall trend with the traditional HDI, it differed significantly in indicator weighting and city rankings, and demonstrated stronger sensitivity in distinguishing differences among cities with medium to low levels of development. 2) SHDI exhibited a phased pattern of spatial divergence, with regional disparities following a convergence-then-divergence trajectory, and intra-provincial differences emerging as the dominant source of imbalance. This study provides a methodological innovation for multidimensional, spatially-explicit measurement of urban human development and offers empirical tools and policy insights for promoting high-quality urban development and regional coordination.

While advancing urban digital transformation, smart city development exerts profound influences on the spatial configuration of cities. A nuanced understanding of its impacts on urban polycentric development is critical for formulating evidence-based urban spatial planning policies in the context of rapid digitalization. This study used a panel dataset of 269 prefecture-level cities in China covering the period 2003-2019 and employed multi-period spatial difference-in-differences (DID) models to systematically examine the direct effects and spillover impacts of national smart city pilot policies on urban polycentricity. The research further delved into the distance-decay thresholds of spillovers, city heterogeneity in policy responses, and the moderating roles of institutional factors in shaping these relationships. Key findings include: 1) Smart city construction had an inhibitory effect on the process of urban polycentric development. 2) Across three distinct spatial weight matrices—geographic proximity, economic similarity, and nested economic-geographic frameworks—smart city construction demonstrated negative spatial spillovers on neighboring cities' polycentric development. The geographic proximity matrix yields the most pronounced negative effects, indicating that geographic distance remains a key factor influencing resource flows between cities and the transmission of policy effects. 3) The spatial spillover effects of smart city construction exhibited characteristics of attenuation as geographic distance increased and spatial scale expanded, presenting a circular hierarchy of close-distance decay of pilot cities-provincial regions-urban agglomerations. The effects exhibited a trend of first strengthening and then weakening with increasing distance—indirect spillover effects were most pronounced in the 200-400 km distance range, reaching their peak at 400 km, and became insignificant beyond 600 km. This trend reflects the nonlinear transmission patterns of policy effects across different geographic distances and spatial scales. 4) Heterogeneity analysis revealed that, in terms of the division of economic zones, urban hierarchy, and dominant industry, the policy spillover effect was positively significant in cities in the western region, higher-level cities, and cities dominated by the tertiary industry. 5) Market integration levels and governmental governance efficiency played pivotal moderating roles. Lower market segmentation and higher governance capacity amplified the positive effects of smart city policies on polycentric development by facilitating resource flows and coordinated planning, while excessive administrative barriers weakened these impacts. The study underscored the need for spatially differentiated smart city development strategies that account for regional economic landscapes, urban hierarchies, and institutional contexts. Policymakers should adopt adaptive spatial planning approaches—such as promoting cross-city digital collaboration in urban agglomerations and enhancing governance coordination—to leverage smart city investments for optimizing urban internal structures and fostering balanced regional development in China's new-type urbanization process.

Urban parks are key spaces for regulating thermal environments, but their uneven distribution and insufficient cooling effects often lead to spatial mismatches with residents' needs. Scientifically assessing the supply and demand relationship of urban parks' day-night thermal environment regulation services is of great significance for optimizing the urban day-night thermal environment and promoting environmental justice. Previous studies have mainly focused on the daytime thermal environment, with insufficient attention paid to the nighttime thermal environment. The indicator system for assessing supply and demand needs to be further improved. In addition, previous optimization strategies based on the assessment of supply and demand are more general, failing to fully consider the heterogeneity of the causes of key imbalance areas, leading to the negligence of specific causes and the lack of targeted planning interventions. In response, this study employed a thermal environment regulation service supply-demand assessment framework. Using streets as units of analysis, and treating park cooling capacity as the supply and thermal risk—comprising hazard, vulnerability, and exposure—as the demand, this study analyzed the supply-demand relationship through four-quadrant analysis and priority index, classified planning intervention priorities, identified typical supply-demand imbalance areas, and proposed targeted optimization strategies. The results indicate that: 1) There are significant spatial differences in the day-night thermal environment regulation service supply capacity of parks in the central urban area of Shijiazhuang City. Streets with low supply capacity in both daytime and nighttime are clustered in the old urban area, reflecting a significant supply deficiency. 2) The overall demand level shows a pattern of high in the center and low in the periphery, but there are differences between daytime and nighttime. High-demand streets extend westward and southward during the day, while at night, high-demand streets are located in the southwestern part of the center. 3) Most streets exhibit mismatches between supply and demand in both daytime and nighttime, with the highest proportion of "low supply-high demand" streets, accounting for 36% during the day and 41% at night. 4) Based on the degree of supply-demand imbalance, streets are divided into five levels, and 11 typical imbalance areas that require priority intervention in both daytime and nighttime are identified, which are mainly concentrated in the old urban area. These imbalances are mainly caused by the combined effects of multiple factors, with most streets showing insufficient park cooling capacity. In response, differentiated optimization strategies are proposed to provide a scientific basis for optimizing park resource allocation and enhancing thermal environment regulation services in Shijiazhuang City, and to offer a methodological framework for other cities.

Urban heat island (UHI) effect is an important factor affecting the spatiotemporal variations of energy consumption for building cooling and heating in urban areas. Understanding the impact of UHI effect on building energy consumption is crucial for urban energy conservation, carbon emission reduction, and high-quality development. This article reviewed the relevant literature on the impacts of UHI effect on building cooling and heating energy consumption. It described the basic framework for the assessment of UHI effect on building energy consumption, summarized problems with the current research, and suggested potential future research directions. The review of the research results and main findings both in China and internationally show that: 1) Generally, UHI effect increases building cooling energy consumption and reduces heating energy consumption in urban areas. Magnitude of the increase in cooling energy consumption and the decrease in heating energy consumption varies in different regions depending on their climate zones and urbanization stages. 2) There are significant spatial differences in the impacts of UHI effect on building cooling/heating energy consumption, with the strongest impacts in the central urban areas and the weakest in the suburban areas. 3) During extreme weather and climate events (for example, heat waves), the synergistic effect of the UHI and extreme events affects the occurrence time and level of peak energy consumption in urban buildings. There are still uncertainties in the study of the impacts of UHI effect on building cooling and heating energy consumption, as well as limitations in the studies of the effects of extreme weather and climate events, large-scale high spatiotemporal resolution assessment, and mechanisms of UHI effect on urban building energy consumption. Further investigations are needed in areas such as applying high spatiotemporal resolution data, innovating research methods, and incorporating extreme weather and climate impacts.

Border areas are important gateways for opening up to the world, but few studies have explored the characteristics and influencing factors of its foreign trade in sufficient depth. Yunnan Province is an important gateway connecting China's market to the Southeast Asian markets, holding an important position in China's opening up in the new era. Therefore, using the Chinese customs database from 2003 to 2022, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal change and influencing factors of the trade pattern for Yunnan Province based on year-market-product. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) In terms of market characteristics, Myanmar was both the largest export and import markets of Yunnan Province, and the Southeast Asian region occupied an important position in both the import and export patterns of Yunnan Province. The United States was an important export market for the province, while countries such as Saudi Arabia, Peru, Chile, and Kuwait were major sources of imports. 2) In terms of product characteristics, the export structure showed a trend of greening and sophistication, shifting from polluting products, such as chemicals and metals, to electronic products and plant products. Among the imported products, energy such as oil and natural gas as well as metals accounted for more than 50%. 3) In terms of market-product characteristics, there was a significant difference between the province's exports to the United States and Southeast Asian countries, with the former having a more balanced structure. Yunnan Province imported large quantities of mineral products from high-resource countries such as Saudi Arabia, and a relatively high proportion of plant products from tropical countries. The export scale of the province was positively influenced by the local industrial base and industrial policies as well as the institutional environment of the trade markets, and was constrained by the product supply capacity and geographical distance of the trade markets. Differently, the import scale of Yunnan Province was significantly positively correlated with the local industrial base and industrial policies, as well as the institutional environment, openness, and product supply capacity of the trading markets, and significantly negatively correlated with geographical distance. The key influencing factors of trade patterns varied for different types of products. This study provides policy implications for optimizing the foreign trade structure of the border region represented by Yunnan Province.

Public service facilities constitute the core elements of a city's functional system, and their reasonable spatial layout directly influences urban spatial efficiency and social equity. Traditional extensive models of public service provision are increasingly inadequate to meet residents' growing demands for diversity and higher standards of such services, resulting in an intensified conflict between supply and demand. Taking the main urban area of Nanjing City as a case study and focusing on the 15-minute community living circle concept, this research employed kernel density analysis, network analysis, and the location-allocation (L-A) model to systematically evaluate the current configuration of public service facilities from three dimensions: spatial distribution, coverage level, and supply-demand matching. Optimization strategies were proposed accordingly. The findings reveal that: 1) The spatial distribution of facilities exhibits a core-periphery stratified differentiation, with medical and educational facilities showing multi-core agglomeration, cultural and sports facilities highly concentrated in the central area, and elderly care facilities marginalized and dispersed. 2) The overall coverage level is suboptimal, particularly insufficient in peripheral areas, creating service blind spots. 3) Supply-demand matching analysis indicates a polarization in medical facility allocation, with concurrent overload in the central area and shortages in the periphery for educational, cultural/sports, and elderly care facilities. 4) Optimization using the L-A minimum-facility model significantly enhances the coverage rate of residential points and supply-demand suitability. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of public service facilities and improving the quality and equity of provision, effectively supporting the practical implementation of the 15-minute community living circle concept in fostering urban sustainable development.

Currently, global Fintech innovation has become a core area of financial competition among countries. Based on the Orbis global intellectual property database, this study analyzed the development trends of global Fintech innovation from 1962 to 2022 and compared the technological knowledge capabilities between China and traditional financial powerhouses such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. The findings are as follows: 1) From 1962 to 2022, there has been a significant increase in both the quantity and knowledge diversity of Fintech patents, accompanied by deepening integration with five major technological categories: "electronic information technology", "big data", "mobile Internet", "blockchain", and "artificial intelligence". Also, the integration among different types of technological innovations continued to intensify. 2) In terms of the application of technological knowledge in Fintech, traditional financial countries had a clear advantage in the field of electronic information technology, while China has excelled in big data and mobile Internet, driving the widespread adoption of digital payments and smart financial platforms. Moreover, China dominates in multiple key technological fields such as electronic information technology, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. However, China's application capabilities in financial services remain relatively weak, representing a key area for future improvement in its Fintech development. In terms of Fintech technological knowledge combinations, China and the United States exhibited the strongest knowledge integration in information technology, with notable competitive strength in the combined innovations of biometric technology with e-commerce and electronic payments. 3) Traditional financial countries maintain a high degree of similarity in their technological knowledge application and integration capabilities, while significant differences exist between China and these countries. Based on the conclusions of this study, China not only needs to focus on technological breakthroughs in emerging fields such as blockchain and artificial intelligence but can also deepen international cooperation to achieve collaborative breakthroughs in common technological challenges. By establishing strategic partnerships and knowledge sharing, China can accelerate its innovation capabilities and contribute to the global development of Fintech.

Exploring innovative paths and models for rural revitalization and development transformation through the participation of multiple agents has become a core focus of rural geography in response to national strategic demands in China. Drawing upon the symbiosis theory and taking Gengche Town in Suqian City of Jiangsu Province as a case study, this study examined the mechanism by which stakeholders establish and maintain symbiotic relationships to jointly advance rural transformation and development. The findings indicate that the central government, local governments, and local actors—represented primarily by rural elites—constitute the fundamental symbiotic units in the rural transformation symbiotic system. Among them, the central government is responsible for strategic planning, local governments for policy experimentation and implementation, while rural elites and residents act as the driving force for transformation through bottom-up entrepreneurial activities. Rural transformation is embedded in a symbiotic environment characterized by multi-scalar linkages of macro-intermediate-endogenous elements. Shifts in national strategies and the rise of e-commerce economy provide the macro external context for transformation, whereas the social networks of rural acquaintances and the collaborative atmosphere among online entrepreneurs form the endogenous environment. Local governments serve as intermediaries between the national and rural scales, coordinating the interests of all parties and facilitating resource integration. Given the differences in interests, resources, and capabilities among the symbiotic units, they have developed symbiotic models such as mutual benefit, complementarity, and mutual assistance to bridge these gaps and enhance symbiotic effect.

The sense of belonging to a place and its influencing factors are important topics in urban and social geography research. The sense of belonging to a place has spatial scale characteristics. Although existing studies have revealed differences across scales, but the comparison of belongingness at the community and city levels remains insufficient. For migrant populations, the sense of belonging at both the community and city levels represents a key psychological marker of social integration and is an indicator of their incorporation into the host city. Nevertheless, migrant populations face the problem of residence and relocation in big cities, which makes it difficult for them to establish a sense of psychological belonging to their residential communities and cities. Investigating the sense of belonging from the perspective of residential mobility offers valuable insights that can contribute to promoting social integration and achieving the goal of people-oriented urbanization. This study examined the impact of residential relocation on community and city belongingness among various household registration groups, drawing on a survey of suburban residents' travel and behavior in Shanghai. The study found that: 1) Residents generally rate their sense of belonging to the city higher than their immediate community. However, notably, both community and city belongingness are significantly lower among the migrant population than among local residents. 2) Housing ownership, residential location change, and the reason for relocation impacted the community and city belongingness and were significantly different. Continuous renting decreases city belongingness. Relocating from other regions correlates with high community belongingness, but this does not necessarily enhance city belongingness. Furthermore, relocation due to convenience is not necessarily conducive to community belongingness. 3) The effects of residential relocation on community and city belongingness vary by household registration groups. Local residents tended to exhibit a "positive accumulation" characteristic in residential relocations, where meeting their relocation needs leads to an increased sense of belonging. In contrast, the migrant population requires "compensatory" factors (such as social networks and low-cost housing) to gain a sense of belonging. It is more susceptible to negative impacts brought about by demolition and resettlement. 4) Community belongingness is more heavily influenced by the quality of the community environment, while city belongingness is more strongly affected by personal and family socioeconomic attributes.