Human trafficking has existed since ancient times and persists to this day, causing serious damage to family and social harmony and stability. Based on open-source data on the Internet, this study employed statistical analysis and spatial visualization methods to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of child trafficking in Henan Province from 1970 to 2018. Furthermore, it exploreed the regional types and formation mechanisms of these crimes. The results are as follows: 1) From 1970 to 2018, the annual variation of child trafficking in Henan Province showed an inverted-"V" shape, high in the middle and low at both ends. It was closely related to fertility policies, anti-trafficking enforcement efforts, and shifts in societal attitudes. In terms of monthly variation, a clear seasonal differentiation was observed, with spring and summer being the peak seasons, largely influenced by climate, agricultural activities, and holidays. 2) The spatial distribution of child trafficking in Henan Province showed significant regional disparities. Hotspot areas include Huaxian County, Yuanyang County, and Lankao County in the northeast, and Erqi District in the central region, while most counties in the northwest, west, and south are low-incidence areas. 3) The regional types of child trafficking in Henan Province were mainly dominated by trafficking in boys, trafficking in girls, and trafficking out boys. Through the study period, the number of boy-inflow-dominant areas has decreased, while the number of boy-outflow-dominant areas has shown an upward trend, and the number of girl-inflow-dominant areas has shown a slight increase. 4) Due to the influence of the family planning policy, regions in Henan Province with severe son preference, poor economic development, and lower educational levels tend to traffic in boys due to restricted fertility, inability to conceive, or the loss of a son, driven by the purposes of "continuing the family line" and "providing old-age support", thereby forming the boy-inflow-dominant type. In contrast, regions with less pronounced son preference often desire "having both a son and a daughter", or some economically disadvantaged men seek to enter marriage by purchasing wives. When faced with fertility restrictions, inability to conceive, or marital mismatches, these regions tend to traffic in girls for the purposes of caregiving in old age and childbearing, forming the girl-inflow-dominant type. The formation of the trafficking out boys is facilitated by a robust buyer's market, sufficient criminal motivation, inadequate regulatory enforcement, market-driven criminal choices, and convenient transportation conditions.

Accurately quantifying the complex relationships between urban rail transit and residential property prices along its lines can help optimize land resource utilization and enhance residents' well-being. Taking Lanzhou City as a case, this study employed multi-source heterogeneous data to develop a methodology that integrates an Optuna-optimized XGBoost model with the interpretability techniques of SHAP-PDP. This approach aims to investigate the mechanisms through which subway characteristics influence housing prices and quantitatively analyze the interactive effects between subway characteristics and other key influencing factors. The results reveal that: 1) The XGBoost model outperforms decision trees, random forests, gradient boosting decision trees, and CatBoost, achieving an explanatory power of 77.29%, making its predictions more reliable. 2) Property management fees, betweenness centrality, vegetation coverage, density of transportation facilities, and density of financial institutions are the top five contributors to housing prices, collectively accounting for 46.07% of relative importance. Among subway-related characteristics, network centrality of subway stations exerts a significantly greater impact on housing prices than proximity to the nearest station. 3) The effects of distance to subway station, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality on housing prices exhibit nonlinear characteristics with distinct threshold effects, indicating that the influence intensity fluctuates significantly with changing conditions. 4) Apart from property management fees, subway characteristics interact intricately with vegetation coverage, density of functional facilities, and building age, yielding positive interactive effects only within specific ranges. Therefore, maintaining various feature elements within optimal ranges is an effective approach to capturing land value premiums. The findings provide a theoretical reference for scientifically assessing the impact of rail transit on urban development, helping to avoid decision-making blind spots caused by information asymmetry. Additionally, they offer policy insights for achieving stable housing price regulation and enhancing the efficiency of urban spatial governance.

Tourism destination is a core concept in tourism research and tourism practice, but the analysis of the trends, key directions, and theoretical bases of tourism destination research is not clear enough. In this case, neither researchers nor professionals have reached a consensus on the definition of a tourist destination. Although a few studies have conducted in-depth analysis of the keyword co-occurrence network and evolution of tourism destination research, there is a lack of coding, classification, and reflection of the research content. In addition, the exploration of the conceptual nature of tourism destination as a unit of analysis needs to be further developed to provide a fuller cognitive picture for the theorization of tourism destination. Therefore, this study used systematic literature review and bibliometric research methods to examine and reflect on the Chinese literature from 1998 to 2024. The results show that: 1) The research on tourism destinations can be divided into four stages, the abundance and depth of the research topics are deepening, and the co-occurrence map also shows a concentrated trend in the time series, among which tourism image, destination residents, and rural tourism are the topics with high attention. 2) The meta-themes of tourism destination research include 23 categories, which can be divided mainly into five levels: tourism destination image, marketing and brand; tourist perception, attitude, and behavior; rural tourism host and guest perception and culture; tourism destination patterns, processes, and mechanisms; and heritage tourism destination governance and residents' livelihood. 3) The research on tourism destinations is mainly carried out under the paradigm of tourism management and tourism geography, and the related theories of life cycle, glocalization, and social construction are insufficient to understand the complexity of tourism destinations, while the emphasis of social-material theory on networks, heterogeneous actors, and relationship effects provides another possibility for understanding the integrity and dynamics of tourism destination reproduction. This study aimed to clarify the genealogy of tourism destination research and deepen the theoretical exploration of the conceptualization of tourism destination.

The non-grain production of cultivated land in China is becoming increasingly severe. A comprehensive understanding of the patterns of change and formation mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land is of great significance for enhancing cultivated land protection and ensuring food security. Currently, there are diverse perspectives and methodologies for measuring non-grain production yet the results vary significantly, and comparative and integrated research on various measurement methods remains inadequate. Therefore, this study employed a meta-analysis approach to statistically examine 207 existing research articles, revealing the characteristics of change and driving mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land in China from 2000 to 2021. The findings are as follows: 1) The methods of non-grain crop area proportion, multiple cropping index, and autumn grain crop area are frequently used and widely applied, offering comparability at the national, regional, and provincial scales, which can be considered preferred methods for measuring non-grain production of cultivated land. 2) During the study period of this research, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in China remained stable at around 30.0% overall, with a slight downward fluctuation. Among the nine major agricultural regions, the Northeast China Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and the Loess Plateau had non-grain production rates below 30.0% that remained relatively stable, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in South China was higher than 50.0% and the increase was larger, while in other regions the rates were in the range of 30.0% to 50.0%, with a general increase of 10.0% to 20.0%. The rate and growth of non-grain production of cultivated land were both lower in the northern grain crop planting regions than in the southern regions, which gradually increased in the main grain-producing areas, grain balanced areas, and main grain-marketing areas. At the provincial level, non-grain production exhibited a dynamic process characterized by clustered incremental increases and phased differentiation. 3) Non-grain production of cultivated land in China is influenced by multiple factors, including natural environment, economic development, social activities, policies, and technology. Through the foundational, bidirectional, driving, and regulatory effects of common and differential factors, the driving effects of non-grain production of cultivated land such as background, catalytic, enhancement, and retardation effects are formed. This study supports the viewpoints of many scholars, provides data references for in-depth research on the socioeconomic and natural environmental effects of non-grain production, and proposes optimization strategies for the effective implementation of scientific measures to manage non-grain production of cultivated land.

The rise of digital social media platforms has fostered the rapid increase of new farmers short video creators, propelling rural revitalization. Taking Douyin platform as an example, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics of these short video creators in Guangdong Province through kernel density analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis. It further analyzed the configuration paths that influence their agglomeration and high-quality development using entropy-weight TOPSIS and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The results show that: 1) The overall distribution of new farmers short video creators presents a spatial pattern of "one main center and two sub-centers". Guangzhou is the main center with large number of participants and excellent quality of short videos, while Maoming and Chaoshan are the sub-centers with high concentration of participants and high quality of products. 2) Spatial dependence exists, with a "dense in the central area, sparse in the east, transitional in the west "trend in numbers and the quality is characterized by distinct transitional and secondary cold spot areas, alternating with hot and cold spot areas. 3) The synergistic effects of infrastructure, innovation factors, policy support, industrial scale, economic development, agricultural scale, and human resources have led to three configuration mechanisms: the all-factor double-optimal model, the environmental factor-driven growth model, and the technological factor-driven quality improvement model. These mechanisms have emerged as the key factors that influence the spatial differentiation of new farmers short video creators in Guangdong. This study sheds light on the development mechanisms of new farmers short video creators, offering insights for digital rural construction and talent cultivation in China.

As the impact of global warming continues to escalate, the number and severity of extreme weather events have increased significantly, posing a huge threat to life and property. Existing disaster research often focuses on single events and ignores their inherent complexity and cumulative impacts resulting from their association with other events. Therefore, we urgently need to have a deeper understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of extreme disaster events. To fill this research gap, this study extracted high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events from the meteorological observation data of 1886 stations in China's mainland from 1961 to 2020 and used Theil-Sen median slope estimation and Mann-Kendall trend test to explore their spatiotemporal distribution and change characteristics. The proportion of compound events in single events, the change cycle of compound events, the impact of urbanization on compound events, and the disaster risk assessment of compound events were explored from multiple perspectives. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events mainly occurred in the eastern monsoon region, and the frequency of events was greatest in the central Sichuan Basin. 2) The frequency of compound events across the country and in each climate zone increased significantly during the study period, especially after 1990. 3) The proportion of compound events in extreme precipitation events increased significantly after 1990. 4) The North China Plain, Huang-Huai, Jiang-Huai, Jiang-Han, Sichuan Basin, and South China coastal areas were at high risk of disasters, and the above areas urgently need to give priority to effective early warning and response strategies to mitigate the impact of compound events.

Based on Marxist productivity theory, cultural capital theory, and the connotation of new quality cultural and tourism productivity, an indicator system for evaluating the development level of new quality cultural and tourism productivity was constructed from three key elements: new quality cultural and tourism workforce, new quality cultural and tourism means of production, and new quality cultural and tourism objects of work. Spatial analysis methods such as entropy weight method, Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition method, and Markov chain analysis were used to estimate the development level, spatial-temporal pattern, and regional differences of cultural and tourism productivity in the provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of China during 2013-2022. The results show that: 1) The development level of new quality productivity of cultural and tourism industry in China showed an overall upward trend. 2) The regional distribution pattern was higher in the east, followed by the middle, and lower in the northeast and west. Regional difference was the main reason for the overall difference in the development level of cultural and tourism new quality productivity. 3) The development level of new quality productivity of cultural and tourism industry in each province was relatively stable, and there was a phenomenon of "club convergence". 4) High-level development provinces can drive the development of low-level provinces to a certain extent, which proves the existence of inter-provincial spillover effect. Based on the results, some recommendations were put forward, including enhancing the driving and supporting effects of demonstrations, formulating differentiated development strategies, and building cross-regional cultural and tourism innovation platforms.

China is entering an era characterized by severe aging and high population mobility. Identifying regional types of population aging from the perspective of population mobility is essential for the effective implementation of national strategies aimed at addressing aging-related problems across various regions. This study proposed a method for categorizing regional types of population aging by integrating the composite index method of population mobility with elderly population location quotient. Using county-level data from the fifth, sixth, and seventh Chinese censuses, the study identified regional types of population aging across Chinese counties from 2000 to 2020, classifying them into seven categories: aging-in-place, (reverse) accumulation, (reverse) congregation, and (reverse) recomposition. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the factors contributing to population aging in different regional types. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial distribution of aging-in-place counties has significantly contracted, with the Huang-Huai-Hai region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and southern areas of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangxi identified as the primary regions. 2) The distribution range of accumulation counties has expanded to the Northeast, Chengdu-Chongqing region, mid-Yangtze River Basin, and most part of of Gansu Province, while reverse accumulation counties are primarily located around the Pearl River Delta, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and southern Xinjiang. 3) Congregation counties are mainly urban districts within prefecture-level cities or county-level cities, while reverse congregation counties are concentrated in the core areas of the Beijing-Tianjin, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. 4) Recomposition and reverse recomposition counties are mainly distributed in the northwestern half of the Hu Line, with the number of recomposition counties decreasing while reverse recomposition counties increasing. 5) Population aging in aging-in-place counties is primarily determined by regional socioeconomic development; population aging in congregation and reverse congregation counties is mainly influenced by population inflow; in accumulation and reverse accumulation counties, population outflow has altered the regional aging process; and in recomposition and reverse recomposition counties, the aging process is affected by both population inflow and outflow.

With the acceleration of urbanization, people's mental health is facing unprecedented threats. Urban blue-green spaces are increasingly emerging as crucial destinations for individuals to undergo healing processes. Consequently, investigating how therapeutic landscapes facilitate the enhancement of physical and mental well-being holds significant practical importance. At the present, research is gradually expanding to the interaction between humans and space or resources. However, the analysis of the relationship between urban blue-green spaces and human healing from the perspective of activity relationships is still relatively weak, lacking explanatory power and empirical exploration. This situation weakens the social influence and practical value of urban blue-green space research. The concept of therapeutic taskscapes emphasizes that participants interact with the environment through specific task activities, and empirical research on therapeutic taskscapes is needed to fill the theoretical gap mentioned above. This study focused on therapeutic taskscapes, summarizing its concept, dimensions, and measurement indicators through literature review and in-depth interviews. The empirical research was conducted in three urban blue-green spaces in Guiyang City, developing and validating a scale for assessing therapeutic taskscapes in urban blue-green spaces through questionnaire surveys. The research outcomes encompass: 1) Developing a scale system for therapeutic taskscapes, encompassing four dimensions—Atmosphere, Job crafting, Emotion engagement, and Embodied cognition—with 22 measurement indicators. The scale exhibits satisfactory reliability and validity. 2) Therapeutic taskscapes exhibit significant positive correlations with the constructs of flow experience and restorative experience, indicating that the scale has good criterion-related validity. This study transcended previous qualitative research on therapeutic taskscapes, broadening the scope to empirical studies. It clarified the previously ambiguous concept of urban blue-green space therapeutic taskscapes and offered a standardized and reliable measurement tool for their quantitative analysis, which provides practical insights for the healthy development of urban blue-green space healing resources.

Cultivating and guiding new quality productivity to empower the high-quality development of resource-based regions is an inherent requirement and important focus for advancing Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance. This study incorporated new quality productivity into the theoretical analysis framework for high-quality development in resource-based regions, systematically expounded the theoretical basis for new quality productivity empowering the transformation and high-quality development of resource-based regions, and empirically examined the mechanism and effects of new quality productivity empowering high-quality development of resource-based regions using benchmark regression models, multiple mediation effect models, and spatial Durbin models based on the panel data from 23 resource-based cities in Northeast China from 2010 to 2022. The research findings indicate that: 1) The promotion effect of new quality productivity on high-quality development of resource-based regions was significant, and this effect exhibited characteristics of regional differences, differences in development stages, and structural heterogeneity. 2) New quality productivity provided a solid foundation for the realization of high-quality development of resource-based regions through multiple channels such as technological innovation, industrial structure transformation and upgrading, and optimization of resource factor allocation, among which the mediation effect of industrial structure upgrading was the most significant. 3) New quality productivity had a positive spatial spillover effect on the high-quality development of neighboring resource-based cities. These findings not only help to theoretically clarify the connection between new quality productivity and high-quality development of resource-based regions, enrich the sustainability assessment framework of new quality productivity from the perspective of high-quality development of resource-based regions, but also help to guide local governments in formulating differentiated development strategies at the practical level, providing a policy basis for coordinating new quality productivity and advancing the tasks and goals of Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance.

It is crucial for achieving the dual carbon goals and promoting high-quality urban development to reveal the heterogeneity of urban sprawl's impact on carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin, and establish a scientific basis for coordinating urbanization with low-carbon development. This study evaluated the degree of urban sprawl based on long-term nighttime light imagery and LandScan population data, and empirically examined the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions and its spatial effects in 91 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin during 2004-2021 using the spatial Durbin model. It also used the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to assess the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of these effects. The findings demonstrate that, first, a pronounced spatial disparity and spatial aggregation in carbon emissions existed across the study region, with higher levels in the eastern part compared to the western areas. While aggregate carbon emissions continued to rise annually, the rate of increase has shown consistent deceleration. Second, urban sprawl exhibited both significant direct and indirect effects. This result suggests that urban sprawl not only affected the carbon emissions of a city itself but also had spillover effects on those of the neighbors. Third, urban sprawl contributed to the rise in carbon emissions through three principal pathways: expanding the quantity and scale of industrial enterprises, extending residents' commuting distances, and elevating household energy consumption. Finally, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions showed an upward trend in temporal variation, with a dynamic change characteristic of homogenization-differentiation-homogenization. In terms of spatial heterogeneity, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions was predominantly positive, high coefficients mainly concentrated in the midstream regions, and low values mainly occurred in both the upstream and downstream areas. From the perspective of spatial evolution, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions was gradually increasing, especially in the middle reaches. Consequently, the effects of urban sprawl on carbon emissions showed distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity, varying in impact intensity in both the temporal and spatial dimensions. Formulating differentiated spatial development plans tailored to urban realities may prevent disorderly urban sprawl and facilitate both high-quality urban development and the achievement of carbon reduction goals in the Yellow River Basin.

Promoting cross-border railway infrastructure connectivity with neighboring countries holds significant strategic importance for China, but the geopolitical strategies of these neighbors often lead to setbacks in cross-border railway cooperation. Existing studies often use a single or the same theoretical framework to explain the geopolitical strategies of different countries, which is not conducive to clarifying the reasons behind the differentiated states of cross-border railways in various countries. This study applied multiple analytical frameworks based on national regime characteristics, comprising the theories of hedging, two-level game, and shatter belt. Through case analyses, it categorically investigated the impact of neighboring countries' geopolitical strategies on cross-border railway construction. The findings are as follows: 1) Based on the hedging theory, neighboring countries seeking a balance between security threats and economic interests affected railway construction. Kazakhstan maintained neutral hedging between Russia and China, while Laos enhanced active hedging with China to mitigate the influence of Vietnam, leading to the successful operation of the China-Kazakhstan and China-Laos railways. Conversely, the China-Vietnam railway faced setbacks due to Vietnam's "bamboo diplomacy". 2) According to the two-level game theory, political elites playing the game at domestic and international levels influenced railway projects too. Despite China's active promotion of cooperation, the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan, China-Pakistan, China-Nepal, and China-Thailand railways were hindered by frequent domestic regime changes in recipient countries and external power interferences. 3) The shatter belt theory indicates that lack of unity and stability of neighboring countries leads to stagnation of cross-border railway projects as well. As the fragmentation situation in Myanmar intensifies, the construction of the Myanmar section of the China-Myanmar railway has been put on hold. Based on these findings, policy recommendations are proposed: First, China should increase aid to countries engaged in active and neutral hedging and guide neutral countries towards active side; for countries engaged in negative hedging, we need to prevent strategic backsliding while enhance "soft connectivity". Second, for countries where the two-level game theory is applicable, it is advisable to deepen domestic engagement to build consensus and prepare for geopolitical risks. Finally, for countries that can be analyzed through the shatter belt theory, we should prioritize "stabilizing political situation through economic means" to achieve consensus while timely implement security measures to ensure railway safety. These findings can provide valuable references for advancing cross-border railway cooperation between China and its neighboring countries.

Exploring the patterns of change and influencing factors of business is an important basis for promoting the high-quality development of winter tourism destinations. Taking Chongli District of Zhangjiakou City, one of the venues for the Beijing Winter Olympics, as a typical winter tourism destination, this study constructed an industrial system for ice and snow tourism destinations, which took the core dominant formats as the main body to output major tourism products, used the extended synergistic formats to improve the market operation environment, and employed the supporting auxiliary formats to shape the basic development environment. It also clarified the functional relationships among different levels of industrial subsystems. It selected its point of interest (POI) data from 2005, 2010, 2015, 2022, and 2023 and used the ArcGIS spatial analysis method to analyze the spatial-temporal change characteristics of business in Chongli and its influencing factors. The results shows: 1) The number of POIs in the ice-snow tourism destination has demonstrated progressive growth from 2005 to 2023. Especially during the exponential growth stage driven by Winter Olympics preparations, all tourism sectors achieved unprecedented POI proliferation, particularly core dominant sectors that manifested the most substantial quantitative expansion. It also showed a stable development in the high-quality development stage. Significant spatial variations in business distribution have been observed, characterized by predominant concentration within southeastern townships and sparse distribution in northern regions, with dense clustering in southern areas. 2) Chongli's business formats exhibited an agglomerated spatial pattern, transitioning from a "single-core with multiple nodes" configuration to a "dual-core and dual-belt" structure during the study period, with progressively intensified clustering. Spatial diffusion analysis revealed that the distribution centroid is located at the boundary between Hongqiying Township and Xiwanzi Town on the whole. The standard deviational ellipse displayed a distinct northeast-southwest orientation, indicating pronounced directional spread. Spatial correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive spatial interdependence, with prominent clustering features. Low-low clusters significantly decreased, while high-high and high-low clusters gradually increased, indicating enhanced development levels across business formats. 3) The spatiotemporal change of winter tourism destination business formats is mainly driven by the combined effects of multiple factors: distance from administrative centers, socioeconomic development levels, collaborative development with tourism enterprises, transportation network distribution, altitude, slope, sports, and the winter Olympics policy impacts. Particularly during the rapid development stages, administrative centers and ice and snow policies played crucial catalytic roles in accelerating business format development, with the driving force gradually shifting to tourism-oriented enterprises as the primary growth engine.

Against the background of global warming and large-scale urbanization, heavy rainfall and flooding and urban waterlogging disasters in North China have become more serious, and the demand for disaster prevention and mitigation has become increasingly more pressing. Typhoons and typhoon-related weather systems are an important cause of extreme heavy rainfall in North China. On the basis of previous studies, a variety of literature was collected to identify the sequence of typhoons and heavy rainfall events in North China in 1668. The principle of inferring the past from the present was used to identify the possible typhoon long-distance rainfall events in North China in 1668, and their relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) was discussed. The results show that: 1) There were 9 typhoons in 1668, the earliest one was recorded around May 30, and the latest was around November 4, of which 4 mainly affected South China, and 5 mainly affected East China. 2) The summer of 1668 was overall wet and the occurrences of heavy rainfall events were high in North China, with heavy rainfall recorded in North China during 6 of the 9 typhoons. Three of these were recognized as long-distance typhoon storm events, one was a storm caused by a typhoon traveling northwards, and two were storms that may have been influenced by the typhoon. 3) The 3 typhoon long-distance rainstorms were the typhoon in Jiangsu and Zhejiang with heavy rainfall in Henan on July 25, the typhoon in Jiangxi and Zhejiang with heavy rainfall in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region on August 11-13, and the typhoon in southern China with heavy rainfall in Hebei region. Among them, the heavy rainfall and flooding in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region occurred in August 8-16, between the 5th and 6th typhoons, and caused severe flooding in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, which was similar to that caused by the twin typhoons Dusu Rui and Kanu in July 2023. 4) La Niña was one of the main reasons for the high frequency of multiple typhoon events and flooding in North China in 1668, and the multiple typhoons brought more water vapor to North China than usual and contributed to the multiple heavy rainfall events in the region through the interaction with other systems. Double or consecutive typhoons affecting North China may exacerbate the risk of heavy rainfall and flooding. Therefore strengthening monitoring and early warning, and strengthening response measures are particularly important.

Raising income levels and narrowing theurban-rural income gap is an important path to realize the well-being equity and common prosperity of urban and rural residents in national key ecological functional zones. This study focused on the national key ecological functional zones in China, comprising 410 counties. Dagum's Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, and the multiscale geographic weighted regression (MGWR) model were used to measure the changes in urban and rural residents' incomes spatially and temporally, with a focus on the dynamic evolution of spatial differences in the urban-rural income gap (URIG). This study also identified factors that influenced the URIG and analyzed their roles over the past 10 years within the ecological functional zones. The results show that: 1) In the past 10 years, the income of urban and rural residents in the study areas has doubled overall, but it was still lower than the national average income level. The absolute income gap between urban and rural residents in the study areas, as well as the average incomes of urban and rural residents in China, was almost three times greater in 2020 than in 2010. The growth rate of income in urban and rural areas was highly consistent with the income growth rate in urban and rural areas across the country, and the growth rate of rural income level was faster than that of urban areas. 2) During 2010-2020, the overall income gap between urban and rural areas has dropped from 3.43 to 2.58, and the narrowing rate was greater than the national average level. By 2020, it basically kept pace with the national average level, tending towards common prosperity. The urban-rural income gap on the eastern and western sides of the Hu Huanyong Line was narrowing. The urban-rural income gap on the eastern side of the line was lower than that on the whole country, while the income gap on the western side of the line was higher than that of the country as a whole; The urban-rural income gap on both the northern and the southern sides of the Qinling-Huaihe Line was narrowing, with the urban-rural income gap in the south higher than that on the whole country, while the income gap in the north remains synchronized with the national average level. 3) The overall spatial difference in the level of urban-rural income gap has gradually narrowed, but there are still large differences. The urban-rural income gap in the eight key ecological functional zones all showed a narrowing trend; the urban-rural income gap extremes between the 23 functional areas also showed a narrowing trend. 4) Factors such as increases in aging rates, population density, urbanization rates, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita household savings, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) all contributed to the decrease in the URIG. Increases in the ratio of added values from secondary and tertiary industries, per capita fiscal expenditure, employment rates, and the concentration of PM_2.5 delayed the reduction of the URIG. Significant spatial heterogeneity characterized the effects of different influencing factors on the URIG. This study provides fundamental understanding and policy insights for fostering urban-rural integration and regional common prosperity in ecological functional zones.

The environmental vulnerability of the Qingzang Plateau constrains the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the local knowledge drawn from the history of agricultural and pastoral activities has given rise to an adaptive and localized development model that is increasingly valued in regional sustainable development practices. This study focused on the agropastoral systems in eastern Qingzang Plateau, a region with distinct geographical and cultural characteristics. Based on field interviews and using a methodological framework of contextual knowledge tracing, case analysis, and systematic exposition, this study explored the human-environment relationship as embedded metaphorically in local knowledge and its implications for sustainable development. The results show that: 1) Constructing a "knowledge-behavior" sustainability framework for agropastoral areas, the study analyzed local knowledge on the Qingzang Plateau and found that agricultural and pastoral production modes shaped by Tibetan Buddhist norms, natural productivity constrained by historical experience, and household production behavior influenced by folk beliefs together constitute three dimensions of the human-environment relationship that metaphorically underpin the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry on the Plateau. These dimensions operate on the human-grassland system in alpine regions through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of grassland resource use, the adjustment of production objectives, and the organization of household production behaviors. 2) The case of Lageri Village reflects localized agricultural-pastoral practices, where ecological perceptions, family-based cultural values, and neighborhood mutual assistance are increasingly integrated with external knowledge. The shift of local knowledge towards locally grounded community of shared future knowledge of universal relevance has been externalized in herders' production and utilization practices, organizational and managerial arrangements, as well as in the application of technologies and institutions, manifesting an agricultural and pastoral development pathway characterized by weak sustainability.3) The chained relationship among contextual factors, knowledge transformation, and behavioral externalization—with corresponding feedback mechanisms—manifests in human-environment coordination, knowledge empowerment, and the activation of local agency. The sustainable development model and its planning practice suitable for the Qingzang Plateau urgently need to systematically explore, scientifically translate, and apply local knowledge for the management of the territorial space on the Qingzang Plateau.

Land capitalization is a central issue in China's rural development and reform. Exploring the logical relationship between land capitalization and rural restructuring as well as the corresponding control strategies is of great significance for deepening the theoretical knowledge and developing practical paths of land use transformation and rural revitalization in the new era. Based on the theory of spatial-temporal fix and spatial production, this study elucidated the mechanism of rural restructuring from the perspective of land capitalization with the analytical framework of motivation-actor structure-specific construction-multidimensional restructuring, and elaborated on the potential dangers arising from the game of different actors and the corresponding coping strategies after examining the actor relationships. The study found that: 1) The capitalization of rural land is a process of increasing the value of rural land and restructuring land property relations through the transfer of corresponding property between different actors with various trading means, which is based on the clear definition of land property rights and permitted access to the circulation market. 2) Driven by the dual drivers of changes in supply and demand and guided by the logic of spatial-temporal fix, the process of land capitalization is triggered by bringing capital to the countryside and the interaction of multiple actors; this process causes the change of the elements-structure-function of the rural territorial system through the spatial production of triadic integration that centers on the creation and acquisition of rural land, and thus promotes the multidimensional restructuring of rural areas. 3) There are both interest-goal links and conflicts between different actors, which imply complex game relations and give rise to various forms of alliances and divisions, leading to problems such as the damage of rural residents' land rights and interests, the crowding out of rural development space, the loss of local history and culture, and the intensification of social conflicts on the countryside. 4) In order to balance the conflicting relationships, innovate the path of land development and its capital realization with the joint participation of multiple key actors, build a coordinated and symbiotic collective action system and a fair distribution system, and enhance the fairness and justice in the restructuring process, control strategies should be developed based on the four dimensions of law, planning, market, and governance.

Land tenure systems are fundamental to the arrangement of production relations within a nation, essential for managing the relationship between farmers and land, and a critical driver for promoting urban-rural integration (URI). Despite this, existing research has yet to fully elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms by which land tenure systems influence URI, particularly overlooking the pivotal role of bidirectional transfer of urban and rural labor (URBT). This study, leveraging the panel data from 30 provinces in China (the data in Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are temporarily unavailable) between 2008 and 2020, quantified the spatiotemporal change of URI and employed a continuous difference-in-differences (DID) model, integrated with an improved URBT regulatory variable, to examine the mechanism of impact of the separation of rural land rights policy on China's URI. The findings reveal that the level of URI in China has significantly increased from 0.41 in 2008 to 0.63 in 2020, marking a 53.66% rise, with an evolving spatial pattern characterized by "higher in the east, lower in the west, with expanding inter-regional disparities and narrowing intra-regional differences". The separation of rural land rights policy positively promoted the process of URI in China, but also exhibited spatial heterogeneity, with more pronounced impact in the eastern regions. The URBT had a significant impact on the separation of rural land rights policy's facilitation of URI, displaying an inverted "U"-shaped nonlinear regulatory effect. This article offered policy recommendations from three aspects: county urbanization, fiscal expenditure and coordinated transfer of agricultural population, and effective allocation of land resources, aiming to provide a scientific guidance for China's urban-rural integration development.

Scientifically examining the adaptation relationship between urban recreationalization and human settlement quality is of significant importance for advancing urban renewal and enhancing the well-being and happiness of residents. This study explored the contemporary connotations of human settlement quality from the perspective of the living-ecological-production-life quadruple spatial framework, conducted an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of adaptation between urban recreationalization and human settlement quality, and constructed a pertinent evaluation indicator system. By employing a comprehensive adaptation model and an optimal parameter geodetector, the study also revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of adaptation. The results show that: 1) From 2011 to 2022, the indices pertaining to urban recreationalization and human settlement quality in the Yangtze River Delta region exhibited a sustained upward trend. Industrial development recreationalization had been the major factor driving urban recreationalization, yet there was a clear need for the further integration and dissemination of recreational activities integrated within everyday lifestyle practices. The production space had significantly contributed to the human settlement quality, while it is crucial to enhance the beneficial effects of ecological and life spaces. 2) The adaptation index for urban recreationalization and human settlement quality in the Yangtze River Delta region showed marked improvement, rising from a score indicative of minimal adaptation (0.551) in 2011 to a score reflective of moderate adaptation (0.732) by 2022. The spatial distribution of adaptation types transitioned from a "scattered" pattern to a more "clustered" aggregation, with high adaptation levels observed in cities such as Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Hefei, as well as their surrounding areas. 3) The coordinated adaptation of urban recreationalization and the quality of the living environment in the Yangtze River Delta region was influenced by a variety of factors, including the natural environment, economic development, urban construction, and policy support. The degree of industrial structure upgrading, the nighttime light index, the extent of built-up areas, and the intensity of urban land expansion were crucial drivers, and the interaction between the nighttime light index, the degree of industrial structure upgrading, and the urban land expansion index had high explanatory power. The research can provide theoretical support for promoting the integrated development of regional culture, tourism and leisure and building livable cities.

The construction of China's overseas parks is an important platform for production capacity cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative. Exploring the driving mechanism and benefit level of the "one zone with multiple parks" development model of China-EU business and logistics cooperation parks will help to reveal the specific operation mechanism of trade-oriented overseas parks, and provide scientific basis for the high-quality development of overseas parks in the future. It will help to reveal the specific operation mechanism of trade-oriented overseas parks and provide a scientific basis for the future high-quality development of overseas parks. This study identified the contribution of the China-EU business and logistics park to China-Hungary bilateral trade. It then constructed the framework of "one zone with multiple parks" model, examined the linkage and coupling mechanism between multiple parks and multiple parks and neighboring regions, and analyzed the input-output efficiency of the park in recent years by using data envelopment analysis. The study found that: 1) The fluctuation of the proportion of the trade volume of the park in the total trade volume of China-Hungary was significant from 2017 to 2023, and the commodity structure of China-Hungary trade was concentrated. 2) Under the "one zone and multiple parks" model, after the Chinese products entered the park, the logistics park distributed the goods to Hungary and even to various European countries. The exhibition center responded to the feedback of European businessmen's demand with business exhibitions, and promoted the formation of Chinese brand spillover effect. The multiple parks were coupled through the interaction of commerce drive, logistics distribution, and service guarantee links. 3) The comprehensive efficiency and scale efficiency of the park fluctuated obviously from 2017 to 2023, and the technological efficiency was generally higher. Accordingly, this study proposed key measures to promote the high-quality development of the park, such as adjusting the input-output structure, avoiding economic and geopolitical risks, and improving the level of data security. The conclusions of the study are of theoretical and practical significance for improving the research on the type of overseas parks and the popularization and application of the model of "one zone with multiple parks".

Optimizing land use allocation, mitigating land use conflicts, and achieving coordinated development of socioeconomic activities and ecological protection are key points for supporting planning decisions and ensuring regional sustainable development. This study coupled the GMOP-PLUS model to optimize and simulate land use of the central Yunnan urban agglomeration in 2035 and used land use dynamics, landscape indices, and land use conflict assessments to evaluate and analyze multiple scenarios, and subsequently explored the future trends and conflict differentiation characteristics of land development in the region through spatial correlation analysis. The results show that: 1) The coupled model, combined with multi-scenario analysis, can determine a balanced multi-objective land use optimization scheme, with NSGAII outperforming the ideal point method for solving multi-objective problems. 2) The dual-objective development optimization model offers a better comprehensive evaluation of land use, benefiting the protection of arable land and ecology, as well as the stable development of the land system. 3) Future development in the study area will rely on the aggregation and expansion of existing construction land, which tends to disrupt arable land and water bodies. Additionally, land encroachment and rising dynamics caused by construction expansion are likely to exacerbate land use conflicts. Accordingly, regional development must prioritize the reasonable control of construction expansion. 4) The area of high construction intensity, high dynamics, and high conflict, spanning from southern Kunming to western Qujing and eastern Yuxi, should be planned as the key control zone for construction, while areas characterized by low construction intensity, low dynamics, and high conflict are likely to emerge in urban development interaction zones. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance the quality and radiative capacity of regional development hubs and strengthen the coordinated development of cities within the region. This study can provide theoretical and practical references for regional sustainable development and planning decision-making.

China is currently undergoing a pivotal transition towards an innovation-driven economy, and there is an urgent need for universities to play a more significant role in regional innovation. A systematic review of the relevant theoretical and empirical studies in Western economic geography can provide a scientific basis for China to further clarify the functions of universities in the innovation system and to formulate regional innovation strategies. In this study, the role of universities in regional innovation was first conceptualized from six dimensions: human capital, knowledge transfer, knowledge brokers, entrepreneurial activities, engagement patterns, and innovation effects. These dimensions stem from the three missions of universities, namely teaching, research, and regional development. Second, we analyzed the dominant channels, spatial scales, influencing factors, and corresponding policy implications of universities' engagement in regional innovation by reviewing six theoretical frameworks—the linear innovation model and university knowledge spillover, the nonlinear interactive innovation model and relational university, the regional innovation system and regional innovation system university, the triple helix and entrepreneurial university, the adaptive response and engaged university, and the innovation network and broker university. The contributions of these theoretical frameworks to the study of the six dimensions were then compared. Third, the applicability of three empirical methods—case studies, econometric modeling, and social network analysis—was evaluated in terms of their suitability for conducting research on the six dimensions. Fourth, research frontiers were outlined in terms of the channel complexity and regional heterogeneity of universities' external impacts, and the optimization of theories and methodologies for assessing the role of universities. The extant literature on the theoretical frameworks that inform our understanding of the role of universities in regional innovation presents three major trends: 1) Intellectual property activities in universities have been progressively emphasized, with the objective of emulating the successful practices of a few exemplary universities. 2) The third mission of universities is being expanded by key theoretical frameworks dedicated to meeting the development needs of the host region. 3) Functional distances of universities that influence external regions are gradually being superseded by a regional scale, with the aim of enabling universities to serve local development. Theoretical frameworks on this topic are closely related to development strategies and innovation policy adjustments across countries. Additionally, our findings indicate that the three empirical methods have been extensively employed to investigate the role of universities in regional innovation. However, it is evident that none of these methods can fully address the six dimensions of research simultaneously. Case studies are frequently used to examine engagement patterns, while econometric models offer distinct advantages in the analysis of knowledge transfer and innovation effects. Social network analysis is also gaining prominence in the examination of knowledge transfer and knowledge brokers. As in Western universities and regions, intellectual property activities have become the primary means of knowledge and technology transfer in universities in China. However, the contribution of Chinese universities to regional innovation remains limited. In light of these findings, future research should focus on the Chinese context and regional differences, employing a combination of empirical methods to examine the role of universities in regional innovation.

Cooperative innovation in the photovoltaic industry among global cities is a crucial cornerstone for sustainable development worldwide. Examining the evolution of innovation cooperation networks among global cities and the changing status of Chinese cities holds significant strategic importance for the development of strategic emerging industries and the enhancement of cities' status. Based on the patent cooperation data from 2000 to 2022, this study constructed innovation cooperation networks among 1382 global cities. Considering the life cycle of photovoltaic products, and using complex network analysis methods, this study elucidated the topological structure and spatial change of the global intercity photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation networks. Then, the changing status of Chinese cities was revealed. The results show that: 1) With the technology of the photovoltaic industry evolving from nascent stage to rapid growth and then to maturity and stability, the intensity of global photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation first grew and then became stable. 2) The global photovoltaic innovation cooperation network exhibited a pronounced spatial clustering, primarily concentrated in the eastern United States, Western Europe, and East Asia. The innovation network has transitioned from a "few-core dominance" centered on cities in the United States and Japan to a "multi-core interconnected" structure, gradually evolving into innovation clusters dominated by cities in China, India, Europe, and the United States. 3) City scale and innovation level had a significant positive impact on the intensity of photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation of cities. The carbon reduction policy had a strong driving effect on photovoltaic industry innovation in the early stage, but later showed a diminishing marginal effect. 4) Cities in China, represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Shenzhen, have shown a continuous upward trend in their betweenness centrality and weighted centrality within networks. They have gradually transitioned from primarily importing technology to establishing mutually beneficial relationships in technology with domestic and international partners, ultimately evolving into technology exporters. Understanding the spatiotemporal change of the global photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation networks and the changing status of Chinese cities within it holds significant promise. It is expected to promote the restructuring of the photovoltaic industrial chain and the reconfiguration of the value chain. This, in turn, can reshape the spatial pattern of strategic emerging industries and regional innovation activities.

The atmospheric environmental effect of landscape pattern evolution is considered the main cause of urban air pollution. However, there is no universal landscape classification for relevant research. In this study, the local climate zone (LCZ) framework was introduced to simulate PM_2.5 concentration in Nanchang City's main urban area by using the land use regression (LUR) model. The applicability of the LCZ framework in PM_2.5 concentration simulation was tested. The results indicate that adjusted R² of the LUR models with LCZ variables is improved compared with the traditional LUR models, and the standard estimation errors have decreased. The improvement is especially significant in spring and summer. The LUR models with LCZ variables substituting for both land use and population density variables are the best fitting models, indicating that it is feasible to integrate LCZ for PM_2.5 concentration simulation, and more than 80% of the variations in PM_2.5 can be explained in four seasons. We also found that LCZ 8 (large low-rise) and LCZ 10 (heavy industry) are the best variables to replace industrial land, LCZ G (water) and LCZ F (bare soil or sand) are the best variables to replace ecological land, LCZ 1-3 (compact buildings) and LCZ 5 (open mid-rise) are the best variables to replace population density. The LCZs can explain the driving mechanism of urban atmospheric particles' spatial distribution to a certain extent. The seasonal variation of meteorological factors is the main reason for the seasonal variation of PM_2.5 concentration. The PM_2.5 concentration of spring and autumn are mainly affected by wind speed, that of summer is affected by relative humidity, and that of winter is affected by temperature and precipitation. This study explored the applicability of the LCZ framework in PM_2.5 concentration simulation, and the results can provide a reference for urban air pollution assessment and control.

Exploring the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of forest land fragmentation in China is of great significance for promoting high-quality development in the forestry sector and enhancing the ecosystem service value of forests. Based on land cover data from 1992 to 2022, this study constructed a comprehensive forestland fragmentation indicator system using multidimensional landscape pattern metrics and analyzed the spatial-temporal trends and drivers of forestland fragmentation across China with spatial statistics and machine learning models. The findings are as follows: 1) In the study period, China's forestland fragmentation indices showed a shift around 2004, with a trend of gradual decline-fluctuating increase. Forest patch size, edge density, and shape regularity exhibited a decline-slight increase trend, while spatial dispersal followed a cyclical low-high-low-high fluctuation. 2) Spatially, forestland fragmentation was high in the south and low in the north, with the highest levels in Southeast China's low mountains and hilly forests, followed by tropical and southwestern mountainous forests, and the lowest in the northwestern mountains and the Inner Mongolia and Northeast forest regions. At the provincial level, fragmentation values peaked in Guizhou, gradually declining outward, with significant fragmentation also observed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, and Yunnan. 3) The drivers of forestland fragmentation varied across periods and regions. Throughout the study period, forest management practices generally mitigated fragmentation, while increasing population density and rising temperatures intensified it. From 1992 to 2001, temperature and timber production were the primary influences on fragmentation; from 2002 to 2011, cropland area and collective forest area became more impactful; and from 2012 to 2022, collective forest area became the leading factor. 4) An examination of the interaction effects among the drivers revealed that in areas with low precipitation and limited forest management intensity, excessive afforestation can exacerbate fragmentation, while fragmentation trends are stronger in regions with higher rainfall and temperatures. Afforestation helps mitigate the adverse impacts of cropland expansion on forestland fragmentation.This study deepens the understanding of forestland spatial pattern evolution in China, identifies regional drivers of fragmentation, and provides a theoretical basis and policy support for optimizing forestland management, promoting intensive use, and enhancing forest ecosystem services.

Humanistic geography and behavioral geography represent two pivotal schools of thought within human geography, each possessing distinct theoretical and methodological foundations. Despite their significant potential for mutual enrichment, scholarly discourse, particularly within some regional academic contexts, has not fully explored the inherent complementarity between these two paradigms. This article offers a comparative study of their leading proponents, Yi-Fu Tuan for Humanistic Geography and Torsten Hägerstrand for Behavioral Geography, whose seminal works have profoundly influenced geography and cognate disciplines. Employing a tripartite analytical framework that examines representative figures-school characteristics-methodological system, this study meticulously compared their academic trajectories, core theoretical propositions, and methodological approaches. It specifically endeavored to uncover the humanistic undercurrents within Hägerstrand's time geography and to scrutinize the behavioral dimensions underpinning Tuan's experiential perspective. This comparative lens allowed for a nuanced analysis of each school's characteristics, thereby elucidating their critical distinctions and, more importantly, their areas of convergence. Both schools emerged from a shared critique of the "rational economic man" assumption prevalent during the quantitative revolution, instead emphasizing the intricate interplay of human behavior, emotion, and lived experience of place. In doing so, they introduced vital human-centered dimensions to geographical inquiry. A multi-dimensional analysis—encompassing ontological foci, philosophical foundations, epistemological stances, research methodologies, and practical applications—reveals significant compatibilities and potential synergies. The concept of "home", a profound concern for both scholars, serves as a compelling unifying thread, highlighting their shared commitment to understanding the deep meanings of place and human dwelling. This dialogue between Humanistic and Behavioral Geography not only facilitates theoretical cross-fertilization but also promises to stimulate new theoretical innovations. The article concludes by advocating for continued and strengthened exchanges among diverse schools within geography. Such inter-paradigmatic dialogues are essential for identifying the unique methodological value of each school, exploring fruitful integrations of ideas, theories, and methods, and ultimately propelling the ongoing development of the geographical discipline.