Administrative divisions are an important part of the national system of governance, and the related adjustments have become an important tool for optimizing the administrative management system, improving the effectiveness of national governance, and promoting regional spatial reorganization. Among these adjustments, county-to-district conversion, as an important part of China's county-level administrative division adjustment from 1997, has become a hot topic that has attracted much attention in the study of administrative division. Based on existing studies, this article analyzed the change of county (city) abolition and establishment of districts from the aspects of progress, occurrence logic, assessment method, and multiple impacts in a comprehensive manner. We found that the number of counties (cities) converted to districts in China experienced a fluctuating increase and then a rapid decrease, followed by a rapid increase and then a gradual decrease, with an overall M-shaped temporal pattern, and 2000-2002 and 2014-2016 were the two peak periods of conversion. National policies provided the necessary conditions for county-to-district conversion, local demands promoted the implementation of the conversion, and the final adjustment was often the result of the game between multiple actors. The research methods became more diversified, but the relevant basic theories and methodological studies are relatively weak, and there is still a big gap between the status quo and the requirements of governance modernization. The conclusions of the existing studies on the economic and social benefits of county-to-district conversion are inconsistent, while that on the impact of ecological benefits is relatively uniform, that is, the quality of the regional ecological environment has been improved by the county-to-district conversion. In summary, this article argued that in the future there is an urgent need to strengthen the theoretical and methodological research on the setting up of administrative districts, reveal in depth the positive and negative effects of county-to-district conversion on the development of cities and regions, strengthen the analysis of the driving mechanism of county-to-district conversion, and examine the triggering conditions of county-to-district conversion, in order to provide references for the scientific improvement of decision making of local governments as well as the optimization and adjustment of the national policies on county-to-district conversion.

In view of the fact that there is no systematic summary of recent studies on the history of geography in China except in some selected fields, based on a literature review and the change of thoughts in research on the history of science, this study examined the major progress of recent research on the history of geography and related works in China, and discussed the issues that deserve further attention in the future. The literature review found that: 1) The history of geography is an independent academic field in Chinese geography, characterized by fruitful research results, wide field coverage, and stable research groups. 2) The system of the field has been tentatively constructed, forming a research system that covers disciplinary history, intellectual history, social history, and research on compiling history, which largely corresponds to the research field of the history of science. 3) There are many thoughts in the study of the history of geography, which largely aligns with the main trends of contemporary history of science. However, due to insufficient reference to the new trends in the history of science such as the social history of knowledge, contextualism, conceptual history, and reading history, there are only few research achievements under the recent trends of geographical thoughts. 4) The spatial scope, subfields, and subjects of the research objects are different, mainly reflected in the focus on the study of the history of Chinese geography, and studies on the history of cartography and modern historical geography in China, famous geographical research institutions, societies, and scholars in contemporary China have made fruitful achievements. In contrast, the corresponding research on other spatial scopes, sub-areas, and subjects is weaker. 5) Specialized research on the history of Chinese geography has focused on the ancient period, with a gradual emergence of the modern period, and modern and contemporary research is mainly a review of progress and a synthesis of the literature. The main issues worthy of attention in future research include: 1) Focusing on weak areas of research, and presenting a more comprehensive development trajectory of Chinese geography, especially the disciplinary history in the last hundred years. 2) Strengthening the reference to the trends of the social history of knowledge, contextualism, conceptual history, and reading history, and paying more attention to research on the history of geography under modern and contemporary geographical thoughts. 3) Paying attention to the interpretation of the social value of the history of modern and contemporary Chinese geography and expanding the societal cognition of geography. 4) Emphasizing dialogue with international research and enhancing the international discourse of research on the history of Chinese geography.

Based on the agricultural product e-commerce data of Taobao and Jingdong from 2012 to 2022, this study analyzed the development trend and spatial distribution pattern of China's agricultural product e-commerce industry by using kernel density analysis, average nearest neighbor index, and standard deviation ellipse. It also explored the driving factors and formation mechanisms by using multiscale geographically weighted regression in combination with the macro economic data of prefectural-level cities. The results of the study show that: 1) The spatial distribution pattern of agricultural product e-commerce industry is highly consistent with China's human and natural geographic factors, and shows the characteristics of regional agglomeration. 2) The spatial direction of industrial development shows a pattern of northeast-south (slightly eastward), forming a multicore circular structure with gradient diffusion from the center to the periphery, and the change and layout of the industry show a dependency on the established development path, presenting an unbalanced spatial distribution. 3) There is an obvious spatial heterogeneity in the driving effects of various factors for the agricultural product e-commerce industry, and there is a general tendency for the driving role of industrial structure factors, economic and social development factors, market potential factors, and government support factors to gradually decrease from east to west, and the driving role of infrastructure factors shows a tendency of gradual decrease from south to north. Based on the above conclusions, this article put forward the following policy recommendations: 1) Each region should primarily focus on exploring the market and stabilize the relationship between production and marketing for the development of agricultural product e-commerce. 2) The positive role of policy guidance should be further utilized to provide more positive externality inputs for the development of e-commerce in the western region. 3) Infrastructure development of agricultural products logistics should be further strengthened. 4) In the development of the industry, different regions need to take into account their own actual situation and implement targeted measures to avoid wasting resources.

Human trafficking has existed since ancient times and persists to this day, causing serious damage to family and social harmony and stability. Based on open-source data on the Internet, this study employed statistical analysis and spatial visualization methods to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of child trafficking in Henan Province from 1970 to 2018. Furthermore, it exploreed the regional types and formation mechanisms of these crimes. The results are as follows: 1) From 1970 to 2018, the annual variation of child trafficking in Henan Province showed an inverted-"V" shape, high in the middle and low at both ends. It was closely related to fertility policies, anti-trafficking enforcement efforts, and shifts in societal attitudes. In terms of monthly variation, a clear seasonal differentiation was observed, with spring and summer being the peak seasons, largely influenced by climate, agricultural activities, and holidays. 2) The spatial distribution of child trafficking in Henan Province showed significant regional disparities. Hotspot areas include Huaxian County, Yuanyang County, and Lankao County in the northeast, and Erqi District in the central region, while most counties in the northwest, west, and south are low-incidence areas. 3) The regional types of child trafficking in Henan Province were mainly dominated by trafficking in boys, trafficking in girls, and trafficking out boys. Through the study period, the number of boy-inflow-dominant areas has decreased, while the number of boy-outflow-dominant areas has shown an upward trend, and the number of girl-inflow-dominant areas has shown a slight increase. 4) Due to the influence of the family planning policy, regions in Henan Province with severe son preference, poor economic development, and lower educational levels tend to traffic in boys due to restricted fertility, inability to conceive, or the loss of a son, driven by the purposes of "continuing the family line" and "providing old-age support", thereby forming the boy-inflow-dominant type. In contrast, regions with less pronounced son preference often desire "having both a son and a daughter", or some economically disadvantaged men seek to enter marriage by purchasing wives. When faced with fertility restrictions, inability to conceive, or marital mismatches, these regions tend to traffic in girls for the purposes of caregiving in old age and childbearing, forming the girl-inflow-dominant type. The formation of the trafficking out boys is facilitated by a robust buyer's market, sufficient criminal motivation, inadequate regulatory enforcement, market-driven criminal choices, and convenient transportation conditions.

The burgeoning digital economy is a key driver in shaping urban and regional landscapes. The digital transformation of value chains is crucial for promoting high-quality growth in the digital creative sector. Based on the spatiotemporal production and service data of China's online gaming industry from 2010 to 2022, this study analyzed the spatial characteristics of China's online gaming industry network from the perspective of the digital creative value chain, and revealed its influencing factors using the valued Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs). The research findings provide several significant insights. First, the Chinese online gaming industry network features a hierarchical pyramid structure and a distinctive spatial configuration of "strong triangle" and "weak diamond". This is characterized by strong core connections and the integration of small to medium-sized cities. The network also displays path dependency and hierarchical attraction traits across cities. Second, there are distinct differences in the spatial layouts of industrial networks at different stages of the value chain. The production-operation network adopts a triangle + diamond configuration, while the operation-publishing network shifts to a radial structure centered around the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Last, the network can be influenced by factors such as administrative hierarchy, the growing new economy, institutional and social proximity, and contagion effects. It is important to recognize that these factors can vary across different developmental phases and segments of the value chain. This study contributes to the academic discussion by providing a strong theoretical framework and empirical evidence for analyzing urban networks in the digital era. It also offers strategic insights for the optimized allocation of the digital creative industry, promoting synergistic interactions, and facilitating the evolution and enhancement of value chains.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) represent an efficient approach to utilizing natural resources while simultaneously protecting ecosystems, addressing the social, economic, and environmental challenges we face today. Recognized internationally as a cutting-edge method for ecosystem management, NbS can be effectively applied to the restructuring of rural spaces. This approach not only mitigates the ecological and environmental crises hindering rural development, but also unlocks the potential for rural growth, fostering comprehensive revitalization of rural areas. This study outlined the conceptual evolution of NbS, and explored the conceptual connotation of rural spatial restructuring based on NbS from the perspectives of various stakeholders, including local governments, village committees, rural business entities, and rural residents. The analysis was structured around four dimensions: ecological space, physical space, economic space, and social space. The research systematically examined the progress in restructuring the ecological space, physical space, economic space, and social space of rural areas through NbS, focusing on ecological conservation and landscape optimization, the optimization of production and living spaces, land consolidation and agricultural transformation, the commodification of natural landscapes, and balancing the needs and expectations of different stakeholders. The study concluded by suggesting future research directions, emphasizing the localization of NbS concepts, the establishment of multi-sectoral collaborative mechanisms, optimization strategies for resource and capital allocation, phased assessments of socioeconomic impacts, and the application of quantitative methods to measure socioeconomic benefits.

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (hereinafter referred to as Inner Mongolia) is an important ecological barrier in northern China. Under the joint drive of natural and human factors, the dynamic process of vegetation change in Inner Mongolia has significantly varied since the twenty-first century. However, there is still a lack of systematic quantitative research on the location, degree, and occurrence of abrupt changes in vegetation, and the contribution of different driving factors. This study selected six remote sensing vegetation indices and used the Theil-Sen trend, Mann-Kendall test, and Breaks for Additive Season and Trend methods to monitor the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation greening and browning in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2022. The contributions of natural and human factors were quantitatively analyzed using the improved Residual Trends method and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The results show that: 1) From 2000 to 2022, 29.62%-36.96% of the areas in Inner Mongolia experienced vegetation greening, while only 0.36%-0.51% of the areas experienced browning. Positive abrupt changes mainly occurred in grasslands (35.9%) in the central and western regions and forested areas in the eastern region (25.7%), while 42.7% of the negative abrupt changes occurred in the western grassland areas such as Chifeng City and western Hulunbuir City. 2) Climate change dominated 88.8% of vegetation greening and 62.8% of vegetation browning in the study area, with 5.8% of greening and 14.8% of browning being dominated by land use. Both factors had positive effects on vegetation greening areas and negative impacts on browning areas. 3) For greening areas and browning areas, direct impact of temperature, soil moisture, population density, and land use intensity had dominant effects on most areas. The direct and indirect effects of various factors exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity in distribution. This study can provide a scientific guidance for the development of ecological restoration in Inner Mongolia.

Accurately quantifying the complex relationships between urban rail transit and residential property prices along its lines can help optimize land resource utilization and enhance residents' well-being. Taking Lanzhou City as a case, this study employed multi-source heterogeneous data to develop a methodology that integrates an Optuna-optimized XGBoost model with the interpretability techniques of SHAP-PDP. This approach aims to investigate the mechanisms through which subway characteristics influence housing prices and quantitatively analyze the interactive effects between subway characteristics and other key influencing factors. The results reveal that: 1) The XGBoost model outperforms decision trees, random forests, gradient boosting decision trees, and CatBoost, achieving an explanatory power of 77.29%, making its predictions more reliable. 2) Property management fees, betweenness centrality, vegetation coverage, density of transportation facilities, and density of financial institutions are the top five contributors to housing prices, collectively accounting for 46.07% of relative importance. Among subway-related characteristics, network centrality of subway stations exerts a significantly greater impact on housing prices than proximity to the nearest station. 3) The effects of distance to subway station, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality on housing prices exhibit nonlinear characteristics with distinct threshold effects, indicating that the influence intensity fluctuates significantly with changing conditions. 4) Apart from property management fees, subway characteristics interact intricately with vegetation coverage, density of functional facilities, and building age, yielding positive interactive effects only within specific ranges. Therefore, maintaining various feature elements within optimal ranges is an effective approach to capturing land value premiums. The findings provide a theoretical reference for scientifically assessing the impact of rail transit on urban development, helping to avoid decision-making blind spots caused by information asymmetry. Additionally, they offer policy insights for achieving stable housing price regulation and enhancing the efficiency of urban spatial governance.

As a rail transit infrastructure linking cities in a certain region, intercity railways play an important role in promoting regional integrated social and economic development. In the formulation of intercity railway construction plans, after determining the scale and layout of the line network, it is also necessary to preliminarily divide the construction phases of each line. Due to the different roles and positions of intercity railways in an urban agglomeration, scientifically planning their construction sequence is conducive to forming a reasonable spatial and temporal layout, as well as achieving the best socioeconomic benefits. Based on the forecasted long-term distribution of population and economy, this study formulated the spatial interactive accessibility of intercity railways, constructed a value model for intercity railway connections, and proposed a "round by round comparison-dynamic progressive" evaluation method for the construction sequence of intercity railways. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration as a case study, we evaluated and ranked the intercity railway lines in the medium and long-term development plans. The study identified some key routes with high value and some ordinary routes with small value increment, which generally conforms to the recent construction project arrangement of the Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration, but there are also some differences. The proposed connection value model can provide a reference basis for the formulation and implementation of planning schemes.

Mobile phone signaling data have been widely used in spatiotemporal behavior research, but their potential application in urban planning is limited due to the lack of information on activity purposes. To address this issue, this study proposed a method to infer the purposes of non-work activities from mobile phone signaling data. The method integrates multisource data, and employs a multinomial logit model to explore the relationship between activity purposes and individual attributes, temporal characteristics, and spatial properties of activities. The key innovation lies in the introduction of a location visit frequency variable that reflects long-term behavioral patterns. Empirical results show that incorporating visit frequency significantly improves the model's goodness of fit from 0.265 to 0.442, and increases the overall prediction accuracy from 58.0% to 69.2%. While maintaining interpretability, this method substantially enhances the accuracy of non-work activity identification, providing new insights into residents' spatiotemporal behavior patterns. The findings offer valuable data support and decision-making references for public facility planning, traffic demand forecasting, and business spatial layout optimization.

New quality productive forces act as a bridge for balanced economic development between urban and rural areas. This study analyzed the change of China's new quality productive forces using the panel data from prefecture-level cities spanning from 2011 to 2021. Through the application of mediation effect models and spatial econometric models, the study examined the influence of new quality productive forces on the urban-rural income gap, the mechanisms at play, and the spatial spillover effects. The results indicate that: 1) Since 2011, the overall level of new quality productive forces in Chinese prefecture-level cities had shown a steady upward trend, with significant spatial clustering characteristics. The various components of the new quality productive forces exhibited a "point and area clustering" spatial pattern. 2) The development of new quality productive forces had a significant positive impact on reducing the urban-rural income gap. This conclusion remained valid after robustness and endogeneity tests. 3) The results of the mediation effect analysis confirm that improvements in new quality productive forces in Chinese cities not only contribute to narrowing the urban-rural income gap overall but also affect the gap through mechanisms such as enhancing labor productivity and resource allocation efficiency. 4) The results of the spatial econometric analysis indicate that the development of new quality productive forces in China had a positive spillover effect on the urban-rural income gap. While it reduced the gap within a region, it also positively influenced the narrowing of the gap in neighboring regions. The enhancement of new quality productive forces is crucial for optimizing regional layouts. Moving forward, it is essential to integrate urban-rural coordinated development goals with the cultivation of these productive forces, emphasizing their positive impact on promoting urban-rural coordinated development.

In the process of suburbanization, the consumption life of residents in large residential areas has developed new characteristics in the context of urban socio-spatial reconstruction. Based on the theoretical perspective of spatial behavior, this study constructed a multidimensional analytical framework of "social group-consumption place-consumption behavior" to deeply analyze the internal relationship between social, behavioral, and spatial factors in the consumption behavior of residents in large residential areas. The study adopted the method of questionnaire survey, and analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics and influencing factors of the consumption behaviors of the residents in the Wangjing area of Beijing through the binary logistic regression model. The following results were obtained: 1) The consumption behavior of Wangjing area residents showed the characteristics of high proportion of food and education, cultural, and entertainment spending, and at the same time showed four varied types of consumption demand, namely, personal basic consumption type, self-development consumption type, family development consumption type, and leisure and health consumption type. 2) In the Wangjing area, the loss of the centrality of the municipal shopping malls is persisting. Residents' social consumption demand and spatial cognitive evaluation of places jointly promoted the formation of differentiated consumption behavior choices of neighborhood-level, commercial-level, and city-level consumption places. 3) The consumption behavior of residents in large residential areas presented the pattern of "localization" in time and "near-residence" in space. The service functions of job-housing, urban and virtual consumption spaces exhibited characteristics of balance, differentiation, and convenience. 4) The length of work-related commute, length of residence, and age of the residents had a stronger explanatory power for the behavior of job-housing consumption spaces, and the influencing factors related to monthly income and type of occupation had a stronger influence on the behavior of urban consumption spaces.

Tourism destination is a core concept in tourism research and tourism practice, but the analysis of the trends, key directions, and theoretical bases of tourism destination research is not clear enough. In this case, neither researchers nor professionals have reached a consensus on the definition of a tourist destination. Although a few studies have conducted in-depth analysis of the keyword co-occurrence network and evolution of tourism destination research, there is a lack of coding, classification, and reflection of the research content. In addition, the exploration of the conceptual nature of tourism destination as a unit of analysis needs to be further developed to provide a fuller cognitive picture for the theorization of tourism destination. Therefore, this study used systematic literature review and bibliometric research methods to examine and reflect on the Chinese literature from 1998 to 2024. The results show that: 1) The research on tourism destinations can be divided into four stages, the abundance and depth of the research topics are deepening, and the co-occurrence map also shows a concentrated trend in the time series, among which tourism image, destination residents, and rural tourism are the topics with high attention. 2) The meta-themes of tourism destination research include 23 categories, which can be divided mainly into five levels: tourism destination image, marketing and brand; tourist perception, attitude, and behavior; rural tourism host and guest perception and culture; tourism destination patterns, processes, and mechanisms; and heritage tourism destination governance and residents' livelihood. 3) The research on tourism destinations is mainly carried out under the paradigm of tourism management and tourism geography, and the related theories of life cycle, glocalization, and social construction are insufficient to understand the complexity of tourism destinations, while the emphasis of social-material theory on networks, heterogeneous actors, and relationship effects provides another possibility for understanding the integrity and dynamics of tourism destination reproduction. This study aimed to clarify the genealogy of tourism destination research and deepen the theoretical exploration of the conceptualization of tourism destination.

The non-grain production of cultivated land in China is becoming increasingly severe. A comprehensive understanding of the patterns of change and formation mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land is of great significance for enhancing cultivated land protection and ensuring food security. Currently, there are diverse perspectives and methodologies for measuring non-grain production yet the results vary significantly, and comparative and integrated research on various measurement methods remains inadequate. Therefore, this study employed a meta-analysis approach to statistically examine 207 existing research articles, revealing the characteristics of change and driving mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land in China from 2000 to 2021. The findings are as follows: 1) The methods of non-grain crop area proportion, multiple cropping index, and autumn grain crop area are frequently used and widely applied, offering comparability at the national, regional, and provincial scales, which can be considered preferred methods for measuring non-grain production of cultivated land. 2) During the study period of this research, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in China remained stable at around 30.0% overall, with a slight downward fluctuation. Among the nine major agricultural regions, the Northeast China Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and the Loess Plateau had non-grain production rates below 30.0% that remained relatively stable, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in South China was higher than 50.0% and the increase was larger, while in other regions the rates were in the range of 30.0% to 50.0%, with a general increase of 10.0% to 20.0%. The rate and growth of non-grain production of cultivated land were both lower in the northern grain crop planting regions than in the southern regions, which gradually increased in the main grain-producing areas, grain balanced areas, and main grain-marketing areas. At the provincial level, non-grain production exhibited a dynamic process characterized by clustered incremental increases and phased differentiation. 3) Non-grain production of cultivated land in China is influenced by multiple factors, including natural environment, economic development, social activities, policies, and technology. Through the foundational, bidirectional, driving, and regulatory effects of common and differential factors, the driving effects of non-grain production of cultivated land such as background, catalytic, enhancement, and retardation effects are formed. This study supports the viewpoints of many scholars, provides data references for in-depth research on the socioeconomic and natural environmental effects of non-grain production, and proposes optimization strategies for the effective implementation of scientific measures to manage non-grain production of cultivated land.

The rise of digital social media platforms has fostered the rapid increase of new farmers short video creators, propelling rural revitalization. Taking Douyin platform as an example, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics of these short video creators in Guangdong Province through kernel density analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis. It further analyzed the configuration paths that influence their agglomeration and high-quality development using entropy-weight TOPSIS and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The results show that: 1) The overall distribution of new farmers short video creators presents a spatial pattern of "one main center and two sub-centers". Guangzhou is the main center with large number of participants and excellent quality of short videos, while Maoming and Chaoshan are the sub-centers with high concentration of participants and high quality of products. 2) Spatial dependence exists, with a "dense in the central area, sparse in the east, transitional in the west "trend in numbers and the quality is characterized by distinct transitional and secondary cold spot areas, alternating with hot and cold spot areas. 3) The synergistic effects of infrastructure, innovation factors, policy support, industrial scale, economic development, agricultural scale, and human resources have led to three configuration mechanisms: the all-factor double-optimal model, the environmental factor-driven growth model, and the technological factor-driven quality improvement model. These mechanisms have emerged as the key factors that influence the spatial differentiation of new farmers short video creators in Guangdong. This study sheds light on the development mechanisms of new farmers short video creators, offering insights for digital rural construction and talent cultivation in China.

In the context of climate warming, the risk of extreme rainfall-induced flash floods has become one of the major constraints on sustainable socioeconomic development. This study focused on the Magui River Basin in western Guangdong Province to investigate the impact of land surface changes on extreme rainfall-flash flood hazard. First, a regionalized extreme rainfall-flash flood numerical model was constructed to simulate flood inundation characteristics under extreme rainfall scenarios. Subsequently, multi-source remote sensing data were used to interpret the characteristics of human construction activities, river engineering activities, and natural factor changes, and different land surface change scenarios were established. Finally, based on the relationship between extreme rainfall-flash flood hazards and land surface characteristic changes, the quantitative impact of land surface changes on flash flood hazards was analyzed. The results indicate that within the study area, human construction activities had a significantly greater influence on flash flood hazard changes than natural factors, with river engineering activities, particularly channel widening, showing notable effectiveness in extreme rainfall-flash flood hazard prevention and control. Specifically, when the area of river engineering activities increased by 5.72%, the high-risk and medium-risk zones for extreme rainfall-flash flood hazards decreased by 11.53% and 7.99%, respectively. An increase in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 0.19 to 0.58 (an increase of 0.39) resulted in reductions of 1.96% and 1.07% in these two risk zones, respectively. This study's findings can guide disaster prevention and mitigation engineering and regional planning at the watershed scale, in order to reduce regional extreme rainfall-flash flood disaster risks.

China has fully entered a stage of moderate aging, and the elderly migration population has become a focal group in contemporary urban and rural governance. Supported by the data of interprovincial migration flows of China's elderly population from 2000 to 2020, we used social network analysis and the eigenvector spatial filtering Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation (ESF PPML) gravity model to explore the spatial-temporal variability of influencing factors of interprovincial elderly migration in China. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the scale of China's interprovincial elderly migration population continued to grow, and the main destinations remained basically stable. 2) The migration pattern of the elderly population remained stable but also with some changes: Generally, a large number of elderly people migrated from the northeastern, central, southwestern, and northwestern regions to the northern, eastern, and southern regions; however, from 2015 to 2020, there was a reversal trend in the outflow of elderly people from the southwestern and northwestern regions. In addition, the density of the elderly migration network first decreased and then increased, and the source areas became increasingly dispersed while the destination areas remained concentrated. The main migration flows occurred more frequently between adjacent provinces over time. 3) The ESF PPML model indicated that traditional gravity factors (population size, geographical distance), living costs, natural environment factors, health service facilities, resource depletion level, and social network factors jointly drove the interprovincial elderly migration pattern between 2000 and 2020. 4) Over the 20-year period, the hindering effect of living costs on interprovincial elderly migration showed a weakening trend, while the promoting effect of social network factors on elderly migrants had gradually increased. The impact of health service facilities on the elderly migrants was relatively weak and fluctuated, while natural environment amenity only significantly affected the scale of out-migration of the elderly population. The findings of this study provide a scientific and empirical foundation for actively addressing population aging and promoting high-quality population development in the new era.

With the increasing competition in the field of technology, cities urgently need to improve their technological resilience to cope with the uncertainty of the external environment. Based on the China Urban Innovation Index and related data from 2001 to 2016, this study assessed the technological resilience levels of cities using an economic resilience measurement model, and analyzed the temporal and spatial change characteristics and influencing factors. The results indicate that: 1) The technological resilience levels of cities in China showed a continuous upward trend during the study period, with the urban technological resilience index turning positive after 2011 and increasing at a rapid pace. 2) High-resilience cities in China experienced a shift from regional concentration to a relatively balanced distribution, with the Yangtze River Delta emerging as a typical region where cities with high-high technological resilience cluster. 3) Besides educational human capital, advancement of industrial structures, economic development level, and degree of openness to the outside world all had significant positive impacts on the technological resilience of cities in China. The results of subgroup regression analysis suggest that in the eastern regions, educational human capital significantly suppressed technological resilience, while in the central and western regions, enhancing the level of openness was an effective way to boost technological resilience. 4) The influencing mechanisms analysis showed that technological resilience did not exist in isolation but continuously adapted and evolved dynamically within a complex network of risks and diverse influencing factors. The results of the study will help Chinese cities to better cope with technological changes and economic fluctuations, and provide theoretical support for the long-term sustainable development of cities in the global competition.

Based on Marxist productivity theory, cultural capital theory, and the connotation of new quality cultural and tourism productivity, an indicator system for evaluating the development level of new quality cultural and tourism productivity was constructed from three key elements: new quality cultural and tourism workforce, new quality cultural and tourism means of production, and new quality cultural and tourism objects of work. Spatial analysis methods such as entropy weight method, Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition method, and Markov chain analysis were used to estimate the development level, spatial-temporal pattern, and regional differences of cultural and tourism productivity in the provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of China during 2013-2022. The results show that: 1) The development level of new quality productivity of cultural and tourism industry in China showed an overall upward trend. 2) The regional distribution pattern was higher in the east, followed by the middle, and lower in the northeast and west. Regional difference was the main reason for the overall difference in the development level of cultural and tourism new quality productivity. 3) The development level of new quality productivity of cultural and tourism industry in each province was relatively stable, and there was a phenomenon of "club convergence". 4) High-level development provinces can drive the development of low-level provinces to a certain extent, which proves the existence of inter-provincial spillover effect. Based on the results, some recommendations were put forward, including enhancing the driving and supporting effects of demonstrations, formulating differentiated development strategies, and building cross-regional cultural and tourism innovation platforms.

Cultivating and guiding new quality productivity to empower the high-quality development of resource-based regions is an inherent requirement and important focus for advancing Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance. This study incorporated new quality productivity into the theoretical analysis framework for high-quality development in resource-based regions, systematically expounded the theoretical basis for new quality productivity empowering the transformation and high-quality development of resource-based regions, and empirically examined the mechanism and effects of new quality productivity empowering high-quality development of resource-based regions using benchmark regression models, multiple mediation effect models, and spatial Durbin models based on the panel data from 23 resource-based cities in Northeast China from 2010 to 2022. The research findings indicate that: 1) The promotion effect of new quality productivity on high-quality development of resource-based regions was significant, and this effect exhibited characteristics of regional differences, differences in development stages, and structural heterogeneity. 2) New quality productivity provided a solid foundation for the realization of high-quality development of resource-based regions through multiple channels such as technological innovation, industrial structure transformation and upgrading, and optimization of resource factor allocation, among which the mediation effect of industrial structure upgrading was the most significant. 3) New quality productivity had a positive spatial spillover effect on the high-quality development of neighboring resource-based cities. These findings not only help to theoretically clarify the connection between new quality productivity and high-quality development of resource-based regions, enrich the sustainability assessment framework of new quality productivity from the perspective of high-quality development of resource-based regions, but also help to guide local governments in formulating differentiated development strategies at the practical level, providing a policy basis for coordinating new quality productivity and advancing the tasks and goals of Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance.

As the impact of global warming continues to escalate, the number and severity of extreme weather events have increased significantly, posing a huge threat to life and property. Existing disaster research often focuses on single events and ignores their inherent complexity and cumulative impacts resulting from their association with other events. Therefore, we urgently need to have a deeper understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of extreme disaster events. To fill this research gap, this study extracted high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events from the meteorological observation data of 1886 stations in China's mainland from 1961 to 2020 and used Theil-Sen median slope estimation and Mann-Kendall trend test to explore their spatiotemporal distribution and change characteristics. The proportion of compound events in single events, the change cycle of compound events, the impact of urbanization on compound events, and the disaster risk assessment of compound events were explored from multiple perspectives. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events mainly occurred in the eastern monsoon region, and the frequency of events was greatest in the central Sichuan Basin. 2) The frequency of compound events across the country and in each climate zone increased significantly during the study period, especially after 1990. 3) The proportion of compound events in extreme precipitation events increased significantly after 1990. 4) The North China Plain, Huang-Huai, Jiang-Huai, Jiang-Han, Sichuan Basin, and South China coastal areas were at high risk of disasters, and the above areas urgently need to give priority to effective early warning and response strategies to mitigate the impact of compound events.

Cultural heritage sites are a comprehensive space constructed by a large number of signs and symbols, both material and immaterial, such as ancient architecture, folk customs, ritual traditions, and identity recognition. The Beijing Central Axis is located in the center of the old city of Beijing, with a total length of 7.8 km. It is not a single line, but a multidimensional dynamic space that encompasses multiple subjects, constantly constructing meaning, imagining symbols, and spreading narratives. It is a highly concentrated area of urban functions. Drawing on Lefebvre's dialectic of spatial triad, this study examined the spatial production characteristics and problems of the Beijing Central Axis from three levels—spatial practice, spatial representation, and representational space—through field research, case comparison, and social semantic network analysis. We found that protection of heritage and tourism practices driven by social factors and forces under the leadership of the government have reshaped the heritage and tourism space of the Beijing Central Axis, forming an important socialized structure of the current central axis space. This process is not only about the restoration and renewal of physical space, but also about the inheritance and innovation of social aspects and culture. However, this process is facing many challenges, including the high complexity of the heritage protection and management system, the lack of innovative interpretation of the overall value of the central axis, and an imbalance in the allocation of tourism space versus heritage space. Therefore, the relationships between power, interests, and cultural identity should be properly handled. In terms of heritage protection and management, the system should be further simplified, and a more efficient multisectoral coordination mechanism should be established; in terms of heritage value interpretation, the application of digital technology should be strengthened to enhance the accessibility and appeal of heritage; and in terms of public participation, the design of the tourism routes should be optimized to balance and enhance tourism space while enriching heritage space through diversifying community activities, education programs, and volunteer services.

With the acceleration of urbanization, people's mental health is facing unprecedented threats. Urban blue-green spaces are increasingly emerging as crucial destinations for individuals to undergo healing processes. Consequently, investigating how therapeutic landscapes facilitate the enhancement of physical and mental well-being holds significant practical importance. At the present, research is gradually expanding to the interaction between humans and space or resources. However, the analysis of the relationship between urban blue-green spaces and human healing from the perspective of activity relationships is still relatively weak, lacking explanatory power and empirical exploration. This situation weakens the social influence and practical value of urban blue-green space research. The concept of therapeutic taskscapes emphasizes that participants interact with the environment through specific task activities, and empirical research on therapeutic taskscapes is needed to fill the theoretical gap mentioned above. This study focused on therapeutic taskscapes, summarizing its concept, dimensions, and measurement indicators through literature review and in-depth interviews. The empirical research was conducted in three urban blue-green spaces in Guiyang City, developing and validating a scale for assessing therapeutic taskscapes in urban blue-green spaces through questionnaire surveys. The research outcomes encompass: 1) Developing a scale system for therapeutic taskscapes, encompassing four dimensions—Atmosphere, Job crafting, Emotion engagement, and Embodied cognition—with 22 measurement indicators. The scale exhibits satisfactory reliability and validity. 2) Therapeutic taskscapes exhibit significant positive correlations with the constructs of flow experience and restorative experience, indicating that the scale has good criterion-related validity. This study transcended previous qualitative research on therapeutic taskscapes, broadening the scope to empirical studies. It clarified the previously ambiguous concept of urban blue-green space therapeutic taskscapes and offered a standardized and reliable measurement tool for their quantitative analysis, which provides practical insights for the healthy development of urban blue-green space healing resources.

The Middle East has consistently served as a crucial geopolitical arena in the strategic maneuvers of major powers. Analyzing the evolution of geopolitical relations between China, the United States (US), Russia, and Middle Eastern countries is essential for comprehending both regional dynamics and the broader global geopolitical landscape. This study constructed a geo-position evaluation model to examine the spatiotemporal evolution of geo-relations between China, US, Russia, and five countries within the Shia Crescent from 2010 to 2022. It employed an event data analysis to validate and analyze results derived from this evaluation model, leading to several key conclusions: 1) The event data analysis aligns well with the geopotential model in capturing shifts in geographical relations. The geopolitical power dynamics involving China, US, and Russia in the Shia Crescent have undergone three distinct phases: US dominance (2010-2012), Russian engagement (2013-2017), and a phase characterized by a Sino-US-Russian balance of power (2018-2022). 2) In a comparative analysis between these countries, US geopolitical influence over the five countries within the Shia Crescent exhibited a trend of fluctuating decline; Russian influence remained generally stable but experienced localized volatility. Meanwhile, China's role was evolving from that of a passive participant to an active architect shaping regional circumstances. 3) Factors driving changes in geopolitical relations between China, US, Russia, and these five countries can be categorized into external influences and internal barriers. External influences include geographic location as a foundational context; geo-economics as a driving force; geo-military aspects as manifestations; and geo-culture serving as a coordination mechanism. These latter three factors impact changes in geo-relations based on their positive or negative directional forces relative to geographic positioning. Internal barriers primarily consist of cultural fragmentation and political instability. Together these two sets of factors interact within a dynamic system that forms a "one body with two sides" mechanism influencing geographical relation change.

China is entering an era characterized by severe aging and high population mobility. Identifying regional types of population aging from the perspective of population mobility is essential for the effective implementation of national strategies aimed at addressing aging-related problems across various regions. This study proposed a method for categorizing regional types of population aging by integrating the composite index method of population mobility with elderly population location quotient. Using county-level data from the fifth, sixth, and seventh Chinese censuses, the study identified regional types of population aging across Chinese counties from 2000 to 2020, classifying them into seven categories: aging-in-place, (reverse) accumulation, (reverse) congregation, and (reverse) recomposition. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the factors contributing to population aging in different regional types. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial distribution of aging-in-place counties has significantly contracted, with the Huang-Huai-Hai region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and southern areas of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangxi identified as the primary regions. 2) The distribution range of accumulation counties has expanded to the Northeast, Chengdu-Chongqing region, mid-Yangtze River Basin, and most part of of Gansu Province, while reverse accumulation counties are primarily located around the Pearl River Delta, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and southern Xinjiang. 3) Congregation counties are mainly urban districts within prefecture-level cities or county-level cities, while reverse congregation counties are concentrated in the core areas of the Beijing-Tianjin, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. 4) Recomposition and reverse recomposition counties are mainly distributed in the northwestern half of the Hu Line, with the number of recomposition counties decreasing while reverse recomposition counties increasing. 5) Population aging in aging-in-place counties is primarily determined by regional socioeconomic development; population aging in congregation and reverse congregation counties is mainly influenced by population inflow; in accumulation and reverse accumulation counties, population outflow has altered the regional aging process; and in recomposition and reverse recomposition counties, the aging process is affected by both population inflow and outflow.