乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户参与旅游适应性研究
Effects of rural tourism demonstration county establishment on the adaptability of farmers and herders to tourism
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收稿日期: 2023-03-29 修回日期: 2023-06-12
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Received: 2023-03-29 Revised: 2023-06-12
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作者简介 About authors
刘丽梅(1972— ),女,汉族,内蒙古额尔古纳人,硕士,教授,主要从事资源开发与环境管理研究。E-mail:
乡村旅游作为促进乡村振兴的重要引擎,是提高乡村居民收入、增进民生福祉的重要抓手。从微观视角分析乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户参与旅游适应性效果,能够为乡村旅游示范县建设提供决策支撑。论文以内蒙古五原县和伊金霍洛旗为案例地,基于社会—生态系统理论构建乡村旅游示范县效果评估体系,在乡村旅游示范县创建背景下,运用模糊综合评价法对乡村旅游地农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果进行综合评价。并进一步将案例地分为景区景点依托型和生态休闲农业型2类,农牧户分为旅游专营型、旅游参与型和纯农牧户3类,对2类乡村旅游地、3类农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果进行对比评价。研究结果表明:① 在乡村旅游示范县创建过程中,农牧户参与旅游适应性的总体效果达到了“良好”水平;② 将案例地分为景区景点依托型和生态休闲农业型后发现,前者农牧户参与旅游的适应性高于后者,即景区景点依托型>生态休闲农业型;③ 将农牧户进行分类后发现,旅游专营型参与旅游的适应性最高,旅游参与型次之且与旅游专营型差距很小,纯农牧户最低且与旅游专营型、旅游参与型差距较大,即旅游专营型>旅游参与型>纯农牧户。论文将乡村旅游地农牧户作为政策利益主体纳入效果评估体系中,拓展了绩效评估的理论模型和参与旅游适应性的研究视角,并可为乡村旅游示范县的发展提供决策参考。
关键词:
The main purpose of establishing a rural tourism demonstration county is to promote the development of rural economy and increase farmers' employment and income. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of rural tourism development scale, the sustainable development of regional social-ecological systems is threatened. Adaptation is one of the key components of a social-ecological system, which enables the system to respond to environmental changes and threats in advance, and make timely response to changes and threats. In this study, we took Wuyuan County and Ejin Horo Banner as the case study sites. First, based on the social-ecological system theory, an evaluation system of the effect of rural tourism demonstration counties was established, farmers and pastoralists in rural tourism areas were included in the evaluation as the main stakeholders of policy interests, and the external policy interference caused by the establishment of rural tourism demonstration counties was taken as the adaptive object. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to comprehensively evaluate the effect on the adaptability of participation in tourism of farmers and pastoralists in rural tourism areas. Second, the case study sites were divided into two types: scenic spot-dependent type and ecological leisure agriculture type, and the farmers and pastoralists were divided into three types: tourism specialized type, tourism participating type, and pure farmers and pastoralists. The effects on the adaptability of participation in tourism of two types of rural tourist sites and three types of farmers and pastoralists were compared and evaluated. The results show that: 1) The overall effect of the establishment of rural tourism demonstration counties on the adaptability of farmer participation in tourism has reached a fair level. 2) The evaluation results of tourism adaptability of farmers and pastoralists dependent on scenic spots and ecological leisure agriculture are as follows: scenic spot-dependent > ecological leisure agriculture. 3) The evaluation results of the adaptability of tourism specialized, tourism participating, and pure farming and pastoral households' participation in tourism are as follows: tourism specialized > tourism participating > purely agricultural and pastoral households.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
刘丽梅, 吕君, 焦凌云, 何少聪, 李英杰.
LIU Limei, LV Jun, JIAO Lingyun, HE Shaocong, LI Yingjie.
乡村旅游作为第三产业的重要组成部分,为推动实施乡村振兴战略提供了动力,拓宽了农民增加经济收入的渠道。2020年,全国乡村休闲旅游共接待26亿人次,实现营业收入6000亿元,带动就业人口1100万,并使800余万农户受益①(①数据来源于中华人民共和国农业农村部(
由于乡村旅游示范县创建政策是在中国乡村振兴战略背景下制定实施的,极具中国特色,故该领域的学术研究以中国学者居多。国内对于乡村旅游示范县创建影响的研究,主要集中在3个方面:第一,乡村旅游示范县构建的效率评价及其对农业生态效率的影响研究方面。胡平波等[1]运用SBM模型测度了农业生态效率,发现乡村旅游示范县区域的农旅融合会促进农业可持续发展;王铁等[2]使用空间自相关、核密度等空间分析方法,分析了山东省乡村旅游示范单元的空间分布类型、分布密度等。第二,乡村旅游示范县在战略对策和规划设计的研究方面。王黎等[3]以四川省乡村旅游示范村为研究对象,通过对乡村旅游助推精准扶贫的机制探索,提出构建乡村旅游示范村、打造特色场景优势的指标体系;马瑛等[4]基于产业、生态、生活等维度,运用层次分析法构建旅游振兴乡村发展绩效的评价体系,并依据评价体系对太原市王吴村的乡村振兴绩效进行了评价分析。第三,乡村旅游示范县的绩效评估研究方面与乡村旅游示范县创建对农村经济和农民增收的影响。黄祖辉等[5]研究发现,全国休闲农业与乡村旅游示范县政策会助推当地农村居民年人均收入提高3.04%,尤其在乡村旅游资源禀赋越好、经济发展水平越高的地区,政策的增收效果越好;李彬彬等[6]基于2007—2016年中国县级面板数据,以2010年全国首批休闲农业与乡村旅游示范县的设立做为政策冲击时点,并采用PSM-DID方法探究政策边际效益以及影响机制。此外,关于农牧户参与旅游适应性的研究中,多聚焦在不同扰动因素下如旅游发展、城市化等农牧户的适应性研究,侧重于构建适应性指标体系并对使用能力进行测算。如张春友等[7]以福建省福鼎市赤溪村参与乡村旅游扶贫的农户为调研对象,运用层次分析法得出适应性多因子评价体系中各指标的权重,从而计算出适应性综合值并进行评价;邓楚雄等[8]构建农户生态适应性评价体系,涵盖了政策、生产、生活以及心理适应性等维度,并通过权重计算和多元回归对长沙市光明村农户生态适应性进行评价;蔡晶晶等[9]从社会—生态耦合分析视角切入,将乡村旅游目的地视为社会—生态系统,旅游活动则为外部冲击,农户生存理性下参与旅游活动则定义为适应性生计策略,探究农户生计资本和生计脆弱性的影响因素。
综上所述,关于乡村旅游示范县的研究大多侧重于其空间分布、战略对策等方面,对于乡村旅游示范县的创建效果评估研究较少,且当前研究忽略了将乡村旅游示范县创建政策的相关利益主体,即未将农牧户的相关情况纳入评价体系中。因此,本文从微观视角出发,基于社会—生态理论和模糊综合评价法,综合评价在乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户参与旅游适应性效果,并将案例地分为景区景点依托型和生态休闲农业性,将农牧户分为分旅游专营型、旅游参与型和纯农牧户,进行分类评价并通过对比分析,得出较为全面的评估结果。
1 数据来源与研究方法
1.1 理论基础
1.1.1 政策评估3E理论
1.1.2 社会—生态系统理论与适应性理论
图1
图1
农牧户适应性分析框架
Fig.1
Framework of analysis of adaptation of farmers and herders
1.2 研究区域与数据来源
1.2.1 案例地选取
本文选择内蒙古自治区五原县和伊金霍洛旗作为案例地(图2)。五原县位于内蒙古西部,隶属于巴彦淖尔市,县域总面积为2503 km2,2022年末常住人口为22.14万人,全年地区生产总值122.43亿元,2022年上半年全县接待游客31.29万人次,同比增长13.6%。伊金霍洛旗位于鄂尔多斯市中南部,面积为5600 km2,2022年末常住人口达到25.36万人,同年地区生产总值达到1219.2亿元,实现旅游收入34.9亿元,接待游客348.9万人次。选取它们作为研究对象的原因在于二者具备较强的引领示范性和典型代表性。在引领示范性方面,五原县和伊金霍洛旗分别被农业农村部于2016、2017年评为“全国休闲农业与乡村旅游示范县”,因此选取示范性突出的各级示范单位为案例地对于研究结论和政策启示更具引领示范作用。同时调研也辐射到了案例地周边的景区及村落,以期得出较为全面、准确的结果。在典型代表性层面,五原县凭借自身生态旅游资源禀赋,成为“生态农业+旅游”的典型代表;而伊金霍洛旗依托成吉思汗陵5A级景区发展乡村旅游,是景区辐射带动乡村旅游发展的典型代表。
图2
图2
五原县和伊金霍洛旗地理区位
注:本图基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统网站下载的审图号GS(2020)4630 号的标准地图绘制,底图无修改。
Fig.2
Location of Wuyuan County and Ejin Horo Banner
表1 农牧户类型划分标准
Tab.1
农户类型 | 分类指标(旅游收入占家庭收入比重) | 描述类型(主要生计结构) | 户数 | 所占比重/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
纯农牧户 | 0 | 仅务农牧 | 140 | 52.83 |
旅游专营型 | 1 | 农牧家乐等旅游经营 | 41 | 15.47 |
旅游参与型 | 0~1 | 参与旅游+务工/参与旅游+务农/参与旅游+务工+务农 | 84 | 31.70 |
1.2.2 数据来源
本文研究数据主要来源于问卷调查。问卷调查采取随机方式,并对村委会主要成员及旅游大户进行半结构式访谈,以获取本地乡村旅游发展更为详细的资料及情况。调研共分为2个阶段:第一阶段为预调研阶段(2021年8月25—27日),通过对五原县旅游大户及农户的半结构式访谈得知当地的旅游经营、土地流转及补贴、主要生计方式、相关产业发展等基本情况,并根据预调研所得信息修改调查问卷,最终得到正式调查问卷。第二阶段为正式调研阶段(2021年9月10—13日,2021年9月25—27日),分别对五原县和伊金霍洛旗进行正式调研,通过发放调查问卷并为旅游大户及关键人物进行半结构访谈,调研以户为单位,每户调查时间约为20~30 min。考虑到村民文化水平、填写准确性及效率问题,本次调查采取代填式问卷调查方式,由调研小组提问并记录答案的方式②(② 如需问卷调查内容,可联系作者。)。
调研一共发放了292份问卷,最终收回的有效问卷为265份,问卷有效率为90.8%,具体指标见表2。将调研所得有效问卷的数据整理后录入SPSS软件,对样本数据的可靠性和有效性进行检验。首先,信度检验方面,采用克朗巴哈信度系数对数据的信度进行检验,最终得出检验系数为0.83,大于0.7,证实调研数据具有较高的信度;其次,效度检验方面,KMO值为0.76,大于0.5,因此,问卷数据可用来进行因子分析;通过Bartlett球形度检验得出P<0.001,拒绝原假设,故数据具有良好的结构效度。
表2 农牧户参与旅游适应性指标及其权重
Tab.2
目标层(A) | 维度层(B) | 指标层(C) | 权重 |
---|---|---|---|
乡村旅游示范县建立对农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果评价 | 经济适应性 | 就业机会 | 0.0557 |
借贷难易程度 | 0.0138 | ||
旅游经营时长 | 0.0425 | ||
基础设施 | 0.0146 | ||
收入情况 | 0.0618 | ||
旅游经营方式 | 0.0409 | ||
生态适应性 | 噪音污染 | 0.0286 | |
环保设施 | 0.0354 | ||
卫生条件 | 0.0414 | ||
水质污染 | 0.0321 | ||
心理适应性 | 对游客的态度 | 0.0223 | |
参与旅游的自信度 | 0.0366 | ||
对旅游开发的态度 | 0.0424 | ||
参与旅游经营的意愿 | 0.0452 | ||
政策适应性 | 政策利用度 | 0.0214 | |
政策措施满意度 | 0.0405 | ||
政策知晓度 | 0.0374 | ||
政策参与度 | 0.0347 | ||
社会适应性 | 专业技能培训机会 | 0.0446 | |
与相关组织联系紧密度 | 0.0496 | ||
邻里关系融洽度 | 0.0201 | ||
获取信息渠道 | 0.0525 | ||
社会网络 | 0.0193 | ||
文化适应性 | 传统节庆活动参与度 | 0.0419 | |
旅游发展对文化传承的促进性 | 0.0509 | ||
传统饮食习俗保留程度 | 0.0097 | ||
宣传民俗文化自觉性 | 0.0488 | ||
民俗文化表演参与度 | 0.0153 |
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1 评价指标体系构建与指标权重确定
(1) 评价指标体系构建
(2) 评价指标权重确定
为了避免多重共线性的问题,本文运用主成分分析法对指标赋值,然后运用SPSS、Excel软件得出各个指标的权重,通过对每个维度下指标层权重进行相加得出该维度的权重,如表2所示。
1.3.2 模糊综合评价法进行综合评价
(1) 评语集合的确立
评语集合是评价者对评价对象进行评价的所有结果,可能有n个。评语集一般用V表示,记作
(2) 模糊评价矩阵的确立
通过构建评价指标体系后确定每个指标的隶属度,最终得出模糊关系矩阵,步骤如下:
① 构建隶属度子集
构建隶属度子集
② 构建模糊评价矩阵
采用式(1)得出其他指标的隶属度,最终以
(3) 评价结果
① 一级模糊综合评价
首先,构建一级模糊综合评价模型。通过确定指标的权重和模糊评价的矩阵,将模糊向量A变为集合V上的模糊向量B,即
式中:
其次,确定综合评价的模糊算子。模糊综合评价的计算方式共有4种(表3)。本文采用加权平均型模糊算子综合使用矩阵
表3 模糊综合评价的4种模糊算子
Tab.3
模型 | 算子 | 计算公式 | 模糊矩阵利用程度 | 类型 |
---|---|---|---|---|
偏向于用A矩阵信息,R矩阵信息用得少 | 主因素决定型 | |||
偏向于用A矩阵信息,R矩阵信息用得少 | 主因素突出型 | |||
偏向于用R矩阵信息 | 不均衡加权型 | |||
综合运用A、R矩阵信息 | 加权平均型 |
② 二级模糊综合评价
首先,构建二级模糊综合评价模型。通过上述操作后,获得了一级模糊综合评价的结果,在此之后分别对每个维度层的指标向量
其次,确定综合评价总得分。通过为各项评级等级赋值,得出评价集向量
2 结果与分析
2.1 整体评价结果分析
首先,根据式(1)计算得出各个指标(整体)的隶属度。本文对28个指标进行评价,得到相应指标的隶属度,隶属度组成的向量是指标层各指标的模糊评价向量,如就业机会=(0.0642,0.0642,0.1509,0.4075,0.3132)。同理,运用式(1)得出不同类型的乡村旅游目的地以及不同类型的农牧户的适应性评价指标体系的隶属度矩阵,如景区景点依托型=(0.0114,0.0455,0.1477,0.4773,0.3182)。其次,一级模糊综合评价计算方面,根据式(3)和加权平均型算法,计算求得:
政策适应性:
经济适应性:
社会适应性:
生态适应性:
文化适应性:
心理适应性:
经计算得出的一级模糊综合评价结果如表4所示,一级评价结果是通过指标层的数据得到的维度层在不合格、合格、中等、良好、优秀之间分布的概率。
表4 一级模糊综合评价结果
Tab.4
维度层(B) | 优秀 | 良好 | 中等 | 合格 | 不合格 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
政策适应性 | 0.1212 | 0.2472 | 0.2136 | 0.2417 | 0.1764 |
经济适应性 | 0.2078 | 0.2521 | 0.1538 | 0.1135 | 0.2727 |
社会适应性 | 0.0772 | 0.1026 | 0.1219 | 0.2378 | 0.4605 |
生态适应性 | 0.5652 | 0.2650 | 0.1154 | 0.0509 | 0.0035 |
文化适应性 | 0.2126 | 0.3825 | 0.2067 | 0.1289 | 0.0694 |
心理适应性 | 0.5149 | 0.2753 | 0.1161 | 0.0778 | 0.0159 |
最后,由式(4)计算得到二级模糊综合评价的结果:
即乡村旅游示范县创建对农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果评价“不合格”等级的概率为18.63%,处于“合格”等级的概率为14.25%,“中等”等级概率为15.39%,“良好”等级概率为25.05%,“优秀”等级的概率有26.88%。由最大隶属度原则可知,“优秀”等级的隶属度所占比例最大(26.88%),因此,将乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户参与旅游适应性的等级评为“优秀”。
进一步由式(5)计算求得乡村旅游示范县创建对农牧户参与旅游适应性的综合评价得分
表5 不同类型乡村旅游地农牧户参与旅游适应性的模糊评价结果
Tab.5
维度层 | 乡村旅游地类型 | 一级模糊综合评价结果 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不合格 | 合格 | 中等 | 良好 | 优秀 | ||
经济适应性 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.3334 | 0.1156 | 0.1274 | 0.2076 | 0.2159 |
景区景点依托型 | 0.1507 | 0.1093 | 0.2050 | 0.3436 | 0.1914 | |
政策适应性 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.1570 | 0.2653 | 0.2109 | 0.2999 | 0.0669 |
景区景点依托型 | 0.1860 | 0.2299 | 0.2149 | 0.2210 | 0.1482 | |
生态适应性 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.0053 | 0.0537 | 0.1384 | 0.2388 | 0.5638 |
景区景点依托型 | 0 | 0.0452 | 0.0692 | 0.3177 | 0.5679 | |
社会适应性 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.4940 | 0.2133 | 0.1143 | 0.1052 | 0.0731 |
景区景点依托型 | 0.3930 | 0.2870 | 0.1373 | 0.0974 | 0.0853 | |
心理适应性 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.0221 | 0.0883 | 0.1230 | 0.2107 | 0.5559 |
景区景点依托型 | 0.0035 | 0.0566 | 0.1021 | 0.4054 | 0.4325 | |
文化适应性 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.0786 | 0.1551 | 0.2330 | 0.3312 | 0.2021 |
景区景点依托型 | 0.0509 | 0.0762 | 0.1537 | 0.4856 | 0.2336 | |
目标层 | 乡村旅游地类型 | 二级模糊综合评价结果 | ||||
不合格 | 合格 | 中等 | 良好 | 优秀 | ||
农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果评价 | 生态休闲农业型 | 0.2065 | 0.1479 | 0.1546 | 0.2262 | 0.2647 |
景区景点依托型 | 0.1416 | 0.1365 | 0.1514 | 0.3105 | 0.2600 | |
乡村旅游地类型 | 综合评价总得分 | |||||
生态休闲农业型 | 77.63 | |||||
景区景点依托型 | 80.57 |
表6 不同类型农牧户参与旅游适应性的模糊评价结果
Tab.6
维度层 | 农牧户 家庭类型 | 一级模糊综合评价结果 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不合格 | 合格 | 中等 | 良好 | 优秀 | ||
经济适应性 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.4925 | 0.0732 | 0.1349 | 0.1673 | 0.1321 |
旅游专营型 | 0.0356 | 0.1873 | 0.1333 | 0.3344 | 0.3095 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.0081 | 0.1000 | 0.2607 | 0.3731 | 0.2581 | |
政策适应性 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.2192 | 0.2398 | 0.1943 | 0.2250 | 0.1216 |
旅游专营型 | 0.1335 | 0.2512 | 0.2167 | 0.2633 | 0.1354 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.1180 | 0.2284 | 0.2730 | 0.2898 | 0.0908 | |
生态适应性 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.0037 | 0.0657 | 0.1354 | 0.2376 | 0.5576 |
旅游专营型 | 0.0025 | 0.0170 | 0.1069 | 0.2860 | 0.5877 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.0051 | 0.0699 | 0.0646 | 0.3157 | 0.5447 | |
社会适应性 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.5717 | 0.1975 | 0.1070 | 0.0650 | 0.0588 |
旅游专营型 | 0.3042 | 0.3267 | 0.1458 | 0.1392 | 0.0842 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.4010 | 0.1934 | 0.1242 | 0.1559 | 0.1256 | |
心理适应性 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.0283 | 0.1370 | 0.1448 | 0.1983 | 0.4915 |
旅游专营型 | 0 | 0.0073 | 0.0856 | 0.3472 | 0.5598 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.0061 | 0.0197 | 0.0802 | 0.3910 | 0.5029 | |
文化适应性 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.0869 | 0.1515 | 0.2512 | 0.3092 | 0.2011 |
旅游专营型 | 0.0349 | 0.1032 | 0.1731 | 0.4427 | 0.2461 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.0802 | 0.1044 | 0.1231 | 0.5093 | 0.1830 | |
目标层 | 农牧户 家庭类型 | 二级模糊综合评价结果 | ||||
不合格 | 合格 | 中等 | 良好 | 优秀 | ||
农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果评价 | 纯农牧户型 | 0.2679 | 0.1400 | 0.1585 | 0.1938 | 0.2397 |
旅游专营型 | 0.0888 | 0.1580 | 0.1428 | 0.3018 | 0.3086 | |
旅游参与型 | 0.1073 | 0.1194 | 0.1606 | 0.3389 | 0.2738 | |
农牧户家庭类型 | 综合评价总得分 | |||||
纯农牧户型 | 75.10 | |||||
旅游专营型 | 82.65 | |||||
旅游参与型 | 82.46 |
图3
图3
各维度层及指标的隶属度分布
Fig.3
Membership distribution of each dimension and indicator
通过建立指标隶属度矩阵,并根据一级模糊综合评价的结果,能够得到各个维度层及指标的隶属度分布。如图3所示,各个维度层的隶属度之间的差异很大。
2.2 不同类型乡村旅游地的农牧户参与旅游适应性效果评价的对比分析
图4
图4
景区景点依托型各维度层及指标的隶属度
Fig.4
Membership of the dimensions and indicators of the scenic spot-dependent type
图5
图5
生态休闲农业型各维度层及指标的隶属
Fig.5
Membership of the dimensions and indicators of the ecological leisure agriculture type
分析图4和图5得出,2类案例地农牧户参与旅游适应性的效果评价均为良好,具体比较而言,景区景点依托型乡村旅游地农牧户参与旅游的适应性略低,且在经济适应性和政策适应性方面呈现出了较大差异,这说明乡村旅游地存在以下问题:第一,2种类型的乡村旅游地旅游发展的驱动力存在差异。具体来看,景区景点依托型乡村旅游地旅游发展的主要驱动因素为景区带动和知名度,而对于生态休闲农业型乡村旅游而言,其政策效应对于旅游发展的推动作用更显著。原因在于生态休闲农业型乡村旅游地旅游发展主要受到政府的规划和建设的驱动,而景区景点依托型乡村旅游地旅游发展的政策效用呈边际递减,因此在政策适应性维度上,生态休闲农业型强于景区景点依托型。第二,2种类型的乡村旅游地旅游发展的辐射带动作用有所不同。景区景点依托型乡村旅游地旅游发展有着较强的辐射带动作用。原因在于景区景点依托型乡村旅游地经营方式多样,游客旅游参与度高,能够显著促进当地农牧户收入的增长。而生态休闲农业型乡村旅游地旅游发展带动相关产业发展能力不强,旅游经营活动少、运营时间短以及经营方式单一,促进当地农牧户收入的增加幅度较小,因此景区景点依托型的经济适应性要强于生态休闲农业型的经济适应性。第三,2种类型的乡村旅游地的可持续性发展都将受到年轻劳动力外流、相关专业人才的短缺以及承包经营等问题的制约,因此若要解决经营问题并突破制约瓶颈,可从人才短缺方面入手。
2.3 不同类型农牧户参与旅游适应性效果评价的对比分析
图6
图6
旅游专营型各维度层及指标的隶属度
Fig.6
Membership of the dimensions and indicators of the tourism specialized type
图7
图7
旅游参与型各维度层及指标的隶属度
Fig.7
Membership of the dimensions and indicators of the tourism participating type
图8
图8
纯农牧户各维度层及指标的隶属度
Fig.8
Membership of the dimensions and indicators of the pure agricultural and pastoral households
具体来看,不论何种类型农牧户家庭,其参与旅游适应性效果评价都取得了良好效果,具体表现排序为:旅游专营型>旅游参与型>纯农牧户。3类农牧户家庭在经济适应性、社会适应性以及政策适应性3个维度方面的差异反映出了2大问题:第一,政策红利向旅游专营型、旅游参与型这两类家庭倾斜,而纯农牧户家庭政策红利受惠较少;第二,纯农牧户家庭由于受到生计策略、交通条件以及地理位置等因素的制约,导致旅游经营的发展存在障碍,收入无显著提升,无法过多享受旅游发展的经济红利。
3 结论与讨论
3.1 结论
本文基于社会—生态系统和适应性理论,将适应性定义为农户在乡村旅游示范县政策或旅游发展的扰动下,通过调整劳动模式等以保持更好生存状态的能力,并采用政策、社会、经济、生态、文化和心理等因子构建农牧户适应性综合评价指标体系。通过借鉴已有研究,本文将农牧户作为政策利益主体,从微观视角出发对乡村旅游示范县的创建效果进行评估。研究结论如下:
(1) 纯农牧户、旅游参与型和旅游专营型家庭参与旅游适应性的综合评价为“良好”等级,表明乡村旅游示范县创建对各类农牧户参与旅游适应性提供有效帮助,整体效果较好。
(2)通过对乡村旅游案例地分类及比较,发现在乡村旅游地农牧户参与旅游的适应性方面,景区景点依托型高于生态休闲农业型。
(3)通过对农牧户家庭进行分类,对3类农牧户参与旅游适应性进行对比评价,发现旅游专营型>旅游参与型>纯农牧户,说明旅游专营型参与旅游的适应性最高,纯农牧户型最低且与旅游专营型、旅游参与型差距较大。
3.2 讨论
本文的部分研究结果与已有研究的结果总体一致 [8,25-26,29-30],即农户参与旅游适应性普遍较强,但在经济适应性维度表现不佳;同时不同群体参与适应性存在区别,研究群体中旅游专营农户参与旅游适应程度最高。由于研究旅游目的地的自然环境和经济发展水平不同,导致研究结论存在局部差异,如本文以内蒙古五原县和伊金霍洛旗为例,发现旅游示范县创建能够提高农牧户参与旅游适应性。这有别于经济社会发展相对落后的南昌南矶乡,其当地居民参与旅游发展意愿强烈,但参与性不高[27]。究其原因在于,参与旅游能够缓解农户多维贫困[28],因而导致对于处于旅游发展初期且经济发展相对落后的乡村如南矶乡当地居民参与旅游发展的意愿强烈。同时,农户已经积累了一定的技术基础并以从事农业生产为主,虽然旅游接待服务业的技术门槛低,但受经营规模的制约,导致旅游经济效率低于农业生产效率,进而使得经济发展缓慢的乡村居民参与旅游能力较低。此外,当前针对乡村旅游示范县的研究,多集中在研究其空间分布、战略对策和规划设计、创建的绩效评估上。尤其在针对其绩效评估方面,多从宏观视角出发,通过构建评价指标体系探究乡村旅游示范县创建后县级市、示范区的经济效益。对于农牧户参与旅游适应性研究方面,国外学者以气候变化扰动对农户适应性研究为主,国内学者多借鉴Smit等[14]提出的适应性分析框架构建适应性评价指标体系,基于社会—生态系统、农户行为适应性等理论构建分析框架的研究较少。
因此,旨在弥补当前在乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户旅游适应性研究的匮乏,本文从微观视角出发,基于社会—生态理论和模糊综合评价法,从政策、社会、经济、生态、文化和心理等因子构建农户适应性综合评价指标体系,进而综合评价在乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户参与旅游适应性的变化。本文的贡献在于:第一,研究更全面,将案例地分为景区景点依托型和生态休闲农业型,将农牧户划分为旅游专营型、旅游参与型和纯农牧户,并进行分类评价,通过对比分析,得出较为全面的评估结果;第二,研究视野下沉,转向更微观的农牧户。从微观视角切入,将农牧户参与乡村旅游的适应性纳入乡村旅游示范县创建的效果评估体系中,并将乡村旅游地的农牧户视为适应主体,探索乡村旅游示范县创建背景下农牧户参与旅游的适应性变化。
政策启示上,基于以上研究结论,本文从以下3点为乡村旅游示范县增强农牧户适应性提出相关的发展策略,以期为未来乡村旅游示范县的发展提供策略选择:第一,为扩大乡村旅游示范县的辐射效应,需从主观参与意愿上调动居民、商户、企业等多元主体参与社区治理以及客观制度上实现社区增权,以此着力构建多元共建共治共享的社区治理体系,并进一步为乡村旅游示范县建设过程中的参与机制、合作机制、分配机制、共享机制提供保障,提高农牧户的心里适应性。第二,本文研究结果显示景区景点依托型乡村旅游地农牧户参与旅游的适应性高于生态休闲农业型,因此,为提升生态休闲农业型乡村旅游地农牧户参与旅游的适应性,一方面需强化景区建设,扩大辐射带动效应,提高旅游参与度,始终以“绿水青山就是金山银山”为理念,建设生态美丽乡村,实现生态宜居;在规划建设的同时,应保护好本地特色的自然风光及民俗文化,增加绿化面积,以生态优美为建设目标,实现乡村旅游地的生态宜居。另一方面,应由政策依托转变为景区带动,对资源条件较好的景区景点着重进行建设规划。通过硬件提升、服务升级、宣传推介等提高知名度,进而提高其辐射带动能力,提高周围民众旅游参与度。第三,纯农牧户参与旅游适应性远低于旅游专营型、旅游参与型农牧户,因此,为了普遍提高农牧户旅游参与度,进而扩大乡村旅游示范县创建对民生福祉和居民收入的带动作用,政府需加强顶层设计,提升服务乡村旅游发展的农户适应力。旅游目的地居民是乡村旅游发展的受益者和监督者,他们对旅游发展的感知和参与适应性能衡量乡村旅游的发展质量和可持续性,对此政府须合理安排资金以提升农村基础设施建设。同时,赋予居民参与旅游发展的政策和规划方案参与权利,提高参与度,进而增强农牧户参与旅游适应性。
本文也存在一些不足。首先,研究设定在了乡村旅游示范县创建背景下,侧重于旅游政策的“事后”评价。旅游政策的出台、执行到后续的落实、保障等是相对动态的过程。本文一方面缺少对乡村旅游鼓励和扶持政策的定量评估;另一方面,在动态化的政策实行过程中,应兼具整体性、系统性和独立性的原则对政策绩效进行评估。其次,旅游目的地农牧户参与旅游适应性的变化是长期性、综合性的过程,因此,在构建评价指标体系时应根据旅游发展阶段以及现实情况不断进行调整和更新,以保证结果的准确和客观。综上,在未来研究中应更关注政策评估模型的系统性构建以及“全过程”评估的量化实现,同时在农牧户参与旅游适应性的评价体系构建过程中,应以现实发展为基准,符合客观性、准确性原则。
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Spatial distribution, type structure and influencing factors of key rural tourism villages in China
乡村农户适应旅游发展的模式及影响机制: 以秦岭金丝峡景区为例
[J].社会—生态系统理论为旅游影响与旅游可持续发展研究提供了新的分析思路,已成为国际上旅游研究的重要理论工具。从社会—生态系统适应性出发,借鉴脆弱性研究中的适应性理论,构建农户旅游发展适应性分析框架,以陕西秦岭金丝峡景区为案例,通过实地调查和访谈获取数据,较系统地研究了农户适应旅游发展的行为模式、影响因素及机制。主要结论包括:① 旅游业推动小河流域农业商品化,但并未促进农业增长,相反农业生产功能大幅衰退;农户以旅游经营和常年务工作为主要对策,形成了旅游专营型、主导型、均衡兼营型及务工主导型四种适应效果差异显著的适应模式。② 农户适应旅游发展的影响因素包括认知因素(机会和政策认知)、劳动力(劳动力总量、聘用人数)、地理区位(可达性与区位优势度)、自然资本(耕地面积)、物质资产(房屋类型) 和社会资本(邻里关系) 。③ 旅游开发导致的自然生计资源缺失与农户生存理性之间的矛盾是适应发生的根源,社区补偿制度是重要推动力量;农户社会理性与经济理性偏好决定着其适应模式选择;适应效果受适应力驱动因素影响。最后对旅游影响的社会—生态整合研究有效性进行讨论,并提出后续深化研究的方向和本研究的实践启示。
determinants and mechanisms of rural households' adaptability to tourism development: A case study of Jinsixia in Qinling Mountains
乡村农户旅游适应效果、模式及其影响因素: 以西安市和咸阳市17个案例村为例
[J].
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180913
[本文引用: 1]
乡村旅游地面临人地交互作用的剧烈变迁,内部要素适应社会-生态系统变化,趋利避害降低脆弱性具有重要现实意义。本文重新界定基于恢复力和脆弱性的农户适应性理论内涵,构建旅游开发适应力指标体系,以西安市和咸阳市17个不同类型的城郊型乡村旅游地为例,评价和分析农户旅游适应效果与空间差异规律,探讨和归纳适应行为与对策模式,建立BP神经网络辨别和揭示适应性影响因素与重要性关系。研究表明:① 西安市和咸阳市农户适应旅游开发综合效果呈现中等偏下水平的偏态分布趋势,分别处于旅游地生命周期快速发展阶段和探索起步阶段。② 乡村旅游地农户适应效果形成“圈层辐射、两翼包络、外围联动”的县域尺度空间分布格局;村域尺度圈层分化现象显著。③ 经营模式划分的旅游乡村农户适应效果股份制模式>“公司+农户”模式>“政府+公司+农户”模式>个体农庄模式>“农户+农户”模式;常年外出务工和农家乐经营是农户主要适应行为选择,季节性务工、本地上班以及农业生产是辅助适应行为选择,且适应行为组合方式表现为旅游专营型、旅游主导型、均衡兼营型、务工主导型和务农主导型五种适应对策模式。④ 旅游发展机会认知、技能培训机会、社会联结度、劳动力总量、政策知晓度、旅游就业人数、收入来源种类、生活主要能源、受教育程度、公共服务设施是农户主要旅游适应性影响因素。据此,提出后续社会-生态整合研究亟需突破方向和适应旅游开发的政策路径。
Adaptation effect, mode and influencing factors of rural tourism: A case study of 17 typical villages in cities of Xi'an and Xianyang
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180913
[本文引用: 1]
Rural tourism sites have witnessed dramatic changes in human-land interaction, and their internal factors are adapting social-ecological system changes. It is of great practical significance to avoid disadvantages and reduce vulnerability. This paper redefines the theoretical connotation of farmers' adaptability based on resilience and vulnerability, and constructs an adaptability indicator system of tourism development based on a case study of 17 tourist villages in the cities of Xi'an and Xianyang, so as to examine the adaptation effect and spatial difference law of rural tourism, explore the adaptive behavior and countermeasure mode, and establish a back-propagation network to reveal the relationship between adaptive influencing factors. The results are obtained as follows: (1) The comprehensive effect of farmers' adaptation on tourism development in Xi'an and Xianyang shows a trend of skewed distribution at the middle-lower level in the stage of rapid development of tourism life cycle and the initial stage of exploration. (2) The adaptation effect of households in the rural tourism area forms a spatial pattern of “scale circle radiation, two-wing envelope and peripheral linkage”; the segmental differentiation of the village scale is significant. (3) The adaptation mode of rural households is identified by business model: shareholding system model > “company + farmer” mode > “government + company + farmer” mode > individual farm mode > “farmers + farmers” model; migrant workers and farmhouse management are the main adaptation of farmers. Behavior choice, seasonal work, local work and agricultural production are auxiliary adaptation behavior choices, and the adaptation behaviors are characterized by five types of adaptation strategies: tourism franchise, tourism-oriented, balanced, labor-oriented and agricultural-oriented. (4) Tourism development opportunity cognition, skills training opportunities, social connection degree, total labor force, policy awareness, tourism employment, income source types, primary energy sources, education level, and public service facilities are the main factors affecting farmers' tourism adaptability. Based on this, we proposed that the follow-up social-ecological integration research should adapt to the policy path of tourism development.
草原牧区旅游发展对牧户生计的影响: 以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原为例
[J].
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.01.015
[本文引用: 1]
草原牧区旅游发展是牧区实现乡村振兴的重要引擎。以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原旅游地牧户为研究案例,分析草原牧区旅游发展对牧户生计的影响。研究结果:① 草原旅游使牧户生计模式分化为纯牧户、务工主导型、旅游主导型、旅游专营型,且呈现纯牧户向务工主导型牧户过度,务工主导型牧户向旅游主导型牧户过度,旅游主导型牧户向旅游专营型牧户过度的一般演替规律;② 草原旅游发展总体上提高了牧户的生计资本存量,但不同类型牧户生计资本存量具有显著差异,生计资本存量由高到低排序为:旅游专营型牧户、旅游主导型牧户、务工主导型牧户、纯牧户;③ 牧户参与草原旅游,准则层因子障碍度由大到小排序为:人力资本、金融资本、物质资本、社会资本、自然资本;障碍度指数前6位的指标层因子分别是:成人受教育程度、成人劳动力人数、借债情况、社团网络、生产生活设备、社会参与;④ 不 同类型牧户参与草原旅游发展的首要障碍因素不同,纯牧户是受教育程度,务工主导型牧户是家庭人均收入,旅游主导型与旅游专营型牧户是借债情况。
Impact of tourism development on the herdsmen livelihood in pastoral areas: A case study of Xilamuren pastoral area in Inner Mongolia
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.01.015
[本文引用: 1]
The development of prairie tourism is an important driving force for rural revitalization in pastoral areas. The herdsmen of XilaMuren prairie tourism area in Inner Mongolia was selected as the research object, and the impact of grassland tourism development on the livelihood of herdsmen was analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) Prairie tourism differentiated the herdsmen into pure herdsmen, predominantly herdsmen, tourism-leading herdsmen, and tourism-exclusive herdsmen. In addition, it presented the general rule that the pure herdsmen were excessive to the dominant herdsmen. The dominant model was excessive to the tourism-leading type, and the tourism-leading model was excessive to the exclusive herdsmen. 2) The livelihood capital stock of herdsmen had been generally increased due to the development of prairie tourism. However, there were significant differences in the stocks of livelihoods between different types of pastoral households. The order of livelihood capital from high to low was: tourism franchise, tourism dominant, worker dominant, pure shepherd. 3) From the criterion level, the obstacles for herdsmen’s participation from high to low in prairie tourism were: human capital, financial capital, material capital, social capital, natural capital. From the indicator level, the top 6 barrier indicators were: adult education, adult labor force, debt, community network, production and living equipment and social participation. 4) There were significant differences among different types of herdsmen to the participation in the development of prairie tourism. The main obstacle for pure herdsmen was the low level of education, for the dominant herdsmen was the low per capita income of the family, and for the tourism-dominated and tourism-exclusive herdsmen was the pressure on external debt.
Adaptation and the state: Latin America and the challenge of capacity-building under globalization
[J].DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.10.004 URL [本文引用: 1]
Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity
[M] //
景区边缘型乡村旅游地农户生计适应性研究: 以大南岳旅游圈为例
[J].
Farmers' livelihoods adaptability of rural tourism destinations of edge type scenic spots: A case study of "Great Nanyue Tourism Circle"
乡村旅游发展背景下传统村落农户适应性研究: 以张家界4个村为例
[J].
Peasant households adaptability under the bankground of rural tourism development in traditional villages: A case study of 4 traditional villages in Zhangjiajie
景区带村扶贫模式下农户参与旅游的经济效率: 以秦巴山区旅游扶贫重点村为例
[J].
DOI:10.18402/resci.2020.09.16
[本文引用: 1]
旅游扶贫是带动中国贫困地区脱贫的有效途径,景区带村是一种重要的扶贫模式,景区带动周边农户参与旅游的经济效率高低直接影响到贫困地区脱贫的效果。本文以秦巴山区3A及以上景区周边的旅游扶贫重点村的农户为研究对象,运用DEA-Tobit模型,分析了景区带村扶贫模式下农户参与旅游的经济效率及影响因素。研究表明:①秦巴山区景区周边农户参与旅游的综合经济效率偏低,但高于农户农业生产效率,且98.3%的农户主要是受规模效率的制约;②农户旅游经营处于规模报酬递增阶段,增加旅游经营的要素投入是提高规模效率的主要途径;③农户家庭特征变量对旅游经济效率的影响最显著,其次为个人特征变量,社区特征变量影响不显著。据此,本文针对提高农户旅游经济效率给出具体建议:延伸“景区带村”的旅游产业链条,扩大投入规模达到最优要素组合;加大人力资本投入,提高技术管理水平;坚持农户分化为导向,推动专业化社区参与。
Economic efficiency of farmer participation in tourism-led village poverty alleviation: A case study of key poverty-stricken villages in the Qinling-Daba Mountains
DOI:10.18402/resci.2020.09.16
[本文引用: 1]
Tourism poverty alleviation is an effective way to get rid of poverty in poverty-stricken areas in rural China. As an important poverty alleviation model, The economic efficiency of scenic spots in driving surrounding farmers to participate in tourism directly affects the effect of poverty alleviation in poor areas. In this study, farmers in key poverty alleviation villages around 3A and above scenic spots in the Qinling-Daba Mountains were used as the research objects, and the data envelopment analysis (DEA)-Tobit model was used to analyze the economic efficiency and influencing factors of farming household participation in tourism under the model of tourism-led village poverty alleviation. The results show that the overall economic efficiency of farming household participation in tourism around the scenic spots is low, but it is higher than the agricultural production efficiency of farming households, and 98.3 percent of farming households is mainly restricted by scale efficiency; Farming households’ tourism management is in the stage of increasing returns to scale. Increasing the factor input of tourism operation is the main way to improve scale efficiency; the characteristic variables of farming households have the most significant impact on tourism economic efficiency, followed by the variables of individual characteristics, and the influence of community characteristics is not significant. Based on these results, this article makes specific suggestions for improving the tourism economic efficiency of farming households: (1) Extend the tourism industrial chain of “tourism-led village poverty alleviation”, and expand the scale of investment to achieve the optimal combination of factors; (2) Increase human capital investment and improve technical management level; (3) Farming households should be differentiated to promote specialized community participation.
基于社区参与的乡村全域旅游开发实证研究: 以南昌南矶乡为例
[J].
Empirical study on development of community-based rural holistic tourism: A case of Nanji Township in Nanchang
乡村旅游对贫困山区农户多维贫困的影响研究
[J].
Rural tourism and its impacts on the rural households' multidimensional poverty in poor mountainous areas in China
传统村落旅游地农户可持续生计评价及实证研究: 以湖南省郴州市4个典型传统村落为例
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.05.005
[本文引用: 1]
从系统性和综合性视角来分析传统村落旅游地农户可持续生计不仅可以为农户可持续生计构建和减缓贫困提供决策支撑,而且有助于理解传统村落空心化和衰落的内在原因,并为激发传统村落内生发展动力提供科学决策。论文基于英国国际发展署提出的可持续生计框架,并结合传统村落作为活态遗产的特殊属性,从脆弱性背景、生计资本、生计策略、结构与过程转变、生计结果5个方面构建了旅游开发背景下传统村落农户可持续生计评价指标体系,并对湖南省郴州市汝城县沙洲村、永兴县板梁村、苏仙区坳上村和桂阳县阳山村4个典型传统村落进行了实证研究。研究发现:① 郴州传统村落旅游地农户可持续生计总体处于中等水平,不同传统村落的农户可持续生计水平具有显著差异,其中沙洲村处于较高水平,其余3个处于中等水平;② 传统村落中参与旅游的农户可持续生计水平明显高于未参与旅游农户,参与旅游不仅有助于提升农户可持续生计水平,而且还有助于农户理解有关传统村落保护与利用的政策制度,增加农户文物保护、文化传承和环境保护意识,增强农户的文化自信;③ 自然资本和人力资本较匮乏,农户生计策略多样性不足,农户参与旅游意愿不高,政府和旅游企业旅游带动作用较弱等是阻碍郴州传统村落旅游地农户可持续生计的关键因素,应通过优化农户自然资本和人力资本质量与结构,鼓励农户积极参与旅游,加强政府和企业引领带动作用等来提升传统村落旅游地农户的可持续生计水平。
Evaluation of the sustainable livelihoods of farming households in traditional village tourism areas: A case study of four typical traditional villages in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.05.005
[本文引用: 1]
Farming households are the main actors of traditional village protection and tourism development, and their livelihood sustainability is closely related to the sustainable development of traditional villages. In the past decade, under the influence of national policies and relevant systems concerning the protection and utilization of traditional villages, village cultural heritage protection and tourism development are gradually integrated into the original livelihood system of farmers and a complex and dynamic livelihood system has being formed. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the sustainable livelihoods of farmers in traditional village tourism areas from a systematic and comprehensive perspective. This can not only provide decision-making support for farming household sustainable livelihood construction and poverty alleviation, but also help to understand the internal reasons for the hollowing out and decline of traditional villages, and provide a scientific decision-making basis for stimulating the endogenous development power of traditional villages. Based on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) proposed by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the special attributes of traditional villages as living heritages, a sustainable livelihood evaluation indicator system of traditional village farming households in the context of tourism development was constructed from five aspects: Vulnerability background, livelihood capital, livelihood strategy, structure and process transformation, and livelihood outcome, and four typical traditional villages, including Shazhou Village in Rucheng County, Banliang Village in Yongxing County, Aoshang Village in Suxian District, and Yangshan Village in Guiyang County of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, were empirically examined. The study found that: 1) The sustainable livelihood level of farming households in Chenzhou traditional village tourism areas is at a medium level, and the levels in different traditional villages are significantly different. Shazhou Village is at a relatively high level and the other three are at a medium level. 2) The sustainable livelihood level of farming households participating in tourism in traditional villages is significantly higher than those who do not participate in tourism. Participation in tourism can not only improve the sustainable livelihood level of farming households, but also help them to understand the policies and institutions related to the protection and utilization of traditional villages, increase their awareness of cultural relic protection, cultural inheritance, and environmental protection, and enhance their cultural confidence. 3) The shortage of natural and human capitals, the lack of diversity of farming household livelihood strategies, the low willingness of farmers to participate in tourism, and the weak role of the government and tourism enterprises in promoting tourism are the key factors hindering the sustainable livelihood of farming households in Chenzhou traditional village tourism areas. Therefore, the sustainable livelihood level of farming households in traditional village tourism areas should be improved by optimizing the quality and structure of household natural and human capitals, encouraging farmers to actively participate in tourism, and strengthening the leading role of the government and enterprises.
生计可持续性视角下精准扶贫的政策效应评估及其分异研究: 以武陵山区石柱县为例
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.04.005
[本文引用: 1]
巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果是十四五时期的重要任务,提升农户生计可持续性是防止返贫和实现脱贫地区高质量发展的关键,在生计可持续性视角下系统评估精准扶贫政策效应,可为此提供重要依据。论文构建涵盖生计资本、生计环境和代际发展能力3个维度的扶贫政策效应评估框架,以武陵山区石柱县为案例区,采用双重差分法(DID)和倾向得分匹配法量化了精准扶贫对农户生计可持续性的影响,并讨论了其分异性。研究表明:① 精准扶贫使农户生计可持续性水平整体提升了20.5%,农户生计资本、生计环境和代际发展能力分别提升21.3%、23.9%、15.8%,农户生计环境改善更突出,而代际发展能力具有一定时滞性。② 精准扶贫对生计要素禀赋较好的兼业型农户带动效应更大且显著,其次是务农主导型和务工主导型脱贫户,而以“输血式”帮扶为主的补贴依赖型农户则被边缘化,加剧了群体间生计可持续性分化。③ 精准扶贫政策效应空间分异性明显。相比经济基础条件较好的王场镇和黄水镇,精准扶贫对具有区位优势的龙沙镇、贫困程度较深的中益乡的带动效应更大且显著。④ 围绕强化对山区教育与技术投入、对偏远地区资源倾斜以及引导贫困边缘群体治理等方面提出巩固脱贫攻坚成果的对策。研究可为提升巩固脱贫攻坚成果政策的匹配性和精准性提供科学依据,有助于深化中国反贫困理论认识。
Policy effect and differentiation of targeted poverty alleviation from the perspective of livelihood sustainability: Taking Shizhu County, Wuling Mountains as an example
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.04.005
[本文引用: 1]
Consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation is an important task during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Improving the livelihood sustainability of farming households is the key to prevent the return to poverty and achieve high-quality development in poverty alleviation areas. From the perspective of livelihood sustainability, a systematic evaluation of the effects of the targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) policy provides an important basis for achieving these goals. In this study, an evaluation framework was constructed from the dimensions of livelihood capital, livelihood environment, and intergenerational development capacity. Taking Shizhu County in the Wuling Mountains as the study area, this research used the difference-in-differences (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM)-DID methods to quantify the effects of the TPA policy and discussed the differentiation of policy effects. The findings are: 1) The TPA policy improved the livelihood sustainability level of farming households by 20.5%, and improved the livelihood capital, livelihood environment, and intergenerational development capacity by 21.3%, 23.9% and 15.8%, respectively. The improvement of livelihood environment was more prominent, while the improvement of intergenerational development capacity was relatively weak. 2) The TPA policy had a greater and significant effect on farming households with multiple livelihood strategies, followed by agriculture-oriented households and off-farm employment-oriented households, while subsidy-dependent households with "blood transfusion" assistance were marginalized. The TPA policy aggravated the differentiation of livelihood sustainability among groups. 3) The effect of the TPA policy showed spatial specificity. Compared with Wangchang Town and Huangshui Town that had better basic economic conditions, TPA had a higher and more significant impact on Longsha Town that has locational advantages and Zhongyi Town that was at a deeper poverty level. 4) Countermeasures and recommendations were put forward to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation from the aspects of continuously strengthening education and technology input, intensifying efforts to alleviate poverty in remote areas, and providing policy-based guidance for the governance of poor marginal groups. The research provides a theoretical basis for improving the matching and accuracy of policies to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation, which may help deepen the understanding of China's anti-poverty theories and practice.
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