从县域尺度对中国主要城市化地区生态功能开展后评估研究，分析城市化地区生态功能指数与第三级指标的相关性，对生态功能明显衰退地区提出政策建议。结果表明：2009?2015年，“两横三纵”城市化战略格局生态功能中高水平区县占比从78.68%降低至68.13%；优化开发区域生态功能中高水平区县占比由53.85%减少至37.28%，明显降低区域主要分布于京津冀东南部、环渤海地区；重点开发区域生态功能中高水平区县占比由73.78%降低至69.21%，明显降低区域分布在中原城市群和东北地区。生态退化的城市化地区均伴随不同程度的生境质量指数降低、生态空间减少、开发强度以及人口密度增加现象。生态功能与第三级指标的相关性由大到小依次为生态空间占比＞生境质量指数＞开发强度＞人口密度。建议强调发展控制，加强生态保护，实施分区分类管控，健全不同主体功能区差异化协同发展长效机制。

The ecological function of major urbanized areas in China was evaluated and analyzed at county scale, the correlation between ecological function index and three-level index was analyzed, and suggestions were put forward for areas with obvious ecological function decline. The results show that from 2009 to 2015, the proportion of districts and counties with high level ecological function of the ‘two horizontal and three vertical’ urbanization strategic pattern decreased from 78.68% to 68.13%. The proportion of districts and counties with high level ecological function of the optimized development zones decreased from 53.85% to 37.28%. Counties with obviously degradation in ecological function are mainly distributed in the southeast of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Bohai coastal region. The proportion of districts and counties with high level ecological function index of the key development zones decreased from 73.78% to 69.21%. Counties with obviously degradation in ecological function are mainly distributed in the central Henan urban agglomeration and northeast region. Urban areas with ecological degradation are accompanied by different degrees of habitat quality index reduction, ecological space reduction, development intensity and population density increases. The order of the correlation between eco-function index and three-level index are as follows: Proportion of ecological space, habitat quality index, development intensity and population density. It is suggested to emphasize development control, strengthen ecological protection, implement classification control, and improve the long-term mechanism of differentiated coordinated development of different major functional areas.

This paper analyzes the coupling mechanism between urbanization and eco environment: the intimidation on eco environment from urbanization is caused by contamination from population, enterprises and transportation; Meanwhile, the restriction against urbanization from eco environment results from changing the flow direction of population and capital. On the basis of the above, the authors deduce the coupling function and theshape curve between urbanization and eco environment in two ways: algebra and geometry, and then opens out the relationship law: regional eco environment decays at first, and thenameliorates after the curve inflexion. This paper also discusses the coupling process of urbanization and eco environment, andclassifies it into four stages, whichare low level coordination stage, resisting stage, ameliorating stage and harmonious stage. Finally, the authors demonstrate the coupling relationship between urbanization and eco environment in Zhejiang province, and points out that industrialization is still the main momentum of urbanization in Zhejiang.In spite of the emergence of partial inflexion in the coupling curve between waste water and urbanization in Zhejiang, becausethere is no complete conversion in industrial structure, once policies concerning environmental protection change, the coupling curve between eco environment and urbanization will fluctuate. That is to say, Zhejiang is still at the resisting stage.

目前中国城市化进程表现为速度过快、地域差异显著以及城乡二元结构明显等特征。城市化带来了显著的 生态效应，使城市生态系统的结构、过程和功能受到影响或发生不可逆转的变化，出现了耕地资源流失、水资源稀 缺、能源压力、城市环境污染严重以及城市区域生态占用扩大等资源与生态环境问题。目前国内外学者研究了城市 热岛效应、城市地表覆被变化、城市生物多样性损失以及城市水土资源等问题，但多侧重单要素、单城市、单学科研 究，缺乏多尺度机理性的研究。鉴于此，提出若干未来城市化及其生态环境效应研究的方向与议题，归纳为：(1)中国 城市化过程多尺度定量模拟与监测研究；(2)阐明城市化影响下地表自然过程和人文过程相互作用的机理；(3)资源 与生态环境约束下中国未来城市化的可能情景及其风险评估等。

The urbanization process in China is characterized by excessive development, significant regional difference, and obvious urban-rural dual structure, resulting in significant eco-environmental impacts on urban ecosystems. Those impacts include cultivated land loss,water scarcity, energy shortage, environmental pollutions, and increased ecological footprint in urban area, which are the main causes for retrogressive succession of ecosystem structures, processes and functions. Presently, related researches on urbanization process and corresponding eco-environmental effects focus on urban heat island,urban land use/land cover, urban hydrological effects, urban biodiversity, and urban water and soil resources, and show specific features and trends such as particular emphasis on single urbanization factor, single city case,and single scale descriptive analysis, especially those lacking of multi-scale researches on dynamical mechanisms of urban spatio-temporal development. Therefore,authors propose some perspective research issues on urban processes and their eco-environmental effects, and they can be concluded to three development directions: (1) analyzing multi-scale dynamical mechanisms of urbanization process in China and spatio-temporal patterns and characteristics; (2) explaining interactional mechanisms between physical and human process under urbanization effects; and (3) predicting future development trends and risk assessment of urbanization in China under different scenarios of the constraints imposed by natural resources and eco-environmental conditions.

随着城市化进程的加快,生态空间在区域大气污染改善中的角色越来越重要。本文从区域内部地域构成的空间异质性视角,采用干沉降模型,建立植被对大气污染削减效应与空间特征的表征方式,用以揭示不同次区域中绿地对大气污染削减研究的重点和特色。研究表明,“中”次区域污染削减量明显高于“高”、“低”次区域,然而“中”次区域绿地功能的发挥仍处于污染驱动阶段;“高”、“低”次区域已进入绿地功能驱动阶段,生物多样性、生态结构和景观格局对大气污染削减的影响更加突出。森林下垫面对大珠三角地区SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀污染物的削减率分别为1.3%、0.7%和4.1%。最后,提出结合资源禀赋和城市发展特征开展绿色空间的功能导向型研究,并探讨了未来研究发展的主要趋势和重点问题。

With rapid urbanization, the importance of air pollution removal by regional green space had been widely accepted. Therefore, the concept of spatial heterogeneity and ecological function were applied to regional management and spatial planning. This article took the view of spatial heterogeneity, and analysed the relevant factors and discrimination method. The current study established the correlation between air pollution reduction effect and spatial characteristics, which revealed the impact of spatial heterogeneity on vegetation. The study showed that the relative effects of regional forest cover in reducing air pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere of SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ were 1.3%, 0.7% and 4.1%, respectively, which varied in different sub-regional air quality improvement. Pollutant removal rates in moderate ability subregion was obviously higher than that in high-ability subregion and low-aridity subregion. However the driving force of ecological function in moderare aridity subregion was still at the level of pollution-driven stage, compared with the other two subregions at the levels of green feature-driven stage. Therefore, the effects of biological diversity, ecological structure and landscape pattern on ecological function were more prominent. Finally, some problems were pointed out and function- oriented research was proposed as the main development trend in the future.

The empirical science of subjective well-being, popularly referred to as happiness or satisfaction, has grown enormously in the past decade. In this Review, we selectively highlight and summarize key researched areas that continue to develop. We describe the validity of measures and their potential biases, as well as the scientific methods used in this field. We describe some of the predictors of subjective well-being such as temperament, income and supportive social relationships. Higher subjective well-being has been associated with good health and longevity, better social relationships, work performance and creativity. At the community and societal levels, cultures differ not only in their levels of well-being but also to some extent in the types of subjective well-being they most value. Furthermore, there are both universal and unique predictors of subjective well-being in various societies. National accounts of subjective well-being to help inform policy decisions at the community and societal levels are now being considered and adopted. Finally we discuss the unknowns in the science and needed future research.

流动人口是中国城镇化进程的重要参与者,加强其定居意愿特征分析对制定中国新型城镇化发展政策具有重要参考价值。基于中国40个主要城市的宜居城市问卷调查数据,运用描述统计和地理探测器方法,揭示中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知特征及其对定居意愿的影响。研究结果表明：①中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知评价分异明显,呈现出“公共服务设施便利性>自然环境舒适性>社会人文环境舒适性>环境健康性>交通便捷性>城市安全性”的递减特征;②中国流动人口的公共服务设施便利性、社会人文环境舒适性、环境健康性和城市安全性等4个维度城市宜居性感知对其定居意愿具有显著影响,且影响强度依次递减,但二者关系并不完全呈简单的线性特征。③相对他人收入满意度、生活满意度、住房价格感知和地理区位等参照变量,以及年龄、性别和职业等个体与家庭属性也是影响中国流动人口定居意愿的重要因素。

Migrants play an important role in the process of China's urbanization. Therefore, understanding the determinants of their settlement intention is of great importance for making national new urbanization policies. Drawing on the livable cities survey conducted in 40 major cities in China, descriptive statistics and geographical detector methods were employed to examine the characteristics of migrants' urban livability perception and its effects on their settlement intention, respectively. The results show that: (1) Migrants' urban livability perception differs greatly between livability indicators—the ranking of importance is convenience of access to public facilities > comfort of natural environment > comfort of social environment > environmental health > convenience of transportation > security in the city. (2) Four dimensions of migrants' urban livability perception, including convenience of access to public facilities, comfort of social environment, environmental health, and security in the city, have significant effects on settlement intention with decreasing weights, but the correlations are not always linear. (3) Selected control variables, including migrants' relative income satisfaction, life satisfaction, perceived housing price, and geographic locations, and individual and family attributes such as age, gender, and occupation, also exert significant effects on settlement intention.

人民群众幸福感的提升,是新型城镇化的落脚点,改善人居环境是城镇化质量提升的必然要求。既有的社区环境与居民幸福感关系的研究大多基于行政管辖范围评估社区的建成环境状况,且忽视了城市建成环境影响居民幸福感的中间机制。论文基于广州市23个社区采集的问卷调查数据,利用多层线性回归模型、中介效应分析和分层分析,识别影响居民幸福感的建成环境因素,揭示了居住满意度所起到的中介作用,尤其关注缓冲区的重新划定对分析结果的影响,以及建成环境对幸福感影响的异质性效应。结果表明：① 相较于行政管辖范围和1000 m面要素缓冲区,基于15 min步行可达范围所提取的建成环境指标与居民主观幸福感的关联程度更高;② 人均绿地面积、POI点密度与居民幸福感呈正相关关系,人口密度与幸福感呈负相关关系;③ 居住满意度在POI点密度与居民主观幸福感之间的关系中发挥了完全中介作用;④ 异质性分析结果表明,社区建成环境与个体幸福感的关联程度因居民的户籍、住房产权和就业情况不同而呈现显著差异。

推进新型城镇化的可持续发展需要坚持以人为本。流动人口作为城镇化的主体,其主观幸福感的水平是衡量当前城镇化质量的重要依据。现有研究较少关注流动人口主观幸福感在城市微观尺度的空间差异性,少有研究探讨邻里环境对流动人口主观幸福感的影响。本文基于2015年广州调查问卷数据,采用多层线性回归模型,探讨了广州流动人口主观幸福感的水平及其主要影响因素,重点关注社会支持、邻里建成环境与社会环境等因素的影响。研究发现,广州流动人口的主观幸福感平均水平仍然较低,具体表现为：①流动人口的生活满意度较低、消极情感偏高;②流动人口的主观幸福感存在显著的地理空间异质性;③邻里社会环境(如邻里贫困、人口密度)与生活满意度、积极情感存在显著的负相关,邻里建成环境(如整洁程度、交通可达性)与生活满意度呈显著正相关。其中,邻里流动人口比重和人口密度,与流动人口的消极情感得分呈显著负相关;④广泛的社会支持能显著提升人口的生活满意度。因此,减少地区贫困、营造良好的社会环境、拓展社会支持的来源等都将有助于流动人口主观幸福感的提升以及新型城镇化的推进。

A sustainable new type of urbanization in China should be "people-oriented." Migrants are the main body of new urban residents, and their subjective wellbeing is one of the significant criteria for measuring the quality of urbanization. A plethora of literature has shed light on the low quality of migrants' lives, however, little research has been done to understand how migrants evaluate their own lives in host cities, and no study has been undertaken to link migrants' subjective wellbeing with their residential environments. Using the data collected from a questionnaire survey in Guangzhou and multilevel linear models, this study examined the determinants of migrants' subjective wellbeing in host cities. It particularly focused on the extent to which and how migrants' social ties and residential environment influence their subjective wellbeing. The results indicate that in general, migrants have a lower level of subjective wellbeing than local residents, and the cognitive and emotional components of migrants' subjective wellbeing are influenced by different factors. Social support and neighborhood environment matter in determining the cognitive component of migrants' wellbeing (life satisfaction), but the emotional component of their wellbeing (positive and negative affects) is influenced partly by some of the selected variables of neighborhood social or built environments, and no evidence shows any impact of social support. Meanwhile, dwelling conditions also show an impact on migrants' life satisfaction and negative affect.

The research interest of urban researchers and geographers in the relationship between urban environments and happiness has been increasing. Previous studies have mostly focused on people’s long-term overall wellbeing. However, there is limited evidence that momentary happiness is associated with immediate urban environments. This study provides new evidence on this issue. 144 participants living in Guangzhou, China, were asked to repeatedly self-report their momentary happiness through ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and the day reconstruction method (DRM). The microenvironment variables were captured by portable sensors, while the built environment variables were captured by associating the GPS response locations with objective spatial data. The results indicate that momentary happiness is influenced by immediate microenvironment variables and built environment characteristics including temperature, noise, PM2.5, population, POI density, POI types and street intersections. On the other hand, the use of different sizes of contextual units affects the results. The built environment in 100 m buffers and the microenvironment has higher explanatory power for momentary happiness recorded by EMA than the built environment in 500 m buffers. Similarly, the temporality of the contextual influences also affects the results. Urban environment features have higher explanatory power for real-time momentary happiness recorded by EMA than recalled momentary happiness recorded by DRM. These results also strongly corroborate the results of recent studies on the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) and partly explain the inconsistency in the results of past research.

主观幸福感是目前国内外研究热点,与提升居民生活质量和建设宜居城市密切相关。已有大部分文献侧重单一空间尺度的研究,分析社会经济属性和地理环境要素(包括建成环境、社会环境、环境污染)对主观幸福感的影响;也有部分研究关注居民日常出行属性和活动特征对主观幸福感的作用机制,探讨长期幸福感与短期幸福感的内在关系。论文对上述研究进行较为系统的梳理与评价,综合考虑地理环境、时空行为与主观幸福感的复杂关系,构建主观幸福感的理论研究框架,总结时空行为视角下多尺度、多维度地理环境要素对主观幸福感的影响机制以及作用路径,并探讨主观幸福感的时空动态规律以及微观行为机制,为改善城市人居环境、优化居民行为模式提供科学依据和政策建议。

Subjective well-being is a focus of research worldwide, which is closely related to the improvement of residents' quality of life and the construction of livable cities. Numerous studies on subjective well-being have been conducted, mainly discussing the impact of social and economic attributes, geographical background (including the built environment, social environment, and environmental pollution), and residents' travel and activity characteristics on subjective well-being at the city or regional scale. Some research has also explored the interaction between long-term happiness and short-term happiness based on the perspective of spatiotemporal behavior. This article provides a comprehensive review on geographical context and subjective well-being studies from the time-space perspectives, and presents a diversified research framework to investigate the complexity between micro-environment, spatiotemporal behavior, and subjective well-being. It presents a theoretical framework of multi-scale spatiotemporal analysis of subjective well-being, and summarizes the mechanism of multi-scale and multi-dimensional geographical environment factors on subjective well-being. Moreover, we propose that future research needs to link individual spatiotemporal behavior, environmental pollution, and well-being, and investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of residents' subjective well-being under different social and spatial backgrounds, in order to provide a scientific basis and policy recommendations for improving urban residential environment and optimizing residents' behavioral patterns.

Existing literature has examined the determinants of subjective well-being in China from the social, economic and psychological perspectives. Very few studies explore the impacts of residential environment on subjective well-being. Drawing on a large scale questionnaire survey in Beijing, this paper investigates the role of residential environment by decomposing the variations of subjective well-being at fine-grained spatial scales, i.e. district and neighbourhood levels. A bivariate response binomial multilevel model is employed to assess the relative importance of geographical contexts and individual characteristics, in particular, the household registration (hukou) status, in influencing subjective well-being. The results show significant heterogeneities in subjective well-being among districts and neighbourhoods. Neighbourhood types are significantly correlated with subjective well-being, with residents in commercial housing neighbourhoods reporting higher levels of subjective well-being than those in work-unit and affordable housing neighbourhoods. However, the impacts of neighbourhood types are not uniformly experienced by people with different hukou status. Migrants tend to express lower levels of subjective well-being than local residents. Such disparities are more pronounced in urban villages compared with other neighbourhoods.

居民幸福感是建设和谐社会与检验城镇化质量的重要内容。地理学视角的研究围绕幸福感空间差异展开,解读背景环境特征与其关系。国内已有研究缺乏基于个体与城市尺度的联合分析,且缺少城市特征对幸福感影响机制的综合考虑。以环渤海地区44个城市为例,基于大规模调研问卷,采用多尺度建模方法,分析居民幸福感的城际差异及影响因素。结果表明,居民幸福感在城市之间存在显著差异;经济最发达的城市居民幸福感最低;城市规模对居民幸福感有负面影响,收入可以缓解城市规模负面影响的程度;环境污染对居民幸福感有显著的负面影响,积极的环境评价对居民幸福感有正面影响;良好的社会治安与人文环境对居民幸福感影响为正。

During the last three decades, China has been marked by a remarkable economic growth, however, the greatly enriched material life did not promise Chinese an equal level of happiness. It has been proved that Chinese subjective well-being has been decreasing during the progress of high-speed urbanization. Scholars in Western world have conducted abundant research in influencing factors of residents' subjective well-being and evaluation of happy city. There is lack of studies aimed at Chinese residents, especially the systematic analysis of the influence by geographical background effect posed on the residents' subjective well-being. Taking all the prefecture-level cities in the Bohai Rim area as a case study, based on large sample survey questionnaires, objective statistics and census data, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of subjective well-being at inter-city scale. Happiness function improved by multilevel modeling and GIS-based spatial analysis method are also applied to analyze the influencing factors of residents' subjective well-being. The conclusions are as follows: (1) There is significant disparity of residents' subjective well-being between cities. Most of the cities with more happy samples are in Liaoning province, while those with more unhappy samples are found in the majority of cities in Hebei province except Zhangjiakou and Chengde. (2) Urban scale and economic development are negatively related to residents' subjective well-being. People living in the biggest city are most unhappy with life, however, the high income can weaken the unhappiness. (3) Environment pollution has reduced the residents' subjective well-being, while positive evaluation of natural environment is helpful to improve residents' happiness. (4) Social security and human environment are positively related to the subjective well-being. The widening wealth inequality and urban diseases, such as pollution, traffic jam and housing shortage, should be responsible for the lowest degree of subjective well-being of residents living in the biggest cities. Even so, people are more likely to live in big cities. One possible reason is that the individual may be willing to trade off the subjective well-being for other things including high income, social status and accomplishments. Furthermore, individuals may prefer to take actions enabling to achieve the long-term desires and goals, although some of them could make them less happier at present.

提高居民居住满意度是促进宜居城市建设和社会和谐发展的重要内容。传统研究多关注客观物质设施建设，而忽略居民居住需求的实际感知，对转型期中国大城市居民居住满意度影响机制与行为意向研究还相对薄弱。选取北京市不同类型社区居民作为研究对象，采用2012年居住满意度感知评价调查数据，运用探索性因子分析和结构方程模型方法构建了“居住满意度—居住流动性意向”概念模型，重点探讨转型期北京市居民居住满意度感知因素及其与居住流动性意向相互关系。结果显示：北京市居民居住满意度感知评价主要由居住环境、住房条件、配套设施和交通出行四个维度构成，且各维度的影响效应呈现出住房条件>居住环境>配套设施>交通出行的递减趋势。居住满意度对居住流动性意向具有显著地负面感知效应。另外，居民社会经济属性特征也对居住满意度感知评价和居住流动性意向产生重要影响。本文为深入了解转型期北京市居民居住环境需求与偏好提供较好的实证案例，同时对指导居住区开发和宜居城市建设具有重要的现实意义。

Improving residential satisfaction was an essential part of livable city construction and social harmony promotion. The traditional approach focused more on material construction instead of studying the residential perceptions on habitat environment, and the case study on residential satisfaction was relatively weak. Taking urban residents of different communities in Beijing as the study object and based on 2012 survey data, this study examined the perception factors of residential satisfaction and its relationship with mobility intention of the transitional period in Beijing by using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation model to construct residential satisfaction model. The result showed: the determinants of residential satisfaction were a four-dimension construction composed of housing conditions, residential environment, supporting facilities and traffic conditions, and its effect presented a decreasing trend in the order of housing conditions > residential environment > supporting facilities > traffic conditions. Besides, residential satisfaction has significantly negative influence on mobility intention. Lastly, residents' social-economic characteristics also had a significant impact on residential satisfaction and mobility intention.By constructing a structural equation model of residential satisfaction and its consequence effects, we can get a better understanding of residential development and construction of livable city.

改革开放40 a来，中国的城市规划、建设和管理水平发生了质的改变，但快速城镇化所引发的城市问题日益突出。城市体检概念应运而生，并逐渐从国家战略落实到城市高质量发展的具体实践中。在梳理和解析城市体检背景及其作用的基础上，详细阐述城市体检指标设计的逻辑框架，梳理城市体检各指标间的关系，辨析不同尺度间城市体检的异同，提出中国城市体检的方法，旨在对中国城市体检提供理论依据。

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the urban planning, construction and management in China has undergone qualitative changes, but the urban problems caused by rapid urbanization are still increasingly prominent. The concept of urban physical examination arises at the historic moment and is gradually implemented from the national strategy to the concrete practice of urban high-quality development. On the basis of sorting out and analyzing the background and function of urban physical examination. This article starts from the core connotation of high-quality urban development in China, which is eco-livable, distinctive, diverse and inclusive, innovative, healthy and comfortable, safe and resilient, convenient transportation, clean and orderly. We design the index logical framework of urban physical examination from the above eight aspects and sorts out the relationship among various indicators of urban physical examination. Urban physical examination must be a ‘global physical examination’ rather than a ‘department physical examination’, so the urban physical examination has the dual function of ‘examination of general planning’ and ‘physical examination of a city’. The article points out that we should adopt the trinity of physical examination, third party physical examination and social satisfaction survey, and apply the closed-loop mode of ‘evaluation-feedback-governance’. It also analyzes the similarities and differences of urban physical examination in different scales, proposes the methods of urban physical examination in China. This article aims to provide theoretical guidance for urban physical examination in China and provide a research framework and scientific support for future urban physical examination research topics

在长三角更高质量一体化发展的战略背景下,构建区域间环境协同治理体系,是提升区域大气污染治理成效的可行性选择。本文从环境规制的政策文件、实施过程、治理效果3个维度,构建大气污染规制耦合度评价体系,探究长三角区域41个城市2003—2019年大气污染规制耦合度的时空演化特征。以此为基础,对长三角区域各城市划分区域协同治理小组,并分别测算其大气污染治理协同水平,进而探究长三角区域大气污染协同治理的影响因素。结果显示：① 各城市的大气污染规制耦合度整体上表现为连片集聚发展特征,呈现出上海市最高、浙江省和江苏省次之、安徽省再次之的格局,且区域差异性不断缩小;② 长三角区域整体大气污染治理协同度较低,但在波动中呈缓慢上升趋势,划分区域治理组后各小组大气污染治理协同度保持在较高水平;③ 影响因素分析结果表明,地区间对外开放差异、公共交通差异和绿化建设差异对长三角区域大气污染协同治理有着显著的抑制作用,而经济增长差异和技术创新差异具有显著的积极影响。

In the strategic background of high quality integration in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), it is a feasible choice to build an inter-regional environmental collaborative governance system to improve the effectiveness of air pollution control in the region. This paper constructed an evaluation system of coupling degree of air pollution regulation from three dimensions: policy documents, implementation process and governance effect of environmental regulation, and then explored the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of coupling degree of air pollution regulation in 41 cities in the YRD from 2003 to 2019. On this basis, the cities in the YRD are divided into regional collaborative governance groups, and the synergy degree of air pollution control is measured respectively, thus the influencing factors of collaborative governance of air pollution in the YRD are explored. The results show that: (1) The coupling degree of air pollution regulation in all the cities shows the characteristics of agglomeration development, with Shanghai being the highest, followed by Zhejiang province and Jiangsu province, and Anhui province being the lowest, while the regional differences are narrowing. (2) The synergy degree of air pollution control in the YRD as a whole was low and showed a slow rising trend in the fluctuation, but the synergy degree of air pollution control remained at a high level after the division of regional collaborative governance groups. (3) The results of influencing factors analysis show that the differences in opening up, public transportation and greening construction between regions have significantly inhibitive effect on the collaborative governance of air pollution in the YRD, while the differences in economic growth and technological innovation have significantly positive effect.

2010年上海世界博览会提出“城市让生活更美好”。然而，当前对城乡居民幸福感的实证研究得出了不同的结论。本研究认为，城市并不必然会带来更美好的生活，而是更好的城市让生活更幸福。为此，本研究运用多层次线性回归模型，基于2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据对中国城乡居民的幸福感及其影响因素进行了分析。结果显示，中国城市居民的幸福感整体上高于乡村居民，这种差异主要源于城乡居民的生活水平、生活环境和生活节奏等方面的差异。因此，要实现“城市让生活更美好”的目标，需要在城市化的过程中不断提升城乡居民的获得感、推动城市住房政策改革、进一步加快城乡公共服务一体化进程、实现以家庭为单位的新型市民化模式以及推行更为健全的劳动政策。

In the Shanghai World Expo in 2010, it was proposed that "city makes life better". However, the empirical studies provide mixed and even dividing evidences. This paper argues that it is not city itself but better city that makes our lives more satisfied. Therefore, we investigate the patterns and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents based on the 2014 China Laborforce Dynamic Survey. It is shows that Chinese urbanites generally have higher level of life satisfaction than their rural counterparts. The results of multilevel regression model indicate that the urban-rural divide of life satisfaction in China mainly attributes to the differences in their living standards, residential environment and routine activities. Based on these findings, we suggest to improve the sense of gain for urban and rural residents, accelerate the integration of urban and rural public services, promote the reform of urban housing policies, explore the model of urbanization in the unit of family rather than individuals, and implement more sound labor policy in order to increase residents' life satisfaction in urban and rural China.

利用2015年中国40个城市大规模问卷调查数据，采用贝叶斯多层级有序分类响应模型探讨了PM_2.5污染对居民主观幸福感的影响，进而核算居民为减轻PM_2.5污染的支付意愿。研究发现：PM_2.5污染对主观幸福感具有显著的负向影响，PM_2.5污染每增加1个单位，主观幸福感将下降0.040个百分点；家庭月收入对主观幸福感具有显著的正向影响，家庭月收入每增加1个单位，主观幸福感将提升0.026个百分点。支付意愿不仅受到家庭收入水平的影响，还受到居民所处城市空气质量的影响；在承受PM_2.5污染的最初阶段，居民为改善空气质量的支付意愿最高。居民为改善空气质量愿意支付的金额平均为226元，占家庭月总收入的2.274%。

China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization are not necessarily accompanied by the corresponding improvement of living standards. As the largest developing country in the world, the rapid economic growth has been confronted with problems such as inadequate public services, soaring housing prices, environmental degradation and food safety, which have seriously restricted the happiness of Chinese urban residents. In recent years, PM2.5 pollution imposes serious impacts on the health and life quality of residents and restricts the improvement of urban residents’ happiness. Exploring the influential mechanism of air pollution on residents’ happiness and the economic value brought by the improvement environmental quality provide a scientific basis for the construction of livable cities in the new era. Based on the theoretical analysis framework of the impact of meso-and micro-scale air pollution on residents’ happiness and willingness to pay, we select 40 cities in China as the cases for empirical analysis. By employing the large-scale questionnaire survey data of 40 cities in 2015, this article adopts a Bayesian multi-level ordinal categorical response model to empirically explore the impact of PM2.5 pollution on residents’ subjective well-being, and evaluates residents’ willingness to pay to alleviate PM2.5 pollution by using happiness evaluation model. The empirical results are presented in the following aspects. First, PM2.5 pollution exerts a significant negative influence on residents’ subjective well-being, that is, the more serious the PM2.5 pollution is, the lower the residents’ subjective well-being. Specially, for every unit increase in the number of days of haze pollution, the subjective well-being of residents will significantly decrease by 0.040. Household monthly income has a significant positive impact on residents’ subjective well-being, meaning that the increase of household income is accompanied by the increase of residents’ happiness. For every unit increase in monthly household income, residents’ happiness will significantly increase by 0.026 percentage points. Second, willingness to pay is affected not only by household income level, but also by the air quality of the city where residents live. Third, residents in 40 cities were willing to pay 226 yuan, or 2.274 percent of their monthly income in order to improve air quality. Residents in Beijing were the most willing to pay 582 yuan to reduce PM2.5 pollution, accounting for 3.535 percent of their average monthly income. In addition, residents have the highest willingness to pay at the initial stage of reducing PM2.5 pollution and improving air quality. The conclusions of this article not only enriches the relevant research results of environmental pollution and residents’ happiness, but also provides an empirical basis for the policy making of environmental pollution improvement in Chinese cities.