城市发展中所关注的研究内容随城市所处的发展阶段和时代而变化。西方发达国家对城市舒适性的研究已经有长达70年的历史，而中国在这方面的研究开展甚少，并且对国外城市舒适性相关研究缺乏全面的认识。首先系统梳理了国外研究中关于城市舒适性的理论基础、概念、内涵，及其与人口迁移和城市发展的关系，并对研究方法进行了介绍；其次对国外城市舒适性研究进展进行了简要的评述和研究趋势展望，进而提出，从城市发展前瞻性的视角出发，有必要在中国深入开展城市舒适性研究，并对如何在中国城市规划设计、城市经济转型研究中借鉴城市舒适性研究理念和研究方法进行了分析。

Traditional theories of urban development have been outmoded in the era of globalization and knowledge economy, and urban amenities are now considered as a more and more important factor promoting urban growth. Urban amenities have become an increasingly hot topic in the western countries, to which the researchers in China seem to have not paid too much attention. This article aims at obtaining a comprehensive understanding of overseas research in the field of urban amenities, in order to provide references for urban amenity research in China. By collecting and analyzing related publications, this paper gives a systematically review of overseas research on urban amenities from several aspects: (1) the theoretical basis, including human demand theory, capital theory and sciences of human settlement; (2) concepts of urban amenities defined by different researches, and three types of urban amenities, i.e. natural amenities, modern amenities and social amenities; (3) urban amenities and amenity migration; (4) the influence of urban amenities on location decisions of talents, companies and urban growth; (5) commonly used research methods of urban amenities including survey, Hedonic price model and structure equation model. After that, the author makes comments on the current research progress and research trends. At the same time, comparisons between domestic and foreign researches on urban amenities are also discussed. The main conclusions from the review are as follows. (1) Quite a few of Western scholars have demonstrated that urban amenities work as an promoter to urban development through attracting talents and companies, whereas the concept of urban amenity has been studied just as a component of the livability of a city, which has not been closely related to urban development; (2) the focus of the scholars on urban amenities has changed from natural factors previously to modern elements now, such as restaurants, museums and bars, because a city, after all, is man-made; (3) the theory of urban amenities is more concerned with the needs of talent and the creative class, so it is a demand oriented developmental theory, which can not only help make a city successful in economic growth but also facilitate continuous urban development. With the influence of globalization, there is a strong necessity of carrying out studies on urban amenities in China from the three aspects: (1) it has been widely proved that urban amenities have a strong relation with urban growth, and China will lose more profit if we ignore it, especially for super cities as Beijing and Shanghai. With the rapid progress of urbanization and economic development in China, more people come to urban areas, so it is of great significance to take urban amenities into consideration in the process of making developmental strategies; (2) urban planning system can also benefit from urban amenity studies, since it is concerning people's needs; (3) the Twelfth Five-year Plan of China has proposed to speed up economic restructuring from traditional industries to high-tech industries. Considering that the developmental theory of urban amenities lies in attracting human capital and technical enterprises, it may very well provide guidance for the economic restructuring of the cities in China. Above all, from the perspective of both perfecting related research and promoting urban growth, the research of urban amenities in China is needed.

近年来,城市创新投入要素在长三角一体化进程中的作用不断增加。论文基于2010—2017年长三角地区各城市空间面板数据,利用空间计量模型与马尔可夫链等方法,测度创新投入要素的经济溢出效应并揭示长三角一体化背景下创新外溢对区域经济趋同格局的影响。结果表明：① 长三角地区城市创新投入和创新产出均对城市自身经济增长表现出显著的直接效应,创新投入的溢出效应显著且大于其直接效应,而创新产出的溢出效应不显著;② 受创新投入要素影响,长三角地区经济增长存在“俱乐部趋同”现象,但毗邻不同创新投入类型的城市对本地经济增长呈现出“高促进、低抑制”的态势;③ 长三角一体化经济格局呈现由中心区高水平趋同向外围低水平趋同转变的特征,且具有明显的空间转移惰性,创新投入外溢作用将加剧区域经济增长的“马太效应”;④ 经济增长类型转移的城市集中于省域边界,在局部溢出作用下表现出复杂的转移机理。基于创新局部外溢促进经济俱乐部趋同的分析结果,对长三角区域一体化发展提出针对性建议。

In recent years, urban innovation input feature has played an increasingly role in the economic integration process of the Yangtze River Delta. This study used the spatial econometric model and Markov chain to measure the economic spillover effects of innovation input feature based on the spatial panel data of cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2010 to 2017, and revealed the impact of innovation spillovers on the pattern of regional economic convergence under the economic integration of the Yangtze River Delta. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The innovation features and economic growth of the Yangtze River Delta show strong spatial agglomeration characteristics, the trend of Moran's I value of innovation input feature and economic growth are similar, and the Moran's I value of innovation output feature shows an unstable trend in time series. Both innovation input and output features have positive effects on economic growth. 2) From the global view, the innovation input feature has a significant spillover effect on regional economic growth, and the spillover effect of innovation input feature is greater than the direct effect, suggesting that innovation investment will affect the pattern of economic integration development of the Yangtze River Delta; while the spatial spillover effect of the innovation output feature is not significant. 3) From the local view, cities adjacent to higher levels of innovation input are positive for economic growth by local positive spillover, and cities adjacent to lower levels of innovation input are negative for economic growth by local negative spillover. Under the spillover effects of innovation input feature, the economic growth of the Yangtze River Delta region has formed a "club convergence" phenomenon, and the spatial pattern of the regional economic structure is changing from a high level convergence in the center of the Yangtze River Delta to a low level convergence in the periphery. 4) The cities with economic growth type transferred are mainly concentrated at the provincial boundaries, showing complex transfer mechanisms under the effect of local spillovers. The developed regions and the developing regions tend to be stable and have obvious inertia of spatial transfer, and the spillover effect of innovation will exacerbate the Matthew effect of economic growth in the Yangtze River Delta. Based on the results of the analysis that innovation spillovers promote club convergence of economic growth, this study proposed specific recommendations for the development of regional integration in the Yangtze River Delta.

Rural amenity migration, or the relocation for quality of life purposes as opposed to monetary enhancement, has been occurring for decades and has been particularly pronounced in the American West where the phenomenon peaked in the 1990s. Researchers have illustrated that some places are more attractive for migrants than others and that certain regional amenities hold considerable influence on where migrants relocate. Increased migration levels typically result in increased economic growth indicators, making amenity migration an attractive rural development strategy. But comprehensive econometric analysis focused on amenity migration in the American West has been lacking. To address this, we conducted an econometric analysis of attributes that influenced migration to rural Western counties from 1980 to 2010. Over 20 potential amenity supply categories were collated for 356 rural counties from 11 Western states, with a focus on public lands. Descriptive statistics and OLS regressions were estimated and interpreted. Traditional amenities of climate, water area, and regional access were highly associated with migration levels, while designated natural amenities of Wilderness and National Monuments were the most influential public lands for migration to rural Western counties. Farming and oil and gas dependency were negatively associated with migration levels. Increasing the amount of protected areas, and branding campaigns based on natural amenities, can be a critical development strategy for rural communities.

Our understanding of how markets and businesses operate was passed down to us more than a century ago by English economist Alfred Marshall. It is based on the assumption of diminishing returns: products or companies that get ahead in a market eventually run into limitations so that a predictable equilibrium of prices and market shares is reached. The theory was valid for the bulk-processing, smokestack economy of Marshall's day. But in this century, Western economies have gone from processing resources to processing information, from the application of raw energy to the application of ideas. The mechanisms that determine economic behavior have also shifted--from diminishing returns to increasing returns. Increasing returns are the tendency for that which is ahead to get further ahead and for that which is losing advantage to lose further advantage. If a product gets ahead, increasing returns can magnify the advantage, and the product can go on to lock in the market. Mechanisms of increasing returns exist alongside those of diminishing returns in all industries. But, in general, diminishing returns hold sway in the traditional, resource-processing industries. Increasing returns reign in the newer, knowledge-based industries. Modern economies have split into two interrelated worlds of business corresponding to the two types of returns. The two worlds have different economics. They differ in behavior, style, and culture. They call for different management techniques, strategies, and codes of government regulation. The author illuminates those differences by explaining how increasing returns operate in high tech and in service industries. He also offers advice to managers in knowledge-based markets.

乡村舒适性(rural amenity)是国外乡村研究的一个重要概念,但在国内学术界一直缺少关注。论文通过对国外乡村舒适性研究的系统梳理,回顾和总结了国外乡村舒适性的概念内涵和4个研究热点：乡村舒适性评价体系构建及其效应,乡村舒适性、逆城市化与乡村重构,乡村舒适性与乡村发展,舒适性移民特征及其影响。通过对乡村舒适性概念的理论思考,进一步比较了“舒适性”和“舒适物”的中文翻译、乡村舒适性与乡村绅士化概念,以及乡村舒适性与城市舒适性的具体特征。最后,探讨了乡村舒适性概念对中国乡村振兴研究的启示。论文强调,随着乡村振兴的持续推进,乡村生态环境和基础设施的不断改善,对中国情境下的乡村舒适性展开全面深入研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。

Rural amenity is a key concept in rural studies in western developed countries. However, it has drawn little attention from Chinese scholars, and very little work has been done to date in China's context. One plausible reason is that the longstanding urban-rural divide has left rural regions in China far behind the urban areas and thus lacks the quality to be considered amiable. However, with the recent development, especially under the current nationwide campaign on rural revitalization, rural areas in China has witnessed a rapid improvement of facilities and infrastructure, which has laid the foundation for examining rural amenity with Chinese characteristics. This study aimed to introduce the concept of rural amenity to the academia in China. Through a systematic literature review of existing studies on rural amenity published in international journals, the study aimed to stimulate discussions and debates on the concept from Chinese scholars. This article reviews and summarizes the definition, connotation, and characteristics of the concept adopted by international scholars. It then focuses on four major research areas on rural amenity: Rural amenity index and its impacts, rural amenity and counter-urbanization, rural amenity and rural development, and amenity migration. This article further discusses several issues related to the theoretical aspects of the concept, including comparison of urban amenity and rural amenity, comparison of rural amenity and rural gentrification, and translation of rural amenity/amenities into Chinese. Finally, this article concludes with four insights that can be drawn from understanding rural amenity in China: First, defining rural amenity in China based on traditional Chinese culture. Second, building rural attractiveness and competitiveness based on quality of place. Third, improving rural ecosystem and built environment based on the needs of a variety of dwellers. Fourth, exploring ways of co-development of rural amenity and rural industries with a focus on synergy. This article emphasizes that with continuous deepening of rural revitalization and improvement of rural ecological environment and infrastructure in China, it is of great theoretical and practical value to conduct comprehensive and in-depth research on rural amenity within the Chinese context.

舒适性在城市发展中的作用日益重要。基于城市舒适性内涵构建指标体系,利用均方差决策法测算中国286个地级城市的舒适性水平,并探讨其地域分异特征与影响因素。研究发现：中国城市舒适性总体上处于中等水平,但级差化特征明显;城市舒适性水平呈现明显的东中西地带性梯度,东部高,中西部低;集群化分布特征突出,京津冀、山东半岛、长三角和珠三角为高值集聚区,低和较低等级舒适性城市趋于中西部山区、省际边缘区集中分布,形成四个连片低值集聚区。地理区位通过自然环境的地带性分异和东中西经济梯度主导着中国城市舒适性水平的整体空间格局;经济发展水平对城市舒适性水平发挥着决定性作用,第三产业产值占比、旅游业接待量分别通过供给和需求作用于舒适性;公共部门就业人数对中国舒适性水平的影响为负,与预期方向不符,表明大城市公共服务供给仍相对不足。

With the coming of post-industrial society, the ability of cities to attract labors and population is of fundamental importance for achieving a successful local and regional economic development. The amenity plays a key role in the ability of cities to compete for labors and future residents. Based on the notion of urban amenity, we establish an indicator system, and use it to evaluate Chinese urban amenity in 2010 through the method of mean-squared deviation weight decision. In our study, the urban amenities are divided into five level, namely, the highest, higher, moderate, lower and lowest. Then, we analyze the features of spatial distribution of Chinese cities with different urban amenity levels. We use the stepwise linear multi-variation regression to identify the key factors driving urban amenity, and present their impact mechanism of the spatial disparity of urban amenity. The results show that the overall amenity of Chinese cities is at moderate level, and there is relative significant disparity among cities with different amenity levels. There exist evident territorial disparities across the eastern-central-western region, but they are not evident in north-south direction. The urban amenity in eastern region is higher than that of central and western regions, and the urban amenity of the central is higher than that of the western. We also find that the urban amenities present a remarkable feature of clustered distribution. The cities with the highest and higher amenity levels are mainly distributed in the urban agglomerations along Chinese eastern coastal zone. The cities with moderate level are mainly distributed around provincial capitals of the central region and the area away from provincial capitals of the eastern region, while the lower and lowest levels tend to be agglomerated in mountainous areas and provincial border-regions in the central and western regions. There form three big concentration areas with higher amenities, in particular, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and also three small concentration areas on the west coast of the Taiwan Straits, the Pearl River Delta and Kunming metropolitan region. While there also form three concentration areas with low level in mountainous areas in central and western regions. In addition, the results from the stepwise linear multi-variation regression show that the key factors affecting the spatial disparities of urban amenities cover the city location (descripted by the distance to Chinese coastline, and distance to the geographical line dividing China's south and north), per capita disposable income, scale of tourists, per capita GDP, proportion of productive value of service industry, and workers in public sectors. Generally speaking, the spatial pattern of urban amenity level is dominated by geographical location through the horizontal zonality disparity of natural environment and east-west gradient of economic development, which is also influenced by amenity demand and supply determined by urban economic development.

随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。

With the transformation of urban economy to new knowledge economy, urban amenities are considered as one of the most important factors influencing the flow of high-end talents and urban economic growth. Based on previous research of urban amenities at home and abroad, in addition to the consideration of the access to data, the article develops an indicator system for the assessment of urban amenities in China. This system includes 6 categories of urban amenities and 34 indicators. On the basis of the amenity indicator system, the research gives the evaluation on the development level of urban amenities of 26 major cities in China. It finds out that: (1) The four cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen rank top four in overall amenity level among the 26 cities; (2) Business amenity, transportation and speed are most important decisive factors that have impact on overall urban amenity level. Compared to Western developed countries, at the current stage Chinese big cities are paying more attention to the "built/material environment" of the city rather than "soft" ones, such as natural environment and social amenities; (3) Because there exists a gap in overall level of urban amenities among 26 Chinese major cities, there are both similarities and differences in their respective development model in terms of interior urban amenities composition and structure. The developed urban-amenity indicator system and its empirical research among the 26 Chinese major cities in this paper can help to understand the disparity in urban amenities development level in different cities. Urban amenity index can be further used for other urban development variables, such as economic development level and talent flow.

城市舒适性已经日益成为城市发展的新动力及其综合竞争力评估的新视角。基于国外城市舒适性内涵、需求理论及中西社会经济发展与文化差异,对中国城市舒适性概念框架及空间格局分异进行探索性实证研究。研究表明：① 在分类舒适性中,南部沿海地区的城市健康环境等级最高,自我发展环境以经济基础较好城市为优,休闲环境等级从东部、西部到中部依次降低,社会氛围环境与自我发展环境在空间格局上呈现较高的相似性;② 综合城市舒适性从东部沿海到西部内陆逐渐降低,舒适性最高两个等级所涵盖城市主要分布在东部沿海,包括北京、深圳、上海、南京、广州、厦门和海口,此外,武汉和西安分别是中部和西部舒适度最高的城市;③ 综合城市舒适性水平与净迁移人口之间呈高度相关,其与城市迁入人才之间的相关性更为显著,表明城市舒适性对人才具有特别的吸引力。因此,如何从城市舒适性视角摸索出一套更具针对性和操作性的中国城市竞争力评估体系,对未来中国新型城镇化下城市综合竞争力的打造至关重要。

Theories on sustainable urban development keep changing with socioeconomic changes. In recent years, urban amenity has been increasingly regarded as a new urban development approach and received wide attention in West, while only few studies have been conducted in this field in China. Taking reference from existing researches in West, this article aims at filling this gap by building a customized conceptual framework based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs to fit Chinese urban development situation and help the country to improve its urban competitiveness by adopting urban amenity as a new strategy in the context of new urbanization pursuit. Based on a theoretical framework and a comprehensive index system, the article carefully evaluates the urban amenity of major cities in China, and analyzes the correlation between urban amenity and net migration as well as talents migration. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) For the four sub-categories of urban amenity, the health environment in southern cities is better than that in northern ones, and cities with high level of self-realization environment are mainly with good economic base. Little surprisingly, the recreation environment level of central China is the lowest among the three regions in the country. And the spatial layout of social atmosphere is similar with that of self-realization environment, indicating that they might have a reciprocal causation relationship; (2) The level of overall urban amenity decreases from eastern coastal region to western inland region, and cities in the highest two levels are mainly located along eastern coastal China, including Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Xiamen and Haikou. The overall urban amenity performance of Wuhan and Xi'an are the highest in central and western China respectively; (3) While there is a strong correlation between urban amenity and in-migration in general, the correlation between urban amenity and talent in-migration is stronger. Based on analyses and the findings, this article puts forward two policy implications: (I) The excessive concentration of population in big cities in China is largely the consequence of high concentration of urban amenities in these cities, therefore only through relocation and construction of high level public services in medium- and small-sized cities along with their industrial restructuring could it alleviate the overcrowding in those megacities like Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen; (II) Given urban amenity is critic for attracting talent, medium and small sized cities should pay more attention to consistently improving their urban amenity facilities and management, which will help them to enhance their innovation capacity and overall competitiveness in gaining high share of development in China's recent process of economic transformation from traditional industrial to innovative and knowledge-oriented economy.

基于中国2010年人口普查资料和社会经济统计等数据，采用空间分析方法探讨中国300个城市高学历劳动力的空间分布特征，并基于负二项回归模型识别其影响因素。研究表明：1）中国城市高学历劳动力规模呈现级差化分异特征，其位序-规模分布符合幂函数特征，在空间上呈现集聚分布和东中西地带性分异的格局；东部沿海地区、辽中南半岛、哈长城市群及内陆省会城市是主要分布地。2）从高学历劳动力占总就业的比例看，北方资源型城市及东部沿海城市群高学历劳动力优势突出，中部和西南地区存在明显“凹陷”；从高学历劳动力和总就业劳动力耦合的结果看，相对占优型和绝对占优型两类城市主要分布在内蒙古和东北的工业城市、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、珠三角城市群及内地省会城市。3）实证结果表明，高学历劳动力的空间格局受城市舒适物、经济机会及城市规模带来的集聚效应共同影响。从全国层面看，经济机会、城市规模、房价主导高学历劳动力的空间格局，凉爽的夏季气候、优质中学教育资源、游憩及交通资源对其也有重要影响作用。4）在不同规模等级的城市中，高学历劳动力的空间分布均受到经济机会和舒适物的影响，但舒适物因子在各类型城市中发挥的作用差异较大。

A highly educated workforce is an important driving factor for urban innovation and development. A better understanding of spatial patterns and location determinants of highly educated workers is valuable for designing policies to attract them. The existing literature has investigated the impacts of economic variables and urban amenities on the patterns of highly educated workers. However, the relationship between urban amenities and highly educated workers needs to be investigated further. Moreover, few studies have examined the impact of urban size on the agglomeration of highly educated workers. Thus, this study employed a spatial analysis method to examine the pattern of highly educated workers across 300 cities in China, based on 2010 census data. We used a negative binomial regression model to identify the determinants of highly educated workers' locations. The results are numerous. First, the size of highly educated workers varied greatly among cities of different ranks, and its rank-size distribution was consistent with power function characteristics. It was characterized by spatial convergence and zonal differentiation from East to West. Highly educated workers were distributed mostly across the eastern coastal area, the central-southern area of Liaoning peninsula, the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration, and in inland provincial capitals. Second, the share of highly educated workers in total employment in the resource-dependent cities of north China and eastern coastal urban agglomeration was significantly higher, while it was obviously low in central and southwest China. Comparing the rank-size distribution characteristics of highly educated workers along with their total employment, the cities with rich attractions for highly educated workers were mainly located in Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and inland provincial capitals. Third, the estimated results show that the spatial pattern of highly educated workers was affected by urban amenities, economic opportunities, and the agglomeration effect. At the national level, economic opportunities, city size, and housing prices dominated the spatial pattern of highly educated workers, while the cool summer climate, high quality education resources, and recreation and transportation resources also played important roles. Fourth, the distribution of highly educated labors was affected by both economic opportunities and amenities, but the role of amenities was quite different in different size-ranked cities. The main amenity factors for the disparities of highly educated workers in large cities were found to be those of temperature in January and July, high-quality early childhood education resources, recreation resources, and traffic conditions. For the medium-sized cities, the dominant amenities included high-quality primary and secondary education resources and cultural and artistic services. Regarding the disparities of highly educated workers among small cities, the main contributing amenity factors were high-quality preschool and middle-school education resources, high-quality medical resources, recreation resources, and air quality. This study supports previous opinion that the amenities contribute to attracting talent. It also reveals the role of the agglomeration effect in the spatial distribution of the highly educated labors, which enriches our understanding for the location choice of highly educated workers in economic geography. This study enlightens us in the sense that the policies to attract talent should not only take labor market into account but also work to improve the amenities that such people work in.

自2017年以来,“人才争夺战”如火如荼,城市步入以人才为核心要素的高维竞争阶段。作为人才争夺战的主要目标和人力资本的重要承载者,本文聚焦中国“一流大学”毕业生,基于2018年《毕业生就业质量报告》,运用Cartogram地图呈现了毕业生的空间流动特征,并梳理政府人才政策文件构建了人才政策评价指标体系,运用有向迁移模型剖析毕业生流动的影响因素。结果表明：① 就学地存在粘滞性,但区域差异显著,毕业生向一线城市集聚。② 城市吸引力水平分异明显,部分城市通过发布人才政策以补充地方经济、舒适性吸引力的不足。③ 经济维度要素与城市舒适性均能有效吸引毕业生流入,较高房价收入比会引发“挤出效应”。人才政策中,落户政策对毕业生流入起激励作用。

Human capital is the key driver of urban innovation and development. In 2017, the "vying for talent" competition was initiated by some second-tier cities, since then cities have been competing each other fiercely for recruiting and retaining talent. This paper focuses on China′s "first-class" university graduates, who are regarded as the main target of the "vying for talent" competition and an important carrier of human capital. Based on 2018 Graduate Employment Reports, this paper demonstrates the spatial mobility of graduates using Cartogram. In addition, an evaluation system for assessing talent policy is constructed through analyses of the talent policies issued by different cities. With a directional migration model, the determinants of graduate mobility are explored. The results reveal that there are significant regional disparities in retention rates, with the geographical patterns of the Y-shaped low-value areas in the northeastern, northwestern, and central regions, and the U-shaped high-value areas covering east coast to southwest. Graduates have been accumulating spatially, and the T-shaped cluster along east coast and the Yangtze River Economic Belt has formed. The spatial patterns of "neighborhood interaction" and "long-distance unidirectional flow" are presented between the city of university and the city of employment. Moreover, the differences in city attractiveness are remarkable. First-tier cities are preferred by graduates, even though limited talent policies have been implemented there. Some second-tier cities have issued talent policies to make up for the lack of attractiveness in economy and amenities. The findings suggest that economic factors, such as income level and technological innovation, as well as amenities including natural and cultural environment, educational resources, and public transportation are positively associated with the volume of graduates inflow. It has been found that a higher ratio of house price to income has squeezed out university graduates. With regard to talent policies, only relaxed hukou policy has a strong effect on attracting graduates, whereas the effects of housing and employment policies are relatively limited. However, it needs to be noted that talent policies may take a longer time to show effects, which requires follow-up investigation. In addition, heterogeneity at the individual level in terms of place of origin, major, etc. should be explored in the future studies.

城市公园绿地(UPGS)是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,良好的UPGS可达性可促进城市宜居、提高居民福祉。进入新时代,在建设“生态文明”和“人民城市”的背景下,关注中国大城市UPGS可达性的公平性问题意义重大。论文以武汉市中心城区为研究区域,从供给、需求2个方面综合测度可达性,从局部、整体角度评估了UPGS可达性的空间特征,并进一步探究了可达性与居民社会经济条件之间的关系,以此探讨社会公平性。研究发现： ① 区域型、全市型和综合型UPGS可达性空间分布优于社区型UPGS可达性空间分布;② UPGS的总体可达性在中心城区呈现“核心—边缘”逐渐递减的空间形态,UPGS数量多、密度大的区域的社区具有更高的可达性水平; ③ UPGS可达性与居民社会经济条件之间存在空间正相关关系,房价较高的社区,居民的UPGS可达性也较高,UPGS可达性反映的社会不平等现象明显。建议未来应重视更加精细化的UPGS布局优化和调控,不同区域和社会群体需求采取选择性策略,落实精准施策。论文弥补了现有研究的不足,应用大数据和新技术优化指标数据源,采用UPGS面积、生态系统服务价值、游憩设施和安全条件等指标精细化测度公园品质,并考虑了多种交通模式、实时路况以及不同年龄群体的选择偏好等因素,综合测度可达性,创新了研究方法;从城市经济结构视角出发,从房价入手探讨UPGS的公平性问题,拓展了已有分析框架,为中国大城市的基础设施布局和空间资源配置提供了支撑。

Urban park green space (UPGS) is an important part of the urban ecosystem. Good accessibility of UPGS can promote urban livability and improve residents' well-being. It is important to evaluate the fairness of UPGS accessibility. Taking the central city of Wuhan as a study case and 2020 as the research time period, this study measured the accessibility from the supply and demand aspects, evaluated the spatial characteristics of the accessibility of UPGS from both the local and global perspectives, and further explored the relationship between accessibility and residents' social and economic conditions, in order to explore its social equity. Our findings include: 1) The spatial distribution of accessibility of regional, city, and comprehensive level UPGS is better than that of community level UPGS. 2) The spatial pattern of the overall accessibility of UPGS in the central city area of Wuhan gradually decreases from the core to the periphery. The communities with more UPGS and higher UPGS density show a higher level of accessibility. 3) There is a positive spatial correlation between UPGS accessibility and residents' socioeconomic conditions. The communities with higher housing prices also have higher UPGS accessibility. Thereby we identified marked social inequality in terms of the UPGS accessibility for Wuhan. It is recommended that in the future we should be further concerned with the optimization and regulation of the layout of UPGS with more nuance. While implementing the universal strategies, we should adopt targeted strategies and implement precise policies for the needs of different regions and different social groups. This study contributes to the literature in several ways. Using multi-source data and new technology to optimize indicators and data sources, the quality of parks was measured from UPGS area, ecosystem service value (ESV), recreation facilities, and safety conditions and various traffic patterns, real-time conditions, and selection preferences of different age groups, and so on were considered. At the same time, this study paid attention to the social inequality of accessibility, which enriches the empirical content and case materials and provides a scientific basis for the layout of urban infrastructure and the practice of environmental justice.

改革开放40 a来，中国的城市规划、建设和管理水平发生了质的改变，但快速城镇化所引发的城市问题日益突出。城市体检概念应运而生，并逐渐从国家战略落实到城市高质量发展的具体实践中。在梳理和解析城市体检背景及其作用的基础上，详细阐述城市体检指标设计的逻辑框架，梳理城市体检各指标间的关系，辨析不同尺度间城市体检的异同，提出中国城市体检的方法，旨在对中国城市体检提供理论依据。

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the urban planning, construction and management in China has undergone qualitative changes, but the urban problems caused by rapid urbanization are still increasingly prominent. The concept of urban physical examination arises at the historic moment and is gradually implemented from the national strategy to the concrete practice of urban high-quality development. On the basis of sorting out and analyzing the background and function of urban physical examination. This article starts from the core connotation of high-quality urban development in China, which is eco-livable, distinctive, diverse and inclusive, innovative, healthy and comfortable, safe and resilient, convenient transportation, clean and orderly. We design the index logical framework of urban physical examination from the above eight aspects and sorts out the relationship among various indicators of urban physical examination. Urban physical examination must be a ‘global physical examination’ rather than a ‘department physical examination’, so the urban physical examination has the dual function of ‘examination of general planning’ and ‘physical examination of a city’. The article points out that we should adopt the trinity of physical examination, third party physical examination and social satisfaction survey, and apply the closed-loop mode of ‘evaluation-feedback-governance’. It also analyzes the similarities and differences of urban physical examination in different scales, proposes the methods of urban physical examination in China. This article aims to provide theoretical guidance for urban physical examination in China and provide a research framework and scientific support for future urban physical examination research topics