地理科学进展, 2022, 41(12): 2191-2202 doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.12.001

研究论文

中国城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响机制研究

杨一鸣,1, 王健,1,*, 吴群1,2

1.南京农业大学公共管理学院,南京 210095

2.南京农业大学不动产研究中心,南京 210095

Mechanism of influence of element flow on urban-rural integrated development in China

YANG Yiming,1, WANG Jian,1,*, WU Qun1,2

1. School of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

2. Real Estate Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

通讯作者: 王健(1989— ),男,河北玉田人,博士,博士后,主要研究方向为土地经济与城乡发展。E-mail: tswj0119@163.com

收稿日期: 2022-05-24   修回日期: 2022-07-18  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(42071247)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2021M691608)
江苏省教育厅高校哲学社会科学基金项目(2021SJA0063)
南京农业大学中央高校基本科研业务费人文社科基金项目(SKYC2021005)

Received: 2022-05-24   Revised: 2022-07-18  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071247)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M691608)
The Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education(2021SJA0063)
Humanities and Social Science Fund Project for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities of Nanjing Agricultural University(SKYC2021005)

作者简介 About authors

杨一鸣(1998— ),男,河南栾川人,硕士生,主要研究方向为土地经济与管理。E-mail: ymyang@stu.njau.edu.cn

摘要

城乡要素流动贯穿城乡发展全过程,是构建城乡能否实现融合发展的核心,探究城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的作用机制,能够为城乡融合发展破局提供科学指导。论文基于TOPSIS模型对全国292个城市的城乡融合发展水平进行评价,采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归(GWR)模型探究城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合的影响机制。研究结果表明:① 中国城市层面的城乡融合发展水平存在较大空间分异特征,达到深度融合水平的多为经济发达城市。相较而言,东部地区的城乡融合发展最为平衡。② 全局上看,土地要素与人才要素的流动对城乡融合发展的影响最为显著,且两者驱动作用为负;局部上看,各城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响具有明显的地域差异性。③ 土地要素流失使乡村失去了生产要素和发展空间,而人才要素无有效路径回流至乡村,使其限制了城乡融合;政府投资促进实体要素集聚并降低要素流动成本,城乡产业实现分工协作、功能互补,信息要素有效流动降低其他实体要素配置成本并提高配置效率,这益于城乡融合。

关键词: 要素流动; 城乡实体要素; 城乡关系; 城乡融合发展

Abstract

The flow of urban and rural elements runs through the entire process of urban and rural development and is the core of achieving urban and rural integration. Exploring the mechanism of influence of urban-rural element flow on urban-rural integrated development can provide a scientific guidance for breaking the plight of urban-rural integrated development. Based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model, this study evaluated the development level of urban-rural integration in 292 cities across China, and used the ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models to explore the impact mechanism of urban-rural element flow on urban-rural integration. The results show that: 1) There are large spatial differences in the level of urban-rural integrated development at the city level in China. Most of the cities that have reached the level of deep urban-rural integration are economically developed. In general, the eastern region has the most balanced urban-rural integration. 2) Overall, the flow of land elements and population elements has the most significant impact on the urban-rural integrated development, and the driving effects of the two are negative. Locally, the influence of the flow of various urban-rural elements on the urban-rural integrated development has obvious regional differences. 3) The loss of land elements of the countryside causes loss of production elements and development space in these areas, and the lost talents have no effective way to return to the countryside, which limits urban-rural integrated development. Government investment promotes the agglomeration of elements and reduces the cost of element flow, urban and rural industries achieve division of labor and complement each other in functions, and the effective flow of information elements reduces allocation costs and improves allocation efficiency of other elements, which are beneficial to urban-rural integration.

Keywords: element flow; urban-rural elements; urban-rural relationship; urban-rural integrated development

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本文引用格式

杨一鸣, 王健, 吴群. 中国城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响机制研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(12): 2191-2202 doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.12.001

YANG Yiming, WANG Jian, WU Qun. Mechanism of influence of element flow on urban-rural integrated development in China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2022, 41(12): 2191-2202 doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.12.001

新中国成立初期,为实现城市工业化的原始积累,实施“以农支工、以乡支城”的城乡发展道路,导致了城乡二元结构的形成,也使得城乡关系走向分离[1]。乡村发展不充分、城乡发展不平衡是中国社会经济发展不充分不平衡的集中体现,因此推动城乡融合发展是破除不充分不平衡发展的必由之路。党的十六大和十七大分别提出“统筹城乡经济社会发展”和“城乡经济社会发展一体化”;十九大提出要“建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制和政策体系”;十九届五中全会提出“形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系”。近年来,在党中央的重视下,虽然各级政府密集出台文件、积极探索缩小城乡差距的路径,但是推动城乡融合发展工作仍然存在诸多问题。城乡融合发展的本质是在城乡要素自由流动、平等共享以及优化组合基础上的城乡协调和一体化发展[2-4],但目前城乡要素流通不顺畅、交换存在壁垒等问题依然突出。如何突破城乡要素流动限制,促进城乡要素融合互动是新时代重塑城乡关系、走城乡融合发展之路的当务之急[5]

城乡要素流动贯穿城乡发展全过程,是构建城乡发展关系的核心[6]。在理论研究方面,现有文献定性开展要素流动与城乡融合发展关系的研究较多,在中国快速推进城市工业化时期,大量要素“乡—城”单向流动,导致了乡村的衰落[7],这种发展要素配置的不对等是城乡发展不平衡和城乡关系矛盾的重要原因[8]。城乡要素流动障碍表现为流动不顺畅、流向不合理、分配不公平、市场化不均衡,其原因在于历史惯性使然、社会二元结构分割等[9],但是城乡要素错配反过来也在阻碍城乡二元结构的优化[10],不加干预将有恶性循环的态势。因此,城乡融合发展关键是要打破现有城乡地域系统中要素流动、结构融通和功能互通的系统性障碍[8],充分发挥市场经济体制的作用并与政府有效引导相结合[11],辅以各项政策的协调配套机制,保障城乡要素双向流动,特别要引导生产要素向乡村流动。在定量研究方面,现有研究指出先进要素由城入乡,可以缩小城乡差距[7],而城乡要素错配制约城乡融合发展[5],还分析了人、物、资金、信息、技术、公共资源等具体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响[12-13]。现有文献为本研究奠定了良好的理论基础,但定量研究相对不足,且针对全国尺度的城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的具体作用路径及空间分异性特征鲜有研究。

鉴于此,本文借用要素流动理论框架对城乡融合发展困境进行科学剖析,揭示城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合的影响机制。先采用TOPSIS模型对全国城市层面的城乡融合发展水平进行评价,后采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归(GWR)模型实证检验城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合作用效果及影响路径,以期在要素流动视角下为城乡融合发展困境提供破局之策,为城乡互促共进、协同发展的全面推进提供理论借鉴。本文可能存在的创新有:第一,基于要素流动理论归纳了城乡实体要素梗阻城乡融合发展的内部机理;第二,采用GWR模型揭示了城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展作用效果的空间分异特征;第三,依据实证结果梳理了各城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的差异性影响机制。

1 理论分析

1.1 理论基础:要素流动理论

在没有强力干预的环境中,经济地域系统间能实现要素的双向流动和平等交换,此时要素配置处于最优状态。当地区具备高效率的要素循环时,地区的既有比较优势影响会减小[14],区域间差距不会放大。同时,地区间要素的自由充分流动能有效缓解区域间发展的不平衡[15],增强地区融合发展效应。在缺少政策约束和制度限制时,地方政府常运用行政力量改变市场配置要素的结构[16],扭曲要素之间的比价关系,进而引起要素错配[17](要素错配是对理想经济体中最优配置状态的偏离[18])。要素间普遍存在互补性,单要素的错配也会阻碍其他要素的流动与集聚,进一步造成要素宏观配置效率的损失[19]。短期内通过错配行为可形成规模经济,但长此以往边际效益逐步递减,而且要素流动的扩散效应极其有限,如果劣势地区不能吸收和消化优势地区的扩散,反而会形成回流效应,加剧两极分化[13]。简言之,要素流动不畅会导致要素配置效率低下,造成区域间发展不对等,拉大区域之间的鸿沟。

1.2 要素流动理论在城乡融合发展中的表征

本节刻画了要素流动理论在中国城乡要素流动与配置失衡现象中的具体表征。城市和乡村是功能互补、相互依存的有机整体,因而城乡之间的要素流动和再分配是必然的,要素流动决定城乡发展结构,最终影响城乡关系的演化[3,20]。过去的城乡发展观以城市为本位,重工轻农、重城轻乡,令城市表现出极大的虹吸效应和集聚效应,使乡村的大量要素流入城市,而城市对乡村的要素辐射和扩散效应微弱,要素流动呈现明显的单向不均衡发展态势[7]。长期实施的“城市偏向”政策,使城乡要素市场呈现二元特征,要素价格产生严重扭曲,这导致城乡要素得不到合理配置,要素错配状况不断交叉恶化,进而使城乡融合发展效果不显著。简言之,在中国推动城镇化过程中,城乡要素多由乡村向城市单向流动,加剧了要素市场的城乡分化,令要素的比价关系朝着不利于乡村的方向发展,而要素的扭曲错配使其达不到最优配置[1,21]。要素流动影响城乡融合发展是外生冲击内生化的进程,只有城乡要素能够自由流动、平等交换并在完善市场机制和政策调控下得到最优的时空配置,才意味着城乡融合发展达到了平衡状态[3]

1.3 城乡融合的外化表现

城乡融合发展是实现城乡一体化的空间组织过程和状态,主要通过促进要素在城乡之间的有序流动和优化配置来建构城乡相互作用秩序与社会经济生态空间联系[22]。城乡融合的外化表现是城乡在社会、经济、空间和生态等维度达到动态均衡,实现城乡等值化的目标,做到“不同类但等值”,即承认城乡内涵、形态存在客观差异的前提下,依靠城乡要素有序、合理、高效配置,使城乡社会经济环境相仿以及城乡居民生活质量趋同[7,23]。在保持城乡各自比较优势的基础上,重新定位城市和乡村在空间生产中的共同主体地位,加快乡村发展,实现社会服务均等、经济协调共进、空间发展均衡和生态环境共享的多维等值化重构[24]。因此,城乡融合系统是包含社会融合、经济融合、生态融合和空间融合的复杂动态系统。其中,社会融合强调城乡公共服务(文化教育、医疗卫生、社会保障等)均等化[2];经济融合是城乡生产要素边际报酬趋于均等,劳动生产率趋于协同[25];空间融合指畅通要素流动渠道,有效降低要素流动的摩擦成本,实现要素在城乡间的平等使用;生态融合即城乡生态环境共治共享,区域环境质量整体改善和提高。只有城乡社会、经济、空间、生态达到多维双向融合,才意味着城乡关系由对立的低质区转为融合的高质区[26]

2 数据与方法

2.1 研究对象与数据说明

本文以中国292个城市(含地级市、省会城市、计划单列市、直辖市)作为研究对象,不包括港澳台地区以及东莞市、中山市、儋州市、嘉峪关市和三沙市(前4者为不设区市,城乡边界模糊,三沙市为较晚(2012年)设立市且绝大部分为海域,数据不易获取)。本文采用2019年292个城市的截面数据进行分析,数据来源于《中国城市统计年鉴》《中国城市建设统计年鉴》,相关省市的统计年鉴和国民经济与社会发展统计公报作为补充,少数缺失数据(如西藏部分城市的公路客运量)以线性或均值插补法以及时间序列预测法进行填补。

2.2 城乡融合发展水平评价

2.2.1 评价指标体系

城乡融合发展评价是对城乡融合发展水平进行科学测度和评定,也是对城乡发展问题由定性分析向定量分析研究的转变[27],不仅有助于认识城乡关系,还有助于开展驱动力分析与作用机制研究。上文分析到,城乡融合是包含多维融合的复杂系统,是多维城乡关系重构和协同作用的结果,具有多目标导向的特征。因此选取社会融合、经济融合、空间融合和生态融合作为城乡融合评价的主要维度,其中社会融合是重点、经济融合是根本、空间融合是支撑、生态融合是基础。城乡社会融合注重城乡居民享受均等化的公共服务,故该维度从教育、医疗和社会保障3个方面选取指标进行衡量;城乡经济融合强调城乡劳动生产率和边际报酬趋同并实现经济互促,因此该维度从居民收支水平、经济发展程度角度选取指标开展评价;城乡空间融合注重畅通要素流通渠道、降低流动摩擦成本,所以该维度从交通运载能力和基础设施建设方面选取指标进行测度;城乡生态融合强调生态环境协同治理和全面共享、区域环境质量整体提升,因而该维度从绿地建设、环境治理视角选取指标进行评估。此外,值得指出的是,上述评价指标可以分为状态类和对比类[28-29],考虑到状态类指标仅表征地区综合发展水平,若地区发展水平高但城乡鸿沟巨大,则并不意味着城乡融合发展程度深,因此需增加对比类指标以反映城乡发展差异,通过对“等值化”的考量以弥补仅观察状态类指标而忽视城乡子系统间差距的弊端(表1)。

表1   中国城乡融合发展水平评价指标

Tab.1  Evaluation index of China's urban-rural integrated development level

目标层准则层因素层指标含义或算法指标类型
城乡融合
发展水平
社会融合城乡人均中、小学数量对比(x1)城市人均中、小学数量/农村人均中、小学数量对比类
城乡人均医院数量对比(x2)城市人均医院数量/乡村人均医院数量对比类
“社保三险”覆盖水平(x3)养老、医疗、失业保险参保总人数/地区总人数状态类
经济融合城乡人均可支配收入对比(x4)城市人均可支配收入/乡村人均可支配收入对比类
GDP增长率(x5)全市地区生产总值增长率状态类
城乡居民储蓄对比(x6)城市居民储蓄/乡村居民储蓄对比类
空间融合地区交通客运能力(x7)水运、公路、民航客运量总和/地区总人数状态类
地区路网密度(x8)道路长度/行政区域面积状态类
生态融合人均绿地面积(x9)地区绿地面积/地区总人数状态类
生活垃圾无害化处理水平(x10)生活垃圾无害化处理量/生活垃圾处理量状态类

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2.2.2 评价方法

本文基于TOPSIS模型对城乡融合发展水平进行测度,该方法的主体思路是通过度量样本与最优解和最劣解的加权欧氏距离判断与理想解的接近程度,对样本进行优劣排序[30-31]。具体步骤为:

首先,将原始数据进行标准化,并用矩阵X表示为:

X=xijn×m

式中:xij为第i个样本的第j个指标;n为样本数;m为指标个数。

其次,通过熵权法确定权重W后,构建规范化决策矩阵V

V=X×W

然后,由V中各指标的最大、最小值构成的最理想与最不理想的数集分别记为:

V+=Vmax1,Vmax2,,Vmax m
V-=Vmin1,Vmin2,,Vmin m

式中:V+为正理想解;V-为负理想解;Vmax mVmin m分别为第m个指标中的最大值和最小值。

接着,计算各样本与正理想解和负理想解的欧氏距离,其公式为:

Di+=j=1mVmaxj-Vij2
Di-=j=1mVij-Vminj2

式中:Di+Di-为第i个样本与正理想解、负理想解的距离。Di+越大表示越远离正理想解,而Di-越大表示越远离负理想解。

最后,计算各样本与理想解的接近程度,其公式为:

Ci=Di-/Di++Di-

式中:Ci值为第i个样本与理想解的接近程度,Ci0,1,其值越接近1说明城乡融合发展水平越高,反之说明城乡融合发展水平越低。

2.3 驱动机制分析模型

2.3.1 变量选取

城乡要素流动及其配置是城乡融合发展的内在动力,对城乡融合发展的进程和外化特征具有决定性影响。城乡要素指对城市和乡村社会、经济、空间、生态发展有显著作用的关键因素,主要包括土地、人才、资金、产业、信息要素(依据《中共中央国务院关于建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制和政策体系的意见》)。与制度、文化、观念、思想等非实体要素不同,土地、人才、资金、产业、信息要素属于城乡实体要素[32]。实体要素流动对城乡融合发展具有关键性作用,而且城乡非实体要素流动难以度量,因此解释变量从这5类城乡实体要素层面上选取:① 土地要素流动。土地是社会生产的基本要素和空间载体,其他城乡要素需土地要素支撑或与其结合才能发挥最大效用,因而土地要素合理流动与否决定着城乡融合发展的程度。现阶段土地要素流动主要指农用地向非农用地的转移,因此采用工商用地面积比重(Lnd)表示。② 人才要素流动。人才要素是社会经济发展中的第一要素,同时人才要素流动在一定程度上还代表着知识、理念、技术、管理模式的流动,因此城乡融合发展需要人才要素实现合理流动。但人才的标准不易衡量,且人才流动难以衡量,故用人口城镇化水平(Ppl)表征人才要素流动。③ 资金要素流动。资金要素的有效流动能够撬动政府、社会等多方力量来消减要素流动成本并畅通要素流通渠道,同时能充分发挥经济扩散效应和示范效应,最终为城乡多维融合助力。社会资金的流动如社会投资数据难以获取,因此采用政府投资即市政建设固定资产投资(Cap)表示。④ 产业要素流动。城乡融合的内在要求是实现城乡劳动率和报酬率趋同以及经济互促,这需要城乡产业实现合理流动及因地制宜发展,从而形成分工协作和功能互补的产业结构。通过城乡非农产业值比(Indus)反映城乡产业结构差异,以此反映产业要素的流动程度。⑤ 信息要素流动。信息要素的流动可以打破传统地理空间的限制,扭转城乡要素空间分布不均衡的态势,促进城乡间广泛及深入交流,从而促进多维融合,故采用电信业务收入(Info)的高低表示信息要素的流动状态。被解释变量是城乡融合发展水平,用上文测算出的Ci值表示。

2.3.2 模型构建

首先,采用OLS进行初步回归分析,确定全国尺度上对城乡融合发展起显著作用的要素变量。其次,采用GWR[33-34]进行局部回归,GWR的优点是引入了空间权重矩阵,在全局估计的基础上进行局部参数估计,能够对空间非平稳性数据进行较好估计,可以展示空间结构分异[35],模型中使用赤池信息准则(AIC)求得最优带宽,GWR的模型表达为:

yp=β0(μp,νp)+q=15βq(μp,νp)xpq+εp

式中:yp为第p个地理单元的城乡融合发展水平;(μpvp)为第p个地理单元的空间坐标;β0(μpvp)为回归方程的截距;βq(μpvp)是第p个地理单元上第q个解释变量的回归系数;xpq为第p个地理单元的第q个解释变量;εp为回归残差。

3 结果与分析

3.1 城乡融合发展水平评价结果

借助ArcGIS中的自然间断点分级法,将城市层面的城乡融合发展水平划分为5类。从空间分布和集聚特征来看,中国地级以上城市城乡融合发展水平存在较大空间分异特征,初步、低度融合区域集中连片,在全国多数地区均有分布,高、深度融合区域零星点缀,且基本集聚于京津冀、长三角和珠三角城市群(图1),可见城市群的深入推进与城镇化布局优化和城乡协同发展相辅相成,以上结果与方创琳等[36]的“城市群本身就是城乡融合体”的观点相符。

图1

图1   中国城乡融合发展水平空间分布

注:本图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2019)1837号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。下同。

Fig.1   Spatial distribution of China's urban-rural integrated development level


城乡初步融合、低度融合、中度融合、高度融合、深度融合各融合层次包含的城市数量分别为169、86、22、9、6个,呈逐级递减的趋势。其中达到城乡深度及高度融合的城市亦为城乡融合发展水平前15名的城市,依次为新余市、深圳市、厦门市、广州市、贵阳市、珠海市、南京市、海口市、苏州市、上海市、北京市、无锡市、舟山市、酒泉市、天津市,这些城市多为直辖市、计划单列市、省会城市、万亿城市等特殊城市,但也不乏中西部的欠发达城市。由此可见,城乡融合发展程度未必与地区经济发展程度呈显著的正相关关系,同时受城乡系统内部分化和差异程度影响。

此外,城乡融合发展水平低是中国城市普遍存在的问题,初步融合城市数量超过整体的50%,“木桶效应”亦表明低水平城乡融合发展的城市往往是更需被关注的区域。故将地区城乡低度融合及以下水平城市数量与城乡中度融合及以上城市数量的比值作为参考值,以此来分析东中西部的城乡融合发展差异,该比值从小到大排序为:3.31(东部地区)<9.14(西部地区)<26.25(中部地区)。据此来看,东部地区的城乡融合发展最为平衡,其内部差异最小,源于东部要素富集,整体发展水平高;而中部地区的城乡融合发展不平衡性极为凸显,强弱差距大,这可能与中部作为东西部的过渡地带有关,故而中部地区内部发展分异程度大;西部地区整体发展水平落后,内部分化程度小,因而城乡发展不平衡性相对较小。

3.2 模型回归结果

3.2.1 OLS回归结果

各项指标的方差膨胀因子(VIF)值均小于7,说明解释变量之间不存在共线性问题。运用OLS模型对城乡融合发展水平及其影响要素进行全局回归分析,其拟合优度(R2)为0.57,残差平方和为126.22,阿凯克信息准则(AICc)为598.15。Lnd和Ppl指标通过了显著性检验(P<0.001),说明在全国尺度土地要素与人才要素的流动对城乡融合发展的影响最为显著(表2),且两者驱动作用为负,而其他实体要素流动的影响均为正,这与既有研究[5]的结论相近,即“人”“地”方面的影响最为关键,同时与现实情况相符,就中国要素流动现状而言,土地和人才要素流动存在的机制障碍最为突出[37-38]。Koenker(BP)值的检验呈显著性,说明模型在空间和数据上具有异方差性或非平稳性,适合采用地理加权回归进一步作局部分析,以探究实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的区域性差异。

表2   OLS模型参数估计及检验结果

Tab.2  OLS model parameter estimation and test results

变量系数标准差t统计量PVIF
Lnd-0.480.05-9.734<0.0011.61
Ppl-0.350.05-6.879<0.0011.70
Cap0.010.050.1720.8631.84
Indus0.040.040.8800.3801.10
Info0.060.051.2820.2011.65

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


3.2.2 GWR回归结果

对样本城市的城乡融合发展水平进行空间自相关性检验,发现其存在显著性(限于文章篇幅结果未列出),同时,城乡融合发展水平的空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,使用GWR模型可有效呈现因空间位置引发的因变量与自变量之间的局部空间变异现象。因此,为进一步揭示区域特征,采用GWR模型进行局部回归,其R2为0.887,残差平方和为32.95,AICc为412.26。GWR模型相较OLS模型,拟合优度更高,残差平方和更小,AICc值更低,且AICc值差距远大于3,说明了GWR的拟合效果优于OLS。为进一步检验多变量GWR模型的合理性,利用单变量GWR模型分别检验城乡融合发展水平,结果显示Lnd、Ppl、Cap、Indus、Info回归模型的R2分别为0.573、0.677、0.423、0.408、0.875,均低于将它们纳入统一多变量GWR模型时的拟合优度,因此采用多变量GWR模型进行局部回归分析。

在引入空间效应后,各驱动要素回归系数的最值均呈现方向异性,这反映了实体要素流动驱动力的空间非平稳性,说明要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响存在复杂的作用机理,具有空间分异性。① 如图2a所示,土地要素流动对城乡融合发展影响为正的区域主要聚集在长江中游城市群及其周边以及疆、青、甘交汇处部分城市,其余地区土地要素流动的驱动作用大多为负,且在云、贵、桂交界地带形成低值中心。② 如图2b所示,人才要素流动对城乡融合发展驱动作用的空间分布在除西藏以外的西南地区以及与之交界的广西个别城市形成高值中心,而在长三角地区和闽、赣部分区域形成2个低值中心。③ 如图2c所示,资金要素流动对全国城乡融合发展的影响正负参半,且空间分布呈镶嵌状态、彼此交融,回归系数的正向高值区在陕甘宁交汇处、淮海经济区、长江中游城市群以及两广地带周边,而负向低值区主要分布在长江经济带内(除长江中游城市群部分区域)。④ 如图2d所示,产业要素流动对城乡融合发展回归系数空间分布出现同质区域组团分布态势,各层次系数分布呈现较强的空间集聚性,在长三角地区和广西、新疆部分城市形成3个正中心,而在长江中游城市群附近形成低值中心。⑤ 如图2e所示,信息要素流动对城乡融合发展解释程度呈明显的空间规律性,影响程度的空间变化趋势是由东南向西北减小,在长江中下游及其周边区域以及云贵川渝四省交汇地区形成2个正中心。

图2

图2   中国城乡融合发展各要素流动回归系数估计的空间分布

Fig.2   Spatial distribution of regression coefficients of various elements flow in China's urban-rural integrated development


3.3 实体要素流动的驱动机制分析

实证分析显示土地和人才要素流动对城乡融合的阻碍作用最显著,该研究结果符合客观事实,土地要素涉及的城乡土地制度和人才要素涉及的户籍制度是中国凸显社会主义特征的重要制度设计,它们将土地配置和人口流动纳入国家计划,与西方市场经济体制下的土地和人才要素自由流动、交换存在明显不同。因此,本节重点深入剖析土地要素和人才要素流动对城乡融合的阻碍机制,对其他实体要素流动的影响机制进行凝练概括。

(1) 土地要素流动对城乡融合发展存在显著负向影响,可能的驱动机制如下:土地既是社会经济发展的基本要素,也是聚集其他实体要素的空间载体,因此,土地要素的流动对城乡融合有举足轻重的作用。从实证结果来看,在全国尺度上工商业用地面积增加会阻碍城乡的互促共进。这是由于在晋升考核压力以及分税制导致事权与财权不匹配的财政压力下,地方政府依靠对土地的垄断权力,行政干预市场机制、扭曲要素比价,通过低价出让工业用地换取经济发展以及高价出让商住用地获得财政收入,造成了土地要素错配。第一,“以地引资、以地生财”模式造成的要素流动是单向的、僵化的,不利于土地要素循环和重复利用,导致城乡差距不断拉大。第二,土地征收不断侵占集体土地,直接掠夺了乡村发展农业生产或非农业生产的生产要素,减少了乡村的发展空间。第三,在低价征收与高价出让过程中,乡村土地产生了巨大的增值收益,但村集体、村民仅拿到了极小的份额,这扩大了城乡地域与城乡居民的经济差距。第四,土地是生产的基础和要素载体,土地要素的扭曲错配,也会引发其他实体要素的错配,阻碍了要素双向流动和资源优化集聚,造成要素宏观配置效率的损失。在中国现行城乡土地制度下,土地要素主要由乡村单向地流向城市,土地要素的城乡错配不可避免。而在部分区域土地要素的扭曲错配并不阻碍城乡融合发展,如长江中游城市群区域,这源于地方城府能够较好弥补乡村在土地要素单向流动中的损失问题,并提升实体要素流动的辐射和扩散作用,促进乡村社会、经济、空间、生态子系统的发展,最终实现城乡的协同发展。

(2) 人才要素流动对城乡融合发展存在显著负向影响,可能的驱动机制如下:人才要素是其他实体要素调控者和支配者,因而人才要素流动不仅意味着劳动力的流动,在一定程度上还代表着知识、理念、技术、管理模式的流动。城市对乡村人才的虹吸和集聚效应,会形成乡村要素的整体流失,拉大城乡之间的“鸿沟”。故而,在全国尺度上人口城镇化水平的提高对城乡融合发展的带动作用为负。具体作用路径如下:第一,中国推进城镇化以来,乡村人口向城镇不断集聚,导致乡村人才不断流失,乡村振兴缺少一线生产者、实施者和组织者,城乡发展差距不断提升。第二,城乡劳动力和人才市场存在二元特征,乡村就业人员面临“同工不同酬”的问题,即拿不到合理薪酬、没有有效晋升空间,人才要素得不到优化,最终会阻碍城乡融合发展大局。第三,城市中的各项壁垒使人才要素的“乡—城”流动也不能平稳、有序、稳定地进行。虽然户籍制度逐渐改革并对人才要素流动的限制性作用逐步减小,但昂贵的生活成本、高企的房价、不配套的社会服务和不均等的社会保障等城市包容性问题梗阻着人才要素单向流动,这更无益于双向流通。第四,从基础设施、公共服务、生活便捷、发展机遇等角度对比,乡村的吸引力远低于城市,因此人才要素的回流难以实现。而部分地区在推进人口城镇化时,也能实现人才回流,如云南多地市实施“乡贤返乡”政策,返乡人才将城市新技术等带回乡村,提升实体要素配置效率,因而人才要素流动能正向驱动城乡融合发展。总之,在地方政府政策激励和制度约束下,产生了农民工和大学生返乡、乡贤返乡和各类创客群体入驻乡村以及大学生村官、科技特派员入村、党政干部下沉基层等人才要素城向乡流动的现象,但这种政策导向性现象存在短暂性和局限性,因此地方政府要推动城乡融合发展,需要把握好人才要素的流入流出。

(3) 资金要素的高效流动能够推动城乡融合向深度发展,仅从政府投资的角度看:一方面,政府投资多用于社会基础设施建设,这能够畅通要素流通渠道,减少要素流动的摩擦成本,有助于城乡实体要素的双向自由流动;另一方面,政府投资具有一定示范作用和带动作用,因为国家对某区域或行业大规模投资,意味着对此的扶持,相关配套政策和优惠措施接踵而来,投资嗅觉灵敏的社会投资会跟投以寻利,而支农资金逐年上涨,引导资金要素向乡村集聚,从而缩小城乡发展差距。

(4) 就产业要素而言,在城乡融合发展中城市部分非农产业向乡村转移,乡村产业结构趋向多样化,此时城乡非农产业值趋近有利于推动城乡融合发展,全局回归的结果也印证了这一理论。但是局部回归结果表明,超过半数的地区城乡非农产值的完全趋同化,未能有效促进城乡融合发展,反而起抑制作用。这说明城乡产业要素流动的双向互通,并非意味着城乡非农产业发展要达到同等高度,而是各自基于资源禀赋优势,因地制宜发展产业,形成产业分工协作,进而建立功能互补的城乡经济利益格局,推动双方融合发展。

(5) 根据经典经济学理论,信息也是六大生产要素之一。互联网的普及使城乡间信息收集与交换的阻碍有效减小,信息不对称现象减少,信息要素能够在城乡地域系统间实现双向流动。信息要素的有效流动,可以“缩短”地理空间距离,降低其他实体要素配置成本,实现要素的优化配置与再生。另外,乡村借助信息要素的高效流通,能够减小市场信息差,帮助乡村产业发展弯道超车,大幅缩小与城市的差距,如农村电商模式便是成功案例。毋庸置疑,信息要素的高效流动有利于促进城乡互融互通、协同发展。

4 结论与讨论

4.1 结论

本文在要素流动视角下,先采用TOPSIS模型对全国城市层面的城乡融合发展水平进行评价,后采用OLS和GWR模型探究城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合的作用效果及影响路径,主要结论如下:

(1) 中国城乡中、低度融合区域集中连片,在全国多数地区均有分布,高、深度融合区域零星点缀,集聚于京津冀、长三角、珠三角城市群。其中达到城乡深度融合的城市,多为直辖市、省会城市、计划单列市、万亿城市等特殊城市,但也不乏中西部的欠发达城市。东部地区的城乡融合发展最为平衡,而中部地区内部融合发展分异程度大。

(2) 在全国尺度,土地要素与人才要素的流动对城乡融合发展的影响最为显著,且两者驱动作用为负,而资金、产业和信息要素流动的影响为正。各城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响具有明显的空间分异性,且不同要素流动的驱动机制也具有较大的区域差异性。

(3) 土地要素流失使乡村失去了生产要素和发展空间,并引发其他实体要素错配,而阻碍城乡融合;人才要素得不到有效优化,且无有效路径回流至乡村,使其限制了城乡融合;政府投资促进实体要素集聚并降低要素流动成本,从而促进城乡融合;城市部分产业向乡村转移使城乡产业实现分工协作、功能互补而促进城乡融合;信息要素有效流动可以“缩短”空间距离,降低配置成本并提高配置效率,这益于城乡融合。

4.2 讨论

本文研究结果表明,中国城市层面的城乡融合发展水平存在较大空间分异特征,达到同一融合水平的城市类型也有所不同,同时,各城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响具有明显的空间异质性且作用路径也具有较大的区域差异性,如北京市、贵阳市均达到城乡深度融合,但人才要素流动驱动作用相异。因此,国家在出台推动城乡融合发展的政策时在考虑共性问题的基础上,应因地制宜、分类施策,避免采取全国“一刀切”的范式,否则可能适得其反。

本文研究结果也表明,土地和人才要素流动阻碍作用显著,这与中国土地制度和户籍制度存在潜在制约土地和人口要素流动的客观事实相符。因此,重点从引导土地和人才实体要素流动提出促进城乡融合发展的政策建议:破除土地要素单向流动困境的关键在于限制行政措施对土地市场的干预,减少土地要素的价格扭曲和错配,真正实现城乡土地“同地同权同价”,并优化土地收益利益分配格局。吸引人才要素弃城向乡的应是完善的乡村基础设施、美丽的乡村环境、恬静的乡村生活方式以及可观的未来前景,依据乡村的资源禀赋与外部要素形成对接、整合以及优化配置,而不能仅依赖政策红利吸引技术人才、高校毕业生等到乡村,这种模式是短暂且不可持续的。

通过政策干预引导城乡要素流向乡村不是长久之计,近年来,中央政府先后发布文件推动要素市场化改革和建设全国统一大市场,国家层面已意识到要素流通不畅造成的要素配置效率低下等问题,并着力从市场角度探索解决方案。建设全国统一大市场主要是为了消除市场分割(如城乡市场分割、地区市场分割),进而瓦解流动壁垒并降低流动成本,最终实现要素的优化配置。但是当前乡村的产业报酬率低于城市,完全由市场机制决定要素的配置无法扭转城乡要素单向流动的局面,可能会形成“强者恒强、弱者恒弱”的马太效应。因此,在强化市场自由竞争机制的同时,需要发挥政府的引导作用,实现“有为政府”和“有效市场”更好的结合,瓦解要素流动壁垒、优化实体要素配置,促进城乡深度融合发展。

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[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(6): 1272-1286.

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构建现代乡村治理体系成为推动城乡融合发展和乡村振兴的重要内容。破解乡村空间利用过程中出现的发展空间受限、权属关系不明和组织体系不畅等系统性问题,成为乡村空间治理的首要任务。本文从乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”综合治理的视角出发,尝试解析乡村空间治理在推动乡村空间重构、权属关系重塑和组织体系重建中的作用机制,并进一步探讨乡村空间治理优化城乡格局、改善城乡互动关系、推动城乡融合发展的可行路径。结论如下:物质空间治理可作为乡村空间结构和功能优化的重要手段,空间权属治理有助于保障乡村空间不同参与主体的发展权利,空间组织治理可提升乡村空间的组织效率;乡村空间治理导向的“人口—土地—产业”转型过程为“深化空间治理—活化乡村空间—优化人地关系—改善城乡格局”的分析思路创造条件;乡村空间治理推动城乡发展格局不断演化,城乡互动关系改善成为推动城乡融合发展和破解乡村发展困境的重要依据。最后,本文构建了乡村空间治理与城乡融合发展互动分析框架,并探讨了乡村空间治理与国土空间规划的内在关系及研究趋势。

[ Ge Dazhuan, Long Hualou.

Rural spatial governance and urban-rural integration development

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(6): 1272-1286. ]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006013      [本文引用: 2]

The construction of the modern rural governance system becomes an important part in promoting the urban-rural integration development and rural vitalization. Solving systemic problems such as limited development space, unclear ownership relationship and inefficient organization in the process of using rural space has become the primary task of rural spatial governance. Based on the breakthrough of the comprehensive governance of "matter-ownership-organization" in rural space, this paper attempts to analyze the mechanism of rural space governance in promoting rural space restructuring, ownership reshaping and organizational system reconstruction, and further explores the feasible path of rural space governance to optimize the urban-rural pattern, improve the urban-rural interaction, and promote the urban-rural integration development. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Physical space governance facilitates the optimization of rural spatial structure, the space ownership governance safeguards the development rights of different stakeholders, and the space organization governance enhances rural organizational capabilities. The comprehensive governance of "matter-ownership-organization" in rural space helps to impel the restructuring of rural space, the reshaping of ownership relations and the reconstructing of organizational system, to achieve the goals of the modern rural space governance system with clear rural space ownership. (2) The "population-land-industry" transformation path guided by rural space governance creates conditions for the analysis of "deepening space governance-activating rural space-optimizing human-land relationship-improving the urban-rural pattern". (3) Rural space governance promotes the continuous evolution of urban-rural development, and the improvement of urban-rural interaction becomes an important basis for upgrading urban-rural integration development and solving the dilemma of rural development. Finally, this paper constructs an analytical framework and feasible path for the interaction between rural space governance and the urban-rural integration development, and explores the internal relationship and research trends of rural space governance and territory spatial planning.

张国献.

利益协调视域下城乡生产要素双向自由流动机制研究

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[ Zhang Guoxian.

A study of two-way flow mechanism of production factors in urban and rural areas based on the coordination of interests

Modern Economic Science, 2012, 34(5): 70-75, 126. ]

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王颂吉, 白永秀.

城乡要素错配与中国二元经济结构转化滞后: 理论与实证研究

[J]. 中国工业经济, 2013, 30(7): 31-43.

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[ Wang Songji, Bai Yongxiu.

Resource misallocation between urban and rural department and China's dual economy transformation hysteretic: Theory and empirical research

China Industrial Economics, 2013, 30(7): 31-43. ]

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蔡秀玲, 陈贵珍.

乡村振兴与城镇化进程中城乡要素双向配置

[J]. 社会科学研究, 2018(6): 51-58.

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[ Cai Xiu-ling, Chen Guizhen.

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周佳宁, 毕雪昊, 邹伟.

“流空间”视域下淮海经济区城乡融合发展驱动机制

[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(8): 1881-1896.

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[ Zhou Jianing, Bi Xuehao, Zou Wei.

Driving mechanism of urban-rural integration in Huaihai Economic Zone: Based on the space of flow

Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(8): 1881-1896. ]

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常野.

要素流动对城乡发展一体化的影响研究: 以江苏省为例

[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2015: 217.

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[ Chang Ye.

Study on the influence of factors mobility on the integration of urban and rural development: Taking Jiangsu Province as an example

Xi'an, China: Northwest University, 2015: 217. ]

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谭志雄, 罗佳惠, 韩经纬.

比较优势、要素流动与产业低端锁定突破: 基于“双循环”新视角

[J]. 经济学家, 2022(4): 45-57.

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[ Tan Zhixiong, Luo Jiahui, Han Jingwei.

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张辽.

要素流动、产业转移与区域经济发展

[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2013: 173.

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[ Zhang Liao.

Factor migration, industrial transfer and regional economic development

Wuhan, China: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2013: 173. ]

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余泳泽, 宋晨晨, 容开建.

土地资源错配与环境污染

[J]. 财经问题研究, 2018(9): 43-51.

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[ Yu Yongze, Song Chenchen, Rong Kaijian.

Land resource misallocation and environmental pollution

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谢攀, 龚敏.

矫正要素比价扭曲、资源错配与发展转型

[J]. 求是学刊, 2015, 42(1): 66-73.

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[ Xie Pan, Gong Min.

Correction of factor price parity distortion, resource mispairing and development transformation

Seeking Truth, 2015, 42(1): 66-73. ]

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戴小勇.

资源错配视角下全要素生产率损失的形成机理与测算

[J]. 当代经济科学, 2018, 40(5): 103-116, 128.

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[ Dai Xiaoyong.

Aggregate productivity losses from resource misallocations: Theory and evidence

Modern Economic Science, 2018, 40(5): 103-116, 128. ]

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毛文峰, 陆军.

土地要素错配如何影响中国的城市创新创业质量: 来自地级市城市层面的经验证据

[J]. 产业经济研究, 2020(3): 17-29, 126.

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[ Mao Wenfeng, Lu Jun.

How does land misallocation affect the quality of urban innovation and entrepreneurship in China? Empirical evidence from the city level of prefecture-level cities

Industrial Economics Research, 2020(3): 17-29, 126. ]

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李智, 张小林, 陈媛, .

基于城乡相互作用的中国乡村复兴研究

[J]. 经济地理 2017, 37(6): 144-150.

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[ Li Zhi, Zhang Xiaolin, Chen Yuan, et al.

Research on rural renaissance based on the theory of urban-rural interaction

Economic Geography, 2017, 37(6): 144-150. ]

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曾小溪, 汪三贵.

城乡要素交换: 从不平等到平等

[J]. 中州学刊, 2015(12): 39-44.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zeng Xiaoxi, Wang Sangui.

Urban-rural factor exchange: From inequality to equality

Academic Journal of Zhongzhou, 2015(12): 39-44. ]

[本文引用: 1]

贺艳华, 周国华, 唐承丽, .

城市群地区城乡一体化空间组织理论初探

[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(2): 241-252.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201702004      [本文引用: 1]

城乡一体化的空间组织是以城乡一体化为目标的城乡空间组织过程与状态,主要通过促进城乡主体的互动以及各类要素在城乡之间的高效配置与有序流动,来建构城乡社会经济生态空间联系与相互作用秩序,以实现空间结构的优化与空间功能的提升。城市群地区是一个高度开放的复杂巨系统,其城乡一体化的空间组织较一般区域更为复杂。城市群地区多中心、高密度、强流动和网络化的特征决定了城乡一体化空间组织形态的网络化、空间组织尺度的层级性、空间要素流动的多向性、空间组织效应的叠加性、空间组织功能的多样性;城乡一体化空间组织的内容涉及城乡物质空间的建构、城乡要素系统的优化配置、城乡主体行为范式的确立、城乡地域功能的整合提升等四个方面;“集聚与扩散”、“冲突与均衡”、“协同与共生”三大机理,彼此关联,相互作用,共同推动城市群地区城乡一体化的空间组织优化;复杂网络与多智能体的集成分析可以有效诠释城乡一体化空间组织的过程与机理。

[ He Yanhua, Zhou Guohua, Tang Chengli, et al.

Theory on the spatial organization of urban-rural integration in urban agglomeration areas

Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2): 241-252. ]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201702004      [本文引用: 1]

The spatial organization of urban and rural integration, taking the integration of urban and rural areas as its goal, means the process of urban-rural spatial organization as well as its state. It constructs ecological, economic, social, spatial relationships and the interaction order between urban and rural areas through interaction of urban-rural subjects and efficient allocation and orderly flow of various elements, for the optimization of the spatial structure and function. Urban agglomeration is a highly open complex giant system, and the spatial organization of urban-rural integration is more complicated in these areas. The results show that: (1) Urban agglomeration is polycentric, high density, strong flow and networking, so the spatial organization of urban-rural integration is characterized by networking, hierarchy scale, multi-direction flowing elements, additive effect, diversity function, and so on. (2) The main tasks of the spatial organization of urban-rural integration include the construction of material space in urban-rural areas, the optimization and allocation of urban-rural element system, the establishment of main behavior model of urban-rural subjects, and the promotion of function in urban-rural areas. (3) "Agglomeration and diffusion", "conflict and balance" and "synergy and symbiosis" are the most important mechanisms, which interact with each other, connected to each other, and promote spatial organization of urban-rural integration to a better condition in the continuous cycle. (4) The integrated analysis of complex network and agent model is good for explaining the operation process and mechanism of the spatial organization of urban and rural integration.

李文荣, 陈建伟.

城乡等值化的理论剖析及实践启示

[J]. 城市问题, 2012(1): 22-25, 29.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Li Wenrong, Chen Jianwei.

Theoretical analysis and practical enlightenment on urban-rural equivalent

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[本文引用: 1]

周佳宁, 邹伟, 秦富仓.

等值化理念下中国城乡融合多维审视及影响因素

[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(8): 1836-1851.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190572      [本文引用: 1]

基于等值化理念采用全局主成分分析(GPCA)和空间自相关分析等方法,测度并审视中国城乡多维融合发展;选取空间计量模型探索推进城乡融合的体制机制。研究发现:① 中国城乡融合发展趋势向好且推进有序。社会和经济融合始终分列第一和第二主导位次,生态环境融合水平亦稳步提升。② 城乡融合热点和冷点区基本分列于“胡焕庸线”东南和西北两侧。人口融合沿东中西递减;空间融合形成“北上广”为主的“核心-边缘”区;东部沿海是经济融合扩散互溢区,而生态环境和经济融合存在空间“错位”;社会融合高值簇集中在中部。③ 破解人才瓶颈、夯实“三权分置”、健全财政体制并创新金融服务、调整产业结构和推动三产融合,打好人、地、钱、业组合拳同时规范政府行为、完善社会服务体系、构建小农户与现代农业有机衔接机制等均利于推进城乡融合。

[ Zhou Jianing, Zou Wei, Qin Fucang.

Review of urban-rural multi-dimensional integration and influencing factors in China based on the concept of equivalence

Geographical Research, 2020, 39(8): 1836-1851. ]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190572      [本文引用: 1]

Based on the urban-rural equivalence, the Global Principal Component Analysis (GPCA) method is used to measure the China's urban-rural multi-dimensional integration levels, and the Global and Local Moran Index, Local Getis-Ord Gi * Index are performed to reveal the spatial distribution of urban-rural multi-dimensional integration levels in China during 2000-2016. And finally, the spatial econometric model is introduced to explore the influencing factors of urban-rural integration development from the aspects of labors, land, capitals and industries. Research findings are as follows: (1) the trend of urban-rural integration development in China is well and orderly, but has regional heterogeneity. The agglomeration effect is obvious in Eastern China, and the social and economic coordination level has always occupied the first and the second places. (2) China's urban-rural multi-dimensional integration levels often show spatial autocorrelation. The HH values of urban-rural integration overall level are concentrated in Central China and Eastern China, while the LL values are gathered in Western China. The hot and cold spots are located to the southeast and northwest of Heihe-Tengchong Line, respectively. Also the high values of economic integration have always corresponded to those of ecological and environmental integration. Population integration level decreases from Eastern to Western China. Spatial integration level presents the "core-edge" structure such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong. Spatial spillover effect of the economic integration development is obvious in the coastal region of China, while the development of ecological environment integration and economic integration has spatial dislocation. And the clusters of social integration high values are in Central China. (3) The ways of the urban-rural multi-dimensional integration are as follows: Firstly, we should improve the quality of rural labor forces and promote the interaction between urban and rural residents. Secondly, we should stimulate the multi-function of rural land and control the disorderly urban expansion. Thirdly, we should take financial expenditures in a reasonable range and provide a perfect financial support in urban and rural areas. Finally, industrial restructuring is also needed. And moreover, regulating the behavior of the local governments will be benefit to the urban-rural multi-dimensional integration and good governance in China.

周江燕, 白永秀.

中国省域城乡发展一体化水平: 理论与测度

[J]. 中国农村经济, 2014(6): 16-26, 40.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zhou Jiangyan, Bai Yongxiu.

China's provincial urban-rural development integration level: Theory and measurement

Chinese Rural Economy, 2014(6): 16-26, 40. ]

[本文引用: 1]

方创琳.

城乡融合发展机理与演进规律的理论解析

[J]. 地理学报, 2022, 77(4): 759-776.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204001      [本文引用: 1]

城市与乡村始终是一个不可分割的有机融合体,高质量的新型城镇化过程就是城乡融合发展与乡村振兴过程。&#x0201c;城市病&#x0201d;因乡村病而生,&#x0201c;乡村病&#x0201d;也因城市病而生,&#x0201c;城市病&#x0201d;与&#x0201c;乡村病&#x0201d;同病相连,互为病因,复合叠加形成&#x0201c;城乡病&#x0201d;,根治&#x0201c;城市病&#x0201d;必须通过乡村振兴,根治&#x0201c;乡村病&#x0201d;也必须通过新型城镇化。本文在对国内外城乡融合发展研究综述的基础上,从理论层面分析了城乡病理病根及对立格局,解析了城乡融合发展的主控要素、驱动机制、城乡融合发展的规律性和持续性,构建城乡融合发展测度试验系统,提出了城乡多融合发展的三角模式,验证了中国城乡融合发展正处在城镇化后期城多乡少的高度融合阶段,未来将迈入城镇化终期城多乡少的深度融合阶段。从政策层面分析了中华人民共和国成立以来国家有关城乡发展政策的演进路径,总体经历了从城乡二元发展、城乡协调发展、城乡统筹发展、到城乡一体化发展、再到城乡融合发展的政策演进过程,这些政策对推动新型城镇化和乡村振兴发挥了重要指导作用。从路径层面建议合并召开中央城乡工作会议,合并编制《国家城乡融合发展规划》,实施城乡深度融合发展战略,把新型城镇化与乡村振兴同时作为解决城乡病、提升城乡发展质量的两种不同手段,创新城乡融合发展理论与方法,构建评估体系定量评判城乡融合发展程度,建设美丽城市和美丽乡村。推动新型城镇化与乡村振兴向高度同步化、深度融合化和共荣化方向发展,同步提升城市发展质量和乡村发展质量,同步实现城市现代化和乡村现代化。

[ Fang Chuanglin.

Theoretical analysis on the mechanism and evolution law of urban-rural integration development

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(4): 759-776. ]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204001      [本文引用: 1]

Urban and rural areas are always an inseparable organic integration, and the high-quality new urbanization is the process of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. "urban disease" and "rural disease" are connected with each other, and are the causes of each other, which are known as "urban and rural diseases". The radical cure of "urban disease" and "rural disease" requires rural revitalization and new urbanization. Based on the review of the research on urban-rural integration development at home and abroad, this study analyzes the pathological roots and opposition pattern of urban and rural areas from the theoretical level, explores the main controlling factors, driving mechanism, sustainability and four-stage regularity of urban-rural integration development, constructs the measurement test system of urban-rural integration development, and puts forward the triangular model of urban-rural multi-integration development. It is known that the urban-rural integration development in China is in the high integration stage of more towns and less villages in the late urbanization, and will enter the deep integration stage of more towns and less villages, namely the final stage of urbanization. This study explores the policy evolution path of urban-rural integration development in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China has generally experienced the policy evolution process from urban-rural coordinated development to the integration of urban-rural development and then to urban-rural integration development, and played an important guiding role in promoting new urbanization and rural revitalization. From the path level, it is suggested that the Central Urban and Rural Work Conference should be jointly convened, the National Urban-Rural Integration Development Plan should be jointly compiled, and the strategy of deep integration of urban-rural development should be implemented. The new urbanization and rural revitalization should be used as two different means to solve urban and rural diseases and improve the quality of urban and rural development. The theory and method of urban-rural integration development should be innovated, and the evaluation system should be constructed to quantitatively evaluate the depth of urban-rural integration development and build beautiful cities and beautiful villages. We should promote the development of new urbanization and rural revitalization in the direction of high synchronization, deep integration and co-prosperity, as well as improve the quality of urban and rural development and realize urban and rural modernization in a comprehensive way.

周德, 戚佳玲, 钟文钰.

城乡融合评价研究综述: 内涵辨识、理论认知与体系重构

[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(10): 2634-2651.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zhou De, Qi Jialing, Zhong Wenyu.

Review of urban-rural integration evaluation: Connotation identification, theoretical analysis, and system reconstruction

Journal of Natural Resources, 2021, 36(10): 2634-2651. ]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211013      URL     [本文引用: 1]

赵德起, 陈娜.

中国城乡融合发展水平测度研究

[J]. 经济问题探索, 2019(12): 1-28.

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[ Zhao Deqi, Chen Na.

Research on measurement of urban-rural integration development level

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杨阿维.

新发展理念视域下城乡融合发展水平测度

[J]. 商业经济研究, 2021(2): 190-192.

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[ Yang Awei.

Measurement of the development level of urban-rural integration from the perspective of new development concept

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高洁芝, 郑华伟, 刘友兆.

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的土地利用多功能性诊断

[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018, 27(11): 2496-2504.

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[ Gao Jiezhi, Zheng Huawei, Liu Youzhao.

Diagnosis of the multi-functionality of land use based on an entropy weight TOPSIS model

Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2018, 27(11): 2496-2504. ]

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马雪莹, 邵景安, 徐新良.

基于熵权-Topsis的山区乡镇通达性研究: 以重庆市石柱县为例

[J]. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(9): 1144-1154.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.09.009      [本文引用: 1]

交通是支撑区域经济社会发展的基础之一,通达性则是反映交通设施水平的有效评价指标。本文以重庆市石柱县为例,选取空间数据和调研数据,引入熵权-TOPSIS模型构建集内外通达性和摩擦阻抗于一体的指标体系,客观分析山区乡镇的通达性,以期为交通合理规划提供参考。结果表明:①通达性指标对区域综合通达性影响程度为:交通设施技术(C<sub>4</sub>)>摩擦阻抗(C<sub>5</sub>)>等效道路密度(C<sub>2</sub>)>乡镇内部连通度(C<sub>1</sub>)>与省干道衔接度(C<sub>3</sub>)。②贴近度变异系数达0.5410,说明样区交通通达性水平空间差异大。③通达性空间格局表现出以南宾、西沱、悦崃为极核点向外围扩散递减趋势;通达性空间分布表现为西高东低,高通达区主要分布在平缓区,低通达区主要分布在陡峭山区。④通达性良好区域呈“一环一轴”模式分布,呈显著主干道指向性。⑤样区乡镇通达性空间分布格局与经济发展水平和土地流转面积有较高趋同性。研究结果能为区域协调发展、交通合理规划提供良好的理论与实践指导。

[ Ma Xueying, Shao Jing'an, Xu Xinliang.

Rural transportation accessibility in mountainous areas based on the entropy-weight TOPSIS method: A case study of Shizhu County, Chongqing Municipality

Progress in Geography, 2016, 35(9): 1144-1154. ]

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.09.009      [本文引用: 1]

Transportation is one of the foundations to support economic and social development of a region, and accessibility is an important indicator of the level of development of transportation facilities. In this study, we used spatial and survey data to construct an indicator system that considers internal accessibility, external accessibility, and terrain impedance based on the entropy-weight TOPSIS method for Shizhu County, Chongqing Municipality. This study explores mountain transport accessibility condition and can provide some references for mountain transport planning. The results indicate that: (1) The degree of impact of accessibility indicators on regional comprehensive accessibility ranks as: transport facilities technology (C4) > frictional impedance (C5) > equivalent road density (C2) > internal connectivity (C1) > degree of connectivity with main roads (C3). (2) The variation coefficient of closeness degree was 0.5410, indicating that the level of transport accessibility of towns in the study area was very different. (3) Accessibility decreased from the three core areas in Nanbin, Xituo, and Yue Lai. The spatial pattern of accessibility is high in the west and low in the east, with high accessibility areas mainly distributed in places of flat terrain, and low accessibility areas mainly distributed in mountainous areas. (4) The area of high accessibility forms a "double axes", which is closely associated with main roads. (5) The spatial distribution of transport accessibility is clearly correlated with economic development level and the total area of land use right transfer. The results can provide some theoretical and practical guidance for the regional coordinated development and transportation planning.

张海朋, 何仁伟, 李光勤, .

大都市区城乡融合系统耦合协调度时空演化及其影响因素: 以环首都地区为例

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[ Zhang Haipeng, He Renwei, Li Guangqin, et al.

Spatiotemporal evolution of coupling coordination degree of urban-rural integration system in metropolitan area and its influencing factors: Taking the capital region as an example

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[ Xu Jianhua. Geographical modeling methods. Beijing, China: Science Press, 2010. ]

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罗奎, 方创琳, 马海涛.

中国城市化与非农就业增长的空间格局及关系类型

[J]. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(4): 457-466.

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.003      [本文引用: 1]

城市化与就业是中国目前经济社会发展中的热点问题,充分认识城市化与就业之间相互作用关系对于指导中国城市化与就业健康有序发展具有现实意义。在梳理中国城市人口与就业统计口径变更的基础上,选用第五、第六次人口普查及相关统计年鉴数据,利用莫兰指数和地理加权回归探讨中国地级行政单元尺度城市化与非农就业增长的空间特征及相互关系。研究表明:① 2000-2010 年间中国城市化与非农就业均呈现出快速增长的趋势,绝对增长均表现为大城市主导,相对增长则表现出向中心城市周边扩散的趋势;② 莫兰指数揭示出中国2000-2010 年间城市化与非农就业增长空间分布呈现出极化趋势,且两者空间分布格局类似;③ 通过对地理加权模型回归系数划分得到各区域城市化与非农就业增长的关系类型,全国大部分地区城市化与非农就业呈现出协调发展的趋势,城市化滞后区域主要有青海、甘肃中东部及四川盆地中部,重庆、新疆以及部分省会城市出现了一定程度的城市化超前。据此提出,各地区应根据自身实际情况,制订差异化的城市化发展战略。

[ Luo Kui, Fang Chuanglin, Ma Haitao.

Spatial pattern and relationship between China's urbanization and non-agriculture employment growth

Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(4): 457-466. ]

[本文引用: 1]

原野, 师学义, 牛姝烨, .

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[J]. 经济地理, 2015, 35(7): 148-155.

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[ Yuan Ye, Shi Xueyi, Niu Shuye, et al.

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方创琳, 张国友, 薛德升.

中国城市群高质量发展与科技协同创新共同体建设

[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(12): 2898-2908.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202112003      [本文引用: 1]

中国城市群是国家新型城镇化的主体区、国家高质量发展的战略核心区与碳中和的责任区,科技创新驱动对实现城市群的上述主体目标发挥着不可替代的重要作用。如何在新发展格局下依靠科技创新驱动促进中国城市群实现高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护,并逐步建成世界级城市群,是摆在我们面前亟待解决的现实问题。基于这一问题,在第23届中国科学技术协会年会期间,以&#x0201c;科技创新驱动世界级城市群发展与中国城市群高质量崛起&#x0201d;为主题,专门设立了&#x0201c;区域协同发展论坛暨第二届中国城市群发展论坛&#x0201d;,通过应邀的国内外50多位有关城市群及科技协同创新知名专家的系统研讨,普遍认为:全球城市群的发展已进入21世纪的中国新时代,中国城市群高质量发展地位被提升到了前所未有的战略高度,但城市群发展及规划实施中存在着一系列现实问题不容忽视,未来中国城市群高质量发展必须依靠科技创新驱动,把建设创新驱动的智慧型、碳中和型、双循环型和城乡融合型城市群作为中国城市群高质量发展的基本方向。进一步创新研究工作机制,建立协同创新共同体,逐步把中国城市群建成为高水平开放、高质量发展、高品质生活和高效能治理的世界级城市群。

[ Fang Chuanglin, Zhang Guoyou, Xue De-sheng.

High-quality development of urban agglomerations in China and construction of science and technology collaborative innovation community

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(12): 2898-2908. ]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202112003      [本文引用: 1]

China's urban agglomerations are the main area of national new urbanization, the strategic core area of national high-quality development and the responsibility area of carbon neutrality. The science and technology innovation plays an irreplaceable role in realizing the above main goals of urban agglomerations. How to promote China's urban agglomeration to achieve high-quality development and high-level protection of the ecological environment under the new development pattern, and gradually build a world-class urban agglomeration is a realistic problem to be solved. Based on this issue, during the 23rd Annual Conference of the Chinese Association of Science and Technology, with the theme of "Science and technology innovation driving the development of world-class urban agglomerations and the high-quality rise of China's urban agglomerations", the "Regional Collaborative Development Forum and the Second China Urban Agglomeration Development Forum" was specially set up, through systematic discussions of more than 50 well-known experts at home and abroad on urban agglomerations and science and technology collaborative innovation, it is generally believed that the development of global urban agglomerations of China has entered a new era in the 21st century, and the high-quality development of China's urban agglomerations has been promoted to an unprecedented strategic level. However, there are a series of practical problems in the development and planning implementation of urban agglomerations. In the future, the high-quality development of China's urban agglomerations must rely on scientific and technological innovation, and the construction of innovation-driven intelligence, carbon-neutrality, dual circulation and urban-rural integrated urban agglomerations should be the basic direction of high-quality development of China's urban agglomerations. We should further innovate the research work mechanism, establish a collaborative innovation community, and gradually build China's urban agglomerations into world-class urban agglomerations with high-quality development, high-level openness, high-quality life and efficient governance.

张雅光.

新时代城乡一体化发展的制度障碍研究

[J]. 理论月刊, 2021(10): 78-87.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zhang Yaguang.

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Theory Monthly, 2021(10): 78-87. ]

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蔡继明, 李蒙蒙.

中国城乡融合发展的制度障碍及政策建议

[J]. 河北学刊, 2019, 39(4): 139-145.

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[ Cai Jiming, Li Mengmeng.

Breaking the barriers of the dual system and promoting the integration of urban and rural development

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