PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY

Characteristics of water vapor and its moist static energy budget in rainy midsummer years in North China

LI Haoyu, WANG Lijuan, JIANG Zhihong

PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2026, 45(3): 673-682. DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2026.03.016

Fig.1 Spatial pattern and normalized PC time series for the first EOF mode of the midsummer precipitation in North China during 1991-2020

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Fig.2 (a) Budget of moisture in rainy midsummer years in North China, (b) Anomalies of vertical integrated vapor flux and its divergence, and (c) Longitude-height cross section of wind field anomalies, specific humidity anomalies, and vertical velocity anomalies averaged over 35°-43°N
Fig.3 Spatial distribution and variation of water vapor channel height of the main water vapor channels at 1500 m in rainy midsummer years in North China
Fig.4 (a) Vertical profiles of climatological MSE $h -$ and vertical velocity anomalous ω' in rainy midsummer years in North China, (b) Budget of the MSE equation
Fig.5 Spatial distribution of the decomposition of the horizontal advection of climatological moist enthalpy by anomalous winds terms $- V' ∇ h M -$ in rainy midsummer years in North China
Fig.6 (a) Vertical profiles of horizontal advection of climatological dry enthalpy by anomalous wind $- V →' ∇ h C p T -$ , and horizontal advection of climatological latent heat by anomalous wind $- V →' ∇ h L v q -$ ; (b) The 300 hPa winds anomalies, climatological temperature, and meridional temperature gradient; and (c) The 600 hPa winds anomalies, climatological specific humidity, and meridional specific gradient in rainy midsummer years in North China
Fig.7 (a) Vertical profiles of climatological vertical velocity $ω -$ , (b) Vertical profiles of $h'$ , $C p T'$ , $L v q'$ , and $g z'$ averaged over North China in rainy midsummer years