Evaluating tourism competitiveness is important for ensuring the sustainable development of rural tourism. In the digital information era, multi-source data and machine learning methods can efficiently reveal the characteristics of relevant elements from a geospatial perspective, providing a new method for scientific evaluation of rural tourism competitiveness. Based on multi-source remote sensing and Internet data at the village level from 2019 to 2022, this study identified the rural tourism competitiveness in Lin'an District of Hangzhou City using four machine learning models, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting tree (XGB), and the optimal model was selected to reveal the spatial pattern of competitiveness and analyze the critical indicators of identification. The results show that: 1) The accuracy of the rural tourism competitiveness evaluation using the random forest (RF) model is better than the other three machine learning models. 2) Tourism resources, service facilities, accessibility, and policy conditions are the main factors affecting the rural tourism competitiveness. 3) Villages in the high tourism competitiveness category are distributed in strips in the northern and western areas of Lin'an District, with superior development conditions. The medium competitiveness villages are distributed in clumps in the eastern and central-western areas of the district, which have lower quality of tourism resources and service facilities. Low-competitiveness villages are distributed in patches in the central and western areas of the district, with superior ecological environment and land endowment, but lacking resource development and policy support. The study results may provide some policy references and technical supports for promoting the sustainable development of rural tourism.

Tourism activities are an important disturbance factor for landscape change in rural tourist sites, and it is important to study the pattern of change of recreational agriculture landscape under tourism disturbance for the high-quality development of rural tourism. Recreational agriculture landscape is one of the core elements of rural tourism in Wuyuan County. From the perspective of tourism driven, this study used landscape transfer matrix and landscape index methods to examine the pattern of change of recreational agriculture landscape in Wuyuan County between 2000 and 2020, and analyzed the driving forces such as natural, socioeconomic, and tourism factors through the grey relational model. The study found that: 1) The recreational agriculture landscape in Wuyuan County is highly compatible with the distribution of tourism sites, and the recreational agriculture landscape area showed the characteristics of first increasing and then decreasing, but in general has decreased. 2) At the landscape scale, landscape fragmentation and separation showed an N-shaped fluctuation, and landscape dominance and disturbance showed an increase followed by a decrease. With regard to the land-use types, the fragmentation and separation of paddy landscapes are relatively stable, while the fragmentation and separation of grassland and marshlands showed an increase and then a decrease and the rest of the recreational agriculture landscapes generally showed an increase. The LPI indices of drylands, wooded lands, and other woodlands showed an increase and then a decrease, while the LPI indices of rivers and canals, lakes, and reservoirs and ponds generally showed an increase, and the rest of the recreational agriculture landscapes generally showed a decrease. 3) Tourism factors such as comprehensive tourism income, tourist reception, ticket income, the number of A-class scenic spots, the number of farming caravans, and the number of travel agencies are the main driving factors for the change of each landscape pattern, while socioeconomic factors have an important driving influence on landscape dominance and disturbance, and natural factors are a weaker driving force. The research results provide some theoretical reference and practical basis for the optimal layout and high-quality development of recreational agriculture and rural tourism in Wuyuan County, which will help promote the sustainable development of recreational agriculture and rural tourism in Wuyuan County and achieve the coordinated development of economic, social, and environmental benefits.

Against the backdrop of the healthy china and rural revitalization strategy, forest-based health and wellness tourism not only meets people's natural needs, but also provides new ideas for the transformation and development of rural tourism. This study constructed a spatial suitability evaluation system for forest-based health and wellness tourism from three dimensions: comfort, ecological sensitivity, and development conditions. Taking Beijing—a city with great potential for forest therapy tourism market demand and development—as an example, quantitative evaluation and visualization were carried out by combining multi-criteria decision-making AHP and GIS spatial analysis tools. The results show that: 1) Among the first-level indicators of the spatial suitability evaluation system of forest-based health and wellness tourism, comfort has the highest importance; Among the secondary indicators, quality of vegetation has the highest importance, and excellent forest resources are the primary conditions for forest therapy tourism. 2) The spatial suitability grade of forest-based health and wellness tourism in Beijing was divided into four grades from low to high, namely, grade I, grade II, grade III, and grade IV, of which grades III and IV areas account for 53% of the total, mainly concentrated in the northwestern mountains of Beijing. 3) From the perspective of natural zoning, the shallow mountain areas are dominated by grades III and IV areas, and the deep mountain area are dominated by grades II and III areas. As a whole, 75% of the grades III and IV areas are distributed in the deep mountain areas. The plain areas provide residents with daily forest recreation space, the shallow mountain areas are dominated by standard forest products, and the deep mountain areas meet the personalized needs of tourists. 4) From the perspective of administrative region, the spatial suitability level of forest-based health and wellness tourism in each administrative district is unevenly distributed, and the spatial suitability grade is gradually decreasing from northwest to southeast. Yanqing District, Huairou District, and Miyun District can be the priority development areas of forest-based health and wellness tourism in Beijing. 5) In terms of development strategy, considering the impact of tourism resources on the spatial distribution of forest-based health and wellness tourism, Yanqing District is forming a characteristic development mode of "rural homestay + winter skiing + Great Wall culture"; The forest resources of Huairou District rank the highest in the city, and the district is forming a characteristic development mode of "living in the forest: green health food + mountain town + forest oxygen bar", which combines in-depth experience with "standard forest products"; A development mode of "family tourism + mountain hot spring" is formed around the Miyun Reservoir in Miyun District. The results of this study can provide a decision-making basis for the spatial optimization of forest-based health and wellness tourism and the high-quality development of rural tourism.