The article was focused on the functions and roles of geographical grid within the context of pixel-based geometric measures and GPS-based precise positioning. The authors described the basic attributes of grid system, and defined a grid cell composition of area cell, cell boundaries and cell corners in the first section. The grid’s new functions and roles such as geographical data fusion and integrated analysis were also discussed. In second section, authors probed into the evolution of grid system from the earliest era of land management in the dynasty of Shang and Xia, world mapping such as Hipparchus in Greece and “Huayi Maps” in China, to modern times of remote sensing and global positioning systems. In the last section, authors explained the development of global discrete grid system and national grid system, and pointed out the establishment of grid system based on elliptical space would be a direction for the future research.
In recent years, as the observation technologies develop rapidly, both type and number of spatial data is increasing, and information retrieved from spatial data expands increasingly, among which includes a large number of qualitative information, for instance, land-use type data, vegetation type data, topographic feature data, which some experts called soft information or soft data. These so-called soft data often have associations with the predicted target variable, even could become one of most important factors that influence the spatial distribution of target variable obviously in some cases, therefore, they can help improve prediction of target variable theoretically. However, in respect that non-numerical soft data can’t be calculated directly and is neglected by traditional spatial interpolation methods, connotative useful information can not be utilized sufficiently and effectively, which results in a mass of wasted information. Lately, soft spatial interpolation technology was proposed, aimed to integrate soft spatial data as auxiliary or second information to help improve interpolation accuracy. According to the characteristics and categories of soft spatial data, this paper aimed to review on soft spatial interpolation methods and their applications. Firstly, we summarized some “harden” methods, hardening the soft spatial data to hard data. Then, we discussed several different type soft spatial interpolation methods afterward, such as simple kriging, cokriging, indicator kriging, ordinary kriging, stratified kriging, kriging with external drift regression, bayesian maximum entropy, inverse distance weighted. After that, prospects of application of soft data and soft spatial interpolations were proposed in the last part.
In view of international experiences, extensive local inter-firm linkages, untraded-interdependence, as well as local context within which tacit knowledge and local buzz play a tremendous role in the process of innovation. This paper tries to study the high-tech innovation cluster with the reference of the digital television (DTV) industrial clustering phenomenon in Shenzhen, China. The paper explores the formation of innovation cluster in Shenzhen and illustrates the linkages among the related firms. It can be inferred that the Shenzhen DTV innovation cluster is in the making. In Shenzhen, there is 70% of the DTV related firms cluster in the Nanshan and Futian districts. The industry is characterized with complex structure and multi-sectored collaboration. Innovative requirements and ideas came about in many DTV related firms. The innovative milieu encourages the start-ups and spin-offs grow up, while the government plays a very important role in the development. In the regard of the DTV industry, Shenzhen has become the most developed city in China. The paper also points out, however, there’re still some key problems like the weakness of the R&D capability for DTV chip and the lack of DTV content providers. They all limit the pace of innovation in Shenzhen DTV industry and are to be solved.
With the high-speed growth of wine industry in the “new world” countries, the investigations on wine industrial clusters are being paid more attention by foreign scholars. Up to now, the research on wine industrial clusters has involved many aspects, such as the formation, the components, the use of the Internet, the competitive strategy, the R&D and innovation, the network among the companies, the governance and upgrade, the market operation, the problems, the development advice and so on. The study contents are expanding deeply and widely, the study ways and means are changing from the qualitative methods to the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. But there are also less studies on wine cluster, the existing studies not only have different understandings in the formation, development and components of wine cluster, but also have many issue fields await to further research. Because of late beginning of wine industrial development in China, quite little work on wine cluster has been done, and the concerned literatures mainly use the descriptive method. In order to counterpunch the internationalization challenge of wine industry, some issues which waiting to be research were put forward in order to attract the national scholar’s recognition and to promote the sustainable and healthy development of China wine industry and advance the industrial international competitiveness.
Distance is always an important parameter of spatial interaction models in geography and influences the range and depth of many social and economic activities. There is a close and important linkage between traffic flow and distance. So the regularity of distance decay of traffic flow becomes the important research field of transportation geography and economic geography. Based on the review and comment on research progress of distance decay regularity of traffic flow in foreign countries and China, we narrated the studying data and city specimens applied in this paper, and introduced the primary modals of distance decay function, including exponent model, Pareto model, logarithm model, square exponent model and extraction exponent model. Then we simulated the five distance decay model applying inter-urban traffic flow in China, including road passengers flow, railway passengers flow and railway cargo flow, and aviation passengers flow. We discussed the several parameters of their simulating results including distance decay coefficient b, correlation coefficient R and test parameters (namely F and T), especially provided a comparative analysis. According to the analytical result and simulating parameter, we chose the optimal function model of distance decay of traffic flow, namely, Pareto model, and wrote the specific function formulations of the four traffic flow modals. So we further analyzed the parameter difference of four distance decay models and their geographical implication, especially the relation between distance decay coefficient b and the application distance of four traffic flow modals, and their changes about distance decay parameter of temporal inter-urban railway passengers and cargoes flow and their spatial explanation. To provide a further explanation, it is necessary to do so through analyzing the traffic flows and related social-economic index. So we protracted the accumulative ratio curves and distribution ratio curves of four traffic flows, and demonstrated the distance decay model of traffic flow, their parameter and decay regularity which provided an experiential discussion.
Research on regional economic linkage is one of the most important aspects in economic geography and regional research. This paper, taking Jiangsu as an example, calculates the strength of regional linkage based on the gravity model in combination with network analysis of GIS which is used to acquire the matrix of the shortest travel time between every two cities in Jiangsu Province. The strength of regional economic linkage and disparity charcateristics are analyzed within the southern, central and northern zones and between every two zones in Jiangsu. And the primary directions of regional economic linkage are identified by the strength of regional economic linkage. The results show that: (1) the disparity of the quantity of every zone’s economic linkage is large and the hierarchical feature is very remarkable; and(2) the regional differentiation characteristics of the strength of regional economic linkage are significant, the strength of regional economic linkage within the southern and central zones and between them in Jiangsu Province is stronger; the directions of the regional economic linkage extend along the main roads and the strength weakens with the increase of distance. Through the measurement and comparision of regional economic linkage, the main directions of economic linkage are identified clearly, which is not only in favor of finding the direction for regional economic development, but also in favor of coordinating the contact and cooperation within zones or inter-zones.
Tourist flow is a basic question of tourism geography. Examinations on spatial patterns of tourist flow have long been a hot issue since the 1950s. This article classifies the spatial patterns of tourist flow into three basic theories, i.e., concentric zone theory, centre-periphery theory, spatial diffusion theory, based on literature review. Then, six main issues existing in tourism studies are revealed with critical thinking with the aim to deepen the construction of tourist flow from theoretical perspective. (1) There exists confusion between “regional perspective” for tourist flow and “individual tourists perspective” for individual tourists. (2) A phenomenon of “dual trap” dissevers the intrinsic relationship between tourist origin and tourist destination. (3) One-way arbitrary specification, i.e. , regions are specified functioning absolutely as tourist origins or as tourist destinations. So it contradicts the known facts that regions have double functions attracting tourists while emitting tourist flow to some extent. (4) Intra-regional tourist flow and inter-regional tourist flow, which have different connotations and meanings, have not been scientifically analyzed. (5) Diagnoses of basic pointing types and quantitative measurement of directional bias are also absent. (6) Spatial diffusion of tourist flow is weaker than the foreign countries, especially for multi-destination travel.
A new comprehensive comfort index is founded based on assignment of THI, WCI and ICL. This new index has some peculiarity like comparable, plus able and so on. The climate comfortable degree of 26 cities in eastern China is analyzed by the new index; the grades of fitness and its timely distribution are divided. The North-South variation of climate comfortable degree is analyzed. The 26 cities are divided into three types based on the distribution of comfortable period of a year. The annual comprehensive comfort index in 25°N is the highest, the annual comprehensive comfort index goes up as the latitude reduces in the north of 25°N, the annual comprehensive comfort index goes down as the latitude reduces in the south of 25°N. In summer the comprehensive comfort index goes up as the latitude increases. This shows that the north has a more comfort climate. In winter the comprehensive comfort index goes up as the latitude reduces. This shows that the south has a more comfort climate. Monthly variation of inbound tourists in the four typical cities are surveyed, the monthly variation of inbound tourists and its differences between North and South are revealed, and the dull season and busy season for tourism are divided. Monthly variation of inbound tourists in Harbin presents a “W-shaped” pattern, monthly variation of inbound tourists in Beijing and Nanjing a “M-shaped” pattern, and Haikou’s monthly variation of inbound tourists a wide “U-shaped” pattern. Based on the comparison of monthly index of tourists and climate comfort degree and numerical valued special factors, the simulated model of the monthly index of inbound tourists is founded by the way of OLS.
The research towards tourism geological and geomorphological heritage in China has developed into a sub-discipline of geoscience, which was named tourism earthscience by CHEN Anze et al in 1984. In other countries though similar study exists, there isn’t a corresponding subject. Based on the analysis of 417 Chinese papers of the main core journals dealing with this field during the period 1980—2008, there obviously exists three different seedtimes during the evolution course of tourism earthscience, namely the slow start, conceptual and sporadic research development phase before 1988, the partial development and the subject foundation phase from 1988 to 1998, the fast growth and all-sided development phase after 1999. Coincidentally, geotourism, the one wing of the subject, keeping pace with the three phases, coming through germination, covered development and recent practice phase gradually becomes the core and the end-result of the relevant research. However, the other wing, dealing with geotourism resource, such as Danxia tourism landform etc., has developed to a certain depth forming what is called tourism geomorphology, is the scientific and landscape aesthetics support for tourism. Geopark, as the connecting node of the two wings, is the optimal practice platform of tourism earthscience and the study about it is still in the prescience phase. The research of tourism geoscience in the development is showing a specialization, integrated and cross-cutting, humanization, management, ecologization, and quantification trend.
City recreation sites system is one kind of complex system combining nature with socio-culture, and it is also the core object of harmonious city development planning. The spatial structure of Suzhou recreation sites system is studied during the new period of China using fractal theories and methods. Suzhou recreation sites system is divided into three recreation subsystems located in the ancient city, new city and outer city areas, which are the three districts planned in the 2008 general planning of Suzhou city. Then, using the aggregation dimension, spatial correlation dimension and grid dimension as indexes, the spatial structures of Suzhou recreation sites system are studied thoroughly. Results and findings are as follows. Firstly, city recreation sites system is fractal, and it has good fractal characteristics. Secondly, the fractal indexes depict recreation system structure well. They are helpful to interpret the theory of ReBAM and can be used for recreation system optimization. Thirdly, the spatial structure of Suzhou recreation sites system exhibit a gradient tendency from a loose core to a compact extended structure, and the decentralization phenomenon of self-organization ability stands out. The distribution pattern of recreation sites system has a similar structure as the demand structure for recreation sites and it can depict the spatial development tendency of mature recreation sites system well. Accordingly, it is a kind of absolutely necessary work that guides and improves the self-organization ability of recreation sites system in our harmonious city development. Lastly, contrasting with the former research results, it shows that recreation sites system and tourism attractions system have different fractal structures, but it is reasonable and caters to the essence of recreation and tourism.
The structure of urban system is the basic framework of the pattern and evolution of urbanization. This article takes western Longhai-Lanxin economic zone in Gansu as an example，uses statistical data of 41 counties and the above cities in Gansu section, combining the correlation analysis model, the fractal theory and the GIS spatial analysis method, from the urban system rank scale structure, the spatial structure and the urbanized quota relations，discusses the cities architecture essential feature as well as with urbanized space and time coupling mechanism, and obtains the following conclusion: (1) Gansu section cities architecture takes 2002 as a turning point and enters the second stage; inclined development, with the following characteristics: the rank scale does not obey the order of the bits - scale principle, belonging to the typical first place distribution; the scale structure has fractal features and the single core growth pattern has differentiation; and the spatial structure has fractal features, presenting the axis spatial distribution pattern. (2) The urbanized level does not only depend on the urban scale size (shows the logarithm relations with the urban scale) but also depends on the equalization of urban scale structure (its logarithm becomes linear relationship in the scale structure equalization with imbalanced index), simultaneously, the spatial structure of urban system also affects its development.
Building a socialist new countryside in China is a new idea that is put forward under the guidance of the strategic thinking of emancipation the mind, implementing the scientific concept of development and construction of harmonious society for rural development in the new era. The new countryside construction in Guangdong Province has gained great achievements, however, at the regional level, there are big differences,which not only affect Guangdong on quickening the pace of new countryside construction, but also will affect it to realize the strategic goals of the economic and social sustainable development, a well-off society as well as taking the lead in realizing socialist modernization. On the basis of building the index system of the socialist new countryside construcion for appraising the effectiveness from the five aspects of the production development, the well-off life, the civil local custom, the neat village and democratic management, this paper analyses the realization extent and the existing constraint factors of the new countryside construction from the four major economic regions in Guangdong Province. The study reaches some conclusion as follows: (1) The current extent of implementation is up to 75.5%. (2) There are significant differences in interregions, where the current extents of implementation are 85.3%, 71.1%, 69.5% and 67.0%respectively in the Pearl River Delta, East Wing, West Wing and Northern Mountainous Areas. (3) The main constraint factors are the degree of organization of agricultural production, agricultural infrastructure and the income gap between the urban and rural areas in the Pearl River Delta; the economic strength, the degree of organization of agricultural production and the rate of the clean energy utilization and so on in the East Wing; agricultural infrastructure, Engel's Coefficient, the clean energy utilization, the quality of drinking water and the waste disposal in the West Wing, and the village profile, the lower standard of living of farmers and economic backwardness in the Northern Mountainous Areas.
New information and communication technologies (ICTs) have profoundly changed our social and economic life, which initiates a lot of debates among geographers on the implications of new ICTs application. It is now widely recognized that the development of new ICTs bears much on regional configuration. However, existing researches have concentrated on urban rather than rural areas. Compared to rapid changes in the rural areas caused by the application of new ICTs, geographers' studies on the subject have lagged far behind. Based on a review of existing literature on rural informationalization, this paper calls for more attention from geographers to rural spatial transformation under new ICTs. It first reviews existing research in the field from three aspects, i.e. theoretical debates on rural informationalization, economic implications and social implications of new ICTs application for the rural areas, and then proposes several topics to study in the future, such as the features of rural informationalization, enterprise-based case studies of the spatial implications of new ICTs application, etc.
Study on changes of landscape pattern gradient along urban expansion axis and their drivers is an ideal way to understand the urbanization process and mechanism that affect landscape dynamics. Tong’an District of Xiamen has expanded obviously along Tongji Road to Jimei District and the 324 National Road to Xiang’an District in decades. Combining gradient analysis with landscape pattern metrics, we analyzed the changes of landscape pattern gradients along Tongji Road with a 12-km long and 3-km wide transect and along the 324 National Road with a 9-km long and 3-km wide transect, by using moving window technique, and made comparisons between them. The results showed that, at class-level, most landscape metrics along Tongji Road were significantly influenced by urbanization process, while those along the 324 National Road were not. At landscape-level, urbanization along Tongji Road resulted in increases in landscape shape complexity and fragmentation, but decreases in landscape diversity. The uniformly coexistent pattern of the diverse landscapes was converted to an urban landscape dominant pattern. However, along the 324 National Road, urbanization did not obviously affect landscape shape complexity and fragmentation, but increased landscape diversity. The cultivated landscape dominant pattern was converted to a diverse landscape uniformly coexistent pattern. Urbanization level was the key factor that led to the changes in difference between the two urban expansion axes. Results showed that urbanization level along Tongji Road was intermediate but that was primary along the 324 National Road. Other factors also caused landscape pattern gradient changes. Urbanization level of neighboring area, urban construction layout pattern and characteristics of natural landscape in the study area influenced the range and the peak value occurrence of landscape pattern gradient changes.
Allocating urban construction land based on the regional differences of economic development needs and bearing capacity of resources and environment is an important part of space guidance and control, which can promote the regional and urban-rural coordination. Spatial development suitability assessments on the basis of the natural, ecological, economic and social elements’ comprehensive analysis is done with the support of spatial analysis technology based on the GIS platform. And then, the method of space allocation of urban construction land which considers bearing capacity of resources and environment, economic and social development needs and development potential is discussed. Taking Hai'an County as an example, empirical analysis is performed. The results show that most of the newly added urban construction land is located in the central part of Hai'an County with low development restrictions and high development potential. It is helpful for carrying out different regions' major function and promoting the harmonious interrelations among economy, population, resources and environment.
LUCC models are conducive to better understand the dynamics of land use system. LUCC models have advanced significantly both in theory and practice over the past decade, and developing new generation of LUCC models is considered as the main task of Global Land Project. From the perspective of epistemology, based on analyses of case studies on LUCC modeling and approaches to quantify the relationship between land use change and its driven forces, LUCC models fall into three categories: empirical-statistical models, concept mechanism models and integrated models, and then the concept, technique and method concerned, application, existing drawback of each type are analyzed. The conclusion is presented as follows. Each type can address specific issues in the field of LUCC, and meanwhile, has its own drawbacks and limits. (1) Empirical-statistical models, including exploratory data analysis, regression, Bayesian and training, attempt to identify explicitly the causes of land use change using multivariate analyses of possible exogenous contributions to gain empirically-derived rates of changes. However, the findings of links between land use change and its driving forces are not equal to causal relationships. Also, a model that fits well in a specific region or at one scale performs poorly out of that region or scale. (2) Concept mechanism models, in this paper embracing economic models and agent-based models, are mainly applied to simulate operation and evolution of a variety of processes based on a series of laws and theories. Although they are strongly deductive, deflects are evident in terms of their complexity and data. (3) Integrated models can be defined as combining elements of these different modeling techniques to seek for reasonable resolutions to specific issues. But the level of integration is not always high currently so that they cannot reflect the objectivity of research subject. At present, in terms of spatial/temporal scale and data, a variety of common issues still trouble LUCC modelers. The tendencies of future LUCC models mainly manifest themselves at the following aspects: dealing with multi-scale issues effectively; assessing and addressing problems in terms of spatial neighborhood effect and temporal dynamics; integrating analysis and modeling land sustainability.
The optimal allocation of land use has been one of the important ways to achieve sustainable land use, to promote regional economic development and harmonious environment. More people and less land is the basic situation in China, and more and more farmland conversion to construction land will be a reality in the present phase as China is speeding up industrialization and urbanization process. It is a significant problem which needs to be studied immanently that how to achieve sustainable land use in the process of speedy development of economy. A scientific optimization allocation of land resource can unleash capability of land use, improve concentration effect of land resource and also can maintain a balance of land ecosystems. The traditional optimization allocation of land use study focuses on the optimal structure of the amount of land use, but the study on the spatial optimization of land use is ignored. Obviously, the structure of the amount of land use is the basis for a rational allocation of land use, if we have designed an improper distribution of land use in geographical space, which would restrict the improvement efficiency of land use and affect the scientificness and precision of optimization allocation of land resource, finally we can not achieve the ultimate goal of the optimization allocation of land resources. We must think that how to locate the predictable amount of land use for all types, so the study on spatial optimization allocation of land use is especially important. This paper explained the comprehensive concept of spatial optimization allocation of land use, systemically introduced the related theories and methods of the structure of land use and spatial allocation at home and abroad. From the point of views such as the principle of geography, landscape ecology, system engineering and management, technology such as GIS or RS and application of mathematical model, and sociology and policy, some prospects on land use spatial allocation were made, which aimed to innovate and intensify the study on spatial optimization allocation of land use.
With the aid of RS and GIS, taking Taiyuan City as a case, which is a national important energy industrial city, landscape ecological theory and method is used to the three periods of TM/ETM data include 1986, 1995 and 2001.It takes vegetation index(NDVI) and surface radiant temperature as urban green land and the hot environment effect’s index, by this to analyze the green space landscape pattern and the hot environmental change characteristics and their relationship, and seek the effective way to improve the ecological benefits of urban green space. It can provide some experience for the future city landscape green building. The result shows that green land of better vegetation cover with the larger NDVI is decreasing, instead of hard landscape of lower vegetation cover with the smaller NDVI. The aggravation of green landscape fragmentation degree and the scattered distribution of elements of the landscape are obvious at landscape scale. The increase in the diversity of landscape is on the premise of a large number of artificial interference. The dominance of various types of landscape diminishes and the distribution tends to uniform. At the same time, there is a negative correlation between NDVI and surface radiant temperature. The effects of thermal environment in landscape pattern enhance with the increase of fragmentation degree, the dominance of landscape reduction and the increase in diversity. Urban green spatial distribution has a significant impact on thermal environment, in which mixed pattern is most obvious to cooling effect.
In this research, 34 indexes have been selected to build the regional development sub-system and the eco-environment sub-system for quantitative evaluation, which are closely related to the level of regional development and eco-environment. Accordingly, the regional development-eco-environment index system and synergisticity model of the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains have been built, with which synthesized evaluation can be done to analyze the coordination degree between regional development and eco-environment and the overall development level. The results show that the level of regional development and the condition of eco-environment in different cities are quite different. What’s more, the coordination level between regional development and eco-environment in different areas are different. Based on the coordination degree, combined with coordinated development degree and the evaluation results of the sub-systems, the 17 cities on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains have be divided into three groups: (1) regional development and eco-environment synchronous coordinate region, including Shihezi, Miquan, Fukang, Kuytun, Changji and Manas; (2) regional development and eco-environment approachable coordinated region, including Urumqi, Karamay, Hutubi, Bole, Qitai and Mori; and (3) ecological dominated region, including Wenquan, Jinghe, Usu, Shawan and Jimsar. Finally, corresponding sustainable development strategys for different regions have been put forward.
Self-organization is a process where the organization of a system spontaneously increases without being controlled by the external system. As a new worldview for human to understand the universe and things, self-organization can be a very good explanation for the evolving process of complex systems. Constructed by numbers of sub-system and complex non-linear correlation between them, oasis system belongs to a typical self-organizing system. This paper analyzes the characteristics and evolving process of oasis system by applying self-organization theory through the case study from Xinjiang oasis system. The characteristics and working mechanisms of both the self-organizing and other-organizing process have been introduced to analyze the evolving process while putting the focus on self-organization. Results indicate that oasis system has the obvious features of self-organizing system such as being open, non-balanced, non-linear and fluctuation. Self-organizing process in oasis system spontaneously takes place by three steps, from non-organization to organization, from low level of organization to high level organization and constant increment of complexity. These three process manifested respectively in the spontaneous formation of oasis in a proper environment, proliferation and atrophy of oasis scale and evolution of oasis function and structure. Evolution of oasis system is a compound and complex process which is constructed by the self-organization based on natural factors and other-organization implemented by human activities. The operational status and characteristics of oasis system at a certain time period depends on the relationship and interacting mechanism between self-organization and other-organization. They have three types of possible influence. Firstly, the development of oasis system can be increased to a great degree with the assistance of other organization measures during the process of self-organization. In this case, oasis system will tend to reinforce itself, but close attention must be paid in order to avoid causing some negative feedbacks. Secondly, when self-organization and other-organization deviated from each other, it will break down the intrinsic order in oasis system and oasis system will develop to the direction of disorder and destruction. Finally, the harmonious and synchronous development of self-organization and other-organization can make oasis system play its best function and keep the trend of healthy and sustainable development. Some typical examples from the Xinjiang oasis system have been given correspondingly to support the theoretical analysis. This study can provide scientific basis for understanding the oasis system from the point of view of self-organization, implementing other-organizing process scientifically and organizing oasis system in a more effective way and on a long-term basis.
As the kidney of the earth, natural wetlands play an important role in water purification, and guarantee a healthy drinking water supply for rural areas. As a result, utilizing natural wetlands for mitigating non-point source water pollution has attracted more and more worldwide attention in the past decades. The mechanisms of the retention of nitrogen and phosphorus, both of which are considered substantial to water eutrophication, are mainly due to the cooperative functions of wetland sediment, plants and microbes. The detailed processes of pollutant removal involve sedimentation, dissolution, biological adsorption, and biochemical reactions mediated by microbes, such as nitrification, denitrification, etc. The water purifying efficiencies of natural wetlands have great differences between each other, by reason of the different wetland characteristics, which include wetland area, wetland spatial structure, wetland location, loading time of water purifying, precipitation and temperature, etc. However, results drawn by different scientists from research work at different wetlands varied between each other. Natural wetlands have many types, three of which, named riparian wetlands, river wetlands and peatlands, have been most widely used in water purification. The reason is that: first, they are the most widely distributed wetlands around the world; second, they satisfied the demand for socio-economic development. Each type of the three had respective research progress in both mechanisms and applications of pollutant removal, and the progress in one type usually differed quite a lot from that of the others, as a result of different research histories and varied characteristics of sub-disciplines.
The potential aspects to be attached importance in the future of the research on natural wetland purification ability are as follows: the physical and chemical processes in wetlands boundary and their impacts on water purification ability; restoration of degraded wetlands and the recovery of their water purification ability; continuable programming of wetland water purifying on catchment scale; and dynamic impacts of wetland changes driven by natural and human factors.
