As a fundamental method, cellular automaton has found its unique function in complex geographical system which is characterized by the complicated interaction between natural sub-system and human sub-system. Although different equation-based models have achieved their brilliant successes, it is difficult to apply these models to simulate the whole processes embedded in the complicated geographical systems. Therefore it is ideal to integrate these CA with different equations. The article was aimed to probe into basic concepts and theories related CA model. The recent progresses and achievements were firstly reviewed in the second paragraph, and it is believed that CA is a very innovative method to deal with the complicated processes of natural-human system. Three basic relationships, which are key to develop a new Geo-CA model based on physical law and system evolution rules, are spatial structure of geographical system and configuration of automaton, macro-phenomena and micro-mechanism, and geo-system evolution rule and CA rules. It is necessary to make more efforts to study the formation expression of discrete geo-cellular, micro-mechanism based rules for complex geo-system, and parallel computation of Geo-CA models.
Earth System Science (ESS) has developed into a new historic stage. Because it takes the whole earth system and its interactive actions among spheres, its development needs lots of multi-disciplinary, multi-sources, multi-type, integrated geosciences data resources. According to this requirement, Data Sharing Network of Earth System Science (DSNESS) was established at the beginning of China Scientific Data Sharing Program (SDSP) launched in 2003. It has been one of the long-term data sharing platforms in National Science & Technology Infrastructure (NSTI) since 2005. Data sharing in DSNESS needs standards and specifications environment. Based on the ESS data characteristics’ analysis, 3 main problems needed to be studied at present, i.e., how to establish the ESS data sharing mechanism? How to integrate and share multi-disciplinary data? How to make data easily find and access for use? Basic data sharing concept models are studied firstly for these questions. According to four principles designed, ESS data sharing standards and specifications system and its relationship among related international and domestic standards systems are studied. Designed standards and specifications system includes four main classes, i.e., mechanism and rules class, data management standards and specification class, platform development specification class and data service specification class. A total of 18 standards, rules and specifications have been drawn up. Faced to the problems mentioned above, there are four key standards and specifications in the architecture, i.e., ESS data sharing union constitution, core metadata standard, data quality control measurement specification and data classification system. Through almost 6 years research and application, nowadays all of these 18 standards and specifications have been used successfully in the distributed data sharing network of ESS which include one general center and 13 sub-centers. In the near future, standards and specification environment of DSNESS will be further developed towards two directions, one is basic concept reference model, and the other is data fusion and assimilation standards and specifications.
Access to health service is recognized as an important facilitator of overall population health, and spatial accessibility is one of the vital indexes to assess whether the distribution of health care facilities is balanced or not. Traditional methodology to assess spatial accessibility usually focuses on alternative of the ratio of supply (provider) versus demand (population) in the administrative unit or the travel impedance between population and health service providers. However, both of them can't be comprehensive to reveal the health care resource quantity which any population location can access due to travel impedance. In the paper, we use the measure of spatial accessibility based on potential model to analyze spatial accessibility from village population location to hospitals with Universal Kriging to interpolate the accessibility values in Rudong County of Jiangsu Province, which integrates three main factors including the service capacity of health care facilities, the population demand impact factor and travel impedance between population location and provider location. Through our study, the following conclusions are reached: after selecting the proper travel friction coefficient which is the key factor to affect sensitively the accuracy of spatial accessibility results when using potential model, the measure of spatial accessibility based on potential model can be more comprehensive and accurate to measure spatial accessibility to health care facilities among the small units of the studied area in the spatial interaction between population and service providers, and by GIS, the methodology is able to reveal directly the difference of spatial accessibility to health care facilities in the studied area, furthermore, health professional shortage areas of the studied area can be defined effectively with certain standards developed by public health management sector, which can support the basis for decision-making of health service planning.
Economic agglomeration is a common geographical phenomenon in the industrial society. It occurs in different scale of geography, and has a variety of spatial structures. There are two opinions about the geographical effects on urban evolution. One is to believe that geography plays an important role in the formation and development of cities. The other is to view the economies of agglomeration as the driving factor, where geography simply determines urban locations. To explore the opinions mentioned above, this paper uses the data mining techniques to examine the relationships between urban location and geography in the formation and development of agglomeration. It can be found that the emergence of industrial agglomeration is more influenced by the first-nature geography than by the second-nature geography, but the first-and-a-half-nature geography and second-nature geography as well largely influence the development of economic agglomeration.
Ecosystem services should be paid more attention for it can evaluate the tradeoffs between human and nature in a better way. In this paper, firstly, based on time and some typical papers, projects etc, the researching process on ecosystem services are classified into three phases for the first time:(1)primary phase, which mainly focused on basic theory; (2)developing phase which mainly focused on ecosystem services valuation and methods; and (3)highly developing phase which mainly focused on ecosystem services application. Secondly, major problems in current research are pointed out, including: using some concepts correctly, choosing directors and scale correctly, some economic problems and the unification of every kind of valuation. Finally, the in-depth studies are suggested to be focused on: (1)intensifying simulation by models; (2)contrasting researches based on unification;(3)tradeoffs between human activity-ecosystem services-human wellbeing; and (4)values of different ecosystem services.
The mining cities in central Liaoning region are the important energy production and heavy industrial base of China, and the study on the ecological carrying capacity status(ECC) and the prediction of the developing trend in these areas are of great significant to the harmonious development between economy and ecology. Based on the unity of resources ensurence rate, environmental carrying capacity and socio-economic growth principle, the ECC model of the mining cities in central Liaoning region was established by system dynamics approach. The ECC status of the study region was evaluated through 1997 to 2006, and the developing trend for 2006-2020 was predicted. Results showed that: from 1997 to 2006, the ECC of the mining cities in central Liaoning region was overloaded in general, but the developing trend was regional specific. The ECC index of Anshan changed from 1.686 to 1.301, and averagely decreased by 2.56% per year, but the ECC was still overloaded. The ECC index of Fushun changed from 1.169 to 0.909, and averagely decreased by 2.49% per year, the ECC status changed from overload to surplus. The ECC index of Benxi elevated from 1.070 to 1.249, and averagely increased by 1.56% per year, the overloading extent was increasing constantly. Generally, from 2006 to 2020, the ECC of central Liaoning region was overloaded, of which the overloaded extent was increasing constantly, and the average increase rate of the ECC index per year for Anshan, Fushun and Benxi were 0.89%, 1.56% and 1.81%, respectively. In conclusion, as mining cities, Anshan, Fushun and Benxi should give priorities to the ensuring of water resource and energy resource supply, and improve the ecological carrying capacity.
Disaster loss is related to the pre-disaster economic development level, disaster types, post-disaster recovery strategies, disaster management ability and disaster insurance system perfection, combined with basic data accuracy, access difficulty and uncertainty of calibration, there is no effective indirect economic loss assessment methods until now. The present indirect loss estimation methods have some deficiencies: First, the definition of indirect economic losses composition, the spatial and temporal dimension of disasters were vague; secondly, the model assumptions are too much deviation from the actual economic situation in post-disaster; and finally, the model tended to ignore the dynamic changes characteristics of the post-disaster economic system flexibility and production capacity of the industrial sectors. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the dynamic mechanism of disasters impact on the economic, and set the relevant parameters reasonable so that the model is more realistic to reflect the real disaster impact, and estimate the indirect economic losses caused by disasters well for decision-making.
Previous studies have shown that Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD, a kind of endemic osteoarthropathic disease) is mainly distributed in the areas with low selenium in environment. At present, it has been controlled in most areas of China, but it is still relatively serious in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. Rangtang County of Sichuan Province is located in the southeastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The KBD prevalence rate in every village in the county is higher than 13.28%. In this paper, some villages are selected by KBD prevalence rate. Samples of cultivated topsoil (0-20cm), highland barley (Qingke), tsamba and drinking water were collected. The relationship between selenium contents in the samples and KBD prevalence rate were analyzed. The results show that the selenium concentrations in all KBD villages are very low, especially in higher prevalence rate villages. The sequences of selenium contents in cultivated topsoil and highland barley grains are MKBD (middle prevalence rate villages) >HKBD (high prevalence rate villages)>VHKBD (very high prevalence rate villages) and those in tsamba (a kind of food made of highland barley and other adding materials) are MKBD>HKBD≈VHKBD. Selenium concentrations in drinking water in VHKBD villages are also higher than those in MKBD and HKBD villages though the selenium levels between drinking water types are different. There are close relationships between KBD prevalence rate and selenium concentrations in the local environment, especially in foodstuff. Because the selenium in drinking water plays a less role in daily selenium intake of resident populations under the low selenium condition, it is important to import high selenium content grains or add selenium in food for KBD controlling and prevention in the area.
The article first introduced and analyzed territorial planning of experiment areas, through such aspects as its features and functions, basic purposes and major tasks, spatial areas and temporal terms, guiding ideas and working thoughts, organizing bodies and working patterns, subject matters and outline contents, special subjects and main products, and regions set off. From this, we can discover that those provinces and cities prompted territorial planning experiment work studiously and overcame difficulties, since the Ministry of Land and Resources arranged to make new round territorial planning experiment in 2001. Although the territorial planning experiments had some flaws, such as having not got consistent on key problems, having paid little attention to implementation, experiments having not carried out according to plans, and social influence needing expansion, they acquired obvious effects, such as department characteristics being evident, foundation being strong and the collectivity being rather good, several attempts having innovations, and experiments having some important contributions. With China attaching more importance to territorial planning, the article put forward such advices as sticking to era topics based on department characteristics, strengthening discussion and establishing guidance, perfecting coordination mechanism to reduce resistance, emphasizing experiments’ typicalness and representativeness, and improving and popularizing experiments’ experience, in the national or regional territorial planning constitution and implementation.
Land suitability evaluation is the basis and core of overall land use planning. With global population increasing and environmental problems deteriorating, it is important and urgent to implement the research on land suitability for dealing with the relation between population and resources and with sustainable development. Based on indexing an amount of references, the authors systematically summarized viewpoints of alien researchers on land suitability with GIS and classified the related methodologies into three aspects: Computer-assisted overlay mapping, multi-criteria decision-making methods and artificial intelligence methods. In addition, authors analyzed the latter two methodologies, put forward the orientation of more accuracy, integration and dynamics in this regard, and suggested to realize methodologies transition at different spatial scales and network assessment and evaluation visualization in the future.
With the deepening of global change research, more attentions are paid to the land use change and its effects. The land bid-rent curve analysis is an important theoretical basis for economical analysis in land use change. Improving the research of land bid-rent curve's form and its changes will help us to deepen the cognition of inherent mechanism in land use change, and provide a theoretical basis for forecasting land use changes. This paper analyzed two kinds of basic patterns in land bid-rent curve research, and pointed out the problems that exist in the previous studies. This paper tried to combine the theoretical derivation pattern with the mathematical reasoning pattern to explain the form and changes of land bid-rent curve in terms of technical progress, and analyzed the changes and realistic significance of key parametric in land bid-rent curve to deepen the understanding of land use change. Through analysis, this paper elicited the following conclusions: (1) The hypothesis of flexible farmer/inflexible farmer that raised by O'Sullivan exists many insufficiencies, and is not proper to be used in explaining the form and changes of land bid-rent curve. (2) Technical progress is the key factor that affects the form change of land bid-rent curve, and is the pivotal driving force that affects land use change. (3) Land use intensity is an important indicator of land use change. Deepening the research of land use intensity is very important to advance the research of land use spatial planning. At last, this paper proposed some issues valuable to be studied in the future.
The non-linear models with binary variables to identify the existence of some land use types at the pixel-specific dimension are widely used to analyze the relationship between land use pattern and its influential factors. In this paper, we develop and use a Raster-Based Explanatory Model for Land Use Pattern (RBEMLUP) to solve the problems we are always confronted with when we build and estimate the models to figure out the drive mechanism of land use pattern after we introduce the binary variables in the statistical estimation model and when there exist non-liner relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables. The case study in Taips League shows that RBEMLUP is capable of accurately estimating the relationship between the influential factors from the geophysical and social-economic dimensions and the land use pattern at regional extent, through a series of treatments including mainly the multicollinearity diagnoses and singular value elimination. The research results for the case study of Taips League are of significance to supply the decision making information for land use planning and the optional utilization of land resource.
The changes of global climate abnormality induced by greenhouse gases are the focuses of the world’s attention, CO2 emissions induced by energy consumptions has been the major greenhouse gas during recent years. In order to show mechanism of industrial structure of Chinese energy consumption, we bring forward the concept of average energy consumption and construct an AECPC(Average Energy Consumptions of Production Chains) model based on input-output technique in this paper, which not only reflects direct energy consumption and indirect energy consumption of each sector, but also reflects the effect on energy consumption by different production links from the point of view of energy saving. By applying the model, the paper calculates twenty-nine sectors in Chinese national economy in 2005. The results show maximal average consumptions of production chains of nine kinds of energy production respectively. These production chains not only include known sectors which are high energy consumption, but also other sector, such as the production and supply of tap water sector. The AECPC model can help make industrial policy of Chinese industrial transformation impact on carbon emissions.
Based on the analysis of the indicators of manufacturing location decision, the paper discussed the control function of the indicators on the regionalization. Then, as a case study, Wuxi city, which is an economic developed city in the Yangtze-River Delta, is divided into several types of area by the indicators of ecological restriction, development orientation and other related spatial factors. Concretely, the paper estimated the regionalization of ecological restriction with ecosystem service, disaster sensitivity and the risk of water environment; estimated the regionalization of development orientation with the traffic accessibility, agglomeration level and the potential of land use; and the distribution of the town and basic farmland area also was considered. Furthermore, the paper applied the GIS spatial analytic technique to divide the suitability regionalization, taking which as the decision foundation of the manufacturing spatial location. The regionalization emphasizes the regions with low ecological and environmental restriction and high demand of development orientation should undertake manufacturing distribution; whereas those regions having high ecological and environmental restriction, low development orientation, high population density as well as the regions of the basic farmland should limit and even forbid the construction of manufacturing projects.
On the basis of the research results in recent years, the paper puts forward the studying route, i.e., introducing inductance and influence indexes, proposing the used parameters to measure contact, confirming the main and subordinate contact directions based on the hierarchies of and forming the spatial structure of urban agglomerations (UAs). According to the hierarchies of exponents, the paper indicates that Industry Contact Intensity (ICI) is different in different urban agglomerations; the degree of difference depends on the hierarchies of urban agglomerations and the spatial collocating relationship of each city. The greater the hierarchies, the greater degrees the difference has. Basing on the distribution of main and subordinate contact directions, the paper partitions four types of the structures, such as network-denseness, spatial-decentralization, core-centered and core-deflective patterns. In addition, this paper abstracts different exterior-configurations basing on the shapes when the width of lines representing industry contact intensity changes from 0.2 to 18. Meanwhile, it puts forward the system of space exploiture on different ranges, such as the whole country, urban agglomeration systems and individual ones, macroscopical direction and emphases in different urban agglomerations, and summarizes blueprints of spatial development in different stages for every urban agglomeration. Finally, the paper summarizes the theoretical meanings of this study and put forward the direction of research in this field.
Pole-axis system is one of the main modes of Chinese regional spatial structure. It is an academic element for geographical space optimization to research urban pole-axis system spatial structure and reveal its mathematics nature. Based on pole-axis system theory, a fractal model of pole-axis system was built, and then its geographical meaning was illuminated. According to the mathematic elements of pole-axis system fractal model, this paper developed counting program of fractal model by GIS software. Taking urban-traffic system in Jinan City, Shandong Province as an example, this paper counted the parameter of its fractal model by using GIS data format. The results showed that: (1) The pole-axis system presented a fractal nature indeed when developing to a certain stage, and the fractal model of pole-axis system can effectively reflect the spatial structure of pole-axis system. (2) Fractal, scale-free and order is the different states of geo-spatial. We deduced that its spatial structure has experienced an iterative process of disorder → scale-free → fractal→ order→ a more complex disorder with the development of pole-axis system. (3) The urban-traffic system in Jinan City, Shandong Province had shaped the rudimental structure of pole-axis system, which was in the developing stage.
Although there is still no general foreign direct investment (FDI) location theory, a large number of related studies do help deepen our understanding of this issue. Location theory and FDI theory are the two fundamental theoretical bases of FDI location research. China as a successful transition country, the issue about its FDI location choice had become a hot topic in many fields. This paper reviewed the features, methods, and contents of existing studies on FDI location in China. Qualitative description was the most important character of early studies. Since the mid-1990s, the research focuses were shifted to identify the factors which affected the FDI location decision using the econometric model. Existing studies mainly focused on provincial scale and identified location factors included costs, markets, agglomeration, institution, etc. FDI location decision in host country is the interacted result of region-industry-enterprise factors, therefore there are other factors——including the country of origin, industry and enterprise characteristics, and the evolution factors——work besides the host country’s location factors. Finally, the paper put forward some questions deserving further research, including discussing the general location model in merging economies, strengthening region-industry-enterprise systematic research, and paying attention to the location of different functions of FDI in China.
Time geography has been applied broadly; meanwhile, the theory has being developed itself. This paper introduced and commented on the background, deduction and application of the study of user-centered time geography for location-based service. The development and the limitations of LBS put forward theoretical need. By combing classical time geography with an extended theory of affordances, the theoretical problem has been resorted smartly and the study framework of user-centered time geography for LBS has been deduced.
Financial spatial system is defined as a spatial structure which formed by various financial elements interaction in an area. As a macro spatial structure power, financial spatial system deeply affects different local development through trading efficiency, credit demand and access to credit. Under new economic background, such as deregulation, fast development of information technology, globalization, financial spatial system evolution takes on some new trends, such as mainstream financial space integration, outstanding spatial ranking characteristics, increasing competition between sticky financial places, alternative financial space forming and appearing. Fundamentally speaking, it is the different spatial profit which financial institute and financial capital pursue that drives financial spatial system evolution. But in contemporary era, financial spatial system evolution increasingly is driven by some macro, top-town factors, such as globalization, information technology development, national financial regulation and financial crisis.
Due to rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, cultivated land will be continually occupied by constructions for a long time in future China and efficient approaches for cultivated land supplements are urgently needed to ensure food security. And, affected by the current international financial crisis, China's rural economic development requires a strong stimulation of investment and migrant workers need to find new platform for their employments. More importantly， building a new socialist countryside needs more efficient breakthrough point. As one of the most important tasks in new rural construction, village renovation is an indispensable part of urban-rural harmonious development. By virtue of village renovation and subsequent land consolidation to build a comprehensive land use system with the concept of unifying urban-rural development is a practical way to achieve urban-rural harmonious development. Village renovation is favorable to efficient land resource allocation, to mitigating conflict between cultivated land protection and urban construction and to flow of land production factor between urban and rural system. So exploring and summarizing optimal models and approaches for village renovation is sufficiently significant to urban and rural harmonious development. Based on the pilot work in Sanya city, eight principles and four village renovation models, namely urban-expanding model, project-leading model, central village-concentrating model and village-pulling down model are put forward in this paper. Additionally, the sustainable mechanism for village renovation is discussed in order to make sure a smooth application of the above models, including agricultural industry cultivation and re-employment for peasants, financing channels and land use system renovation. All the works serve the objective to supply optimal models and approaches for village renovation in similar regions.
As a region is an open system, interregional interaction and influence can lead to high regional correlation characteristics in many areas. This paper evaluates regional socio-economic development level using the method of comprehensive evaluation，and analyses its socio-economic space aggregation according to Moran space correlation index based on the imbalance development theory. Research results show that the socio-economy in Huang-Huai-Hai has the characteristics of differences in number and similarities in space, its social and economic space agglomeration is falling in recent years in time aspect and has reflected significant space differentiation pattern in space aspect. The higher level cities of regional socio-economic development are mainly concentrated in municipalities, capital cities of provinces, coastal areas and economic location in advantageous positions while the lower are mainly distributed in the middle and southern parts, and the region has preliminarily showed four socio-economic agglomeration increasing zones which respectively are Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic zone, Shandong Peninsula economic zone, Zhongyuan economic zone and Su-wan northern economic zone, but their leading roles of economic core areas in Zhongyuan and Su-Wan northern economic zones to the surrounding areas are inadequate，so we should strengthen their core leading abilities to promote regional economic development in balance and economic development of the surrounding areas in future. This paper structured the socio-economic agglomeration development strategy model in Huang-Huai-Hai Region according to the actual situation of regional economic development and land use, and its essence is to strengthen the regional internal division and cooperation of agricultural production and non-agricultural construction so as to promote regional land-use optimized distribution and to improve the regional socio-economic development competitiveness.
By using the mechanism methodology, the model for potential agricultural productivity was established. Effective coefficients for factors such as radiation, temperature, water and land were identified. This paper estimated the main crops potential productivity in Hailun County, and established agricultural resources utilization assessment which is composed of productivity loss value, contented index and yield potential index based on the productivity of different levels. The result showed that the photosynthetic potential productivity was 16801.4 kg/hm2, the temperature potential productivity was 12483.9 kg/hm2, climate potential productivity was 9799.1 kg/hm2, and agricultural potential productivity was 8248.4 kg/hm2. If the temperature potential productivity is regarded as the highest productivity that can be realized, there was still 74.01% of potential on main crops in Hailun County and yield potential of maize was higher than that of soybean. The social and economic conditions were the key restricting factors and in natural resources temperature played the most important role in restricting crop productivity, and then moisture and soil fertility condition. On this basis and site-investigation, we analysed systematically local crop productivity resources. By this way we can find the main restricting resource factors to achieve the purpose of appraising agricultural resources utilization efficiency comprehensively.
