Urban transportation resilience reflects the ability of the transportation system to maintain its basic functions and structure through its resistance, mitigation, and absorption under extreme conditions, or the ability to restore the original equilibrium or reach a new equilibrium state within a reasonable time and with reasonable cost. Global warming, sea-level rise, and rapid urbanization all increase the risk of compound extreme weather events, presenting challenges for the operation of urban-related infrastructure including transportation infrastructure. In this context, some questions become important. For example, how to measure the strength of urban transportation resilience under extreme weather events (including the impact of different extreme weather event intensities on its strength); how to monitor its spatial and temporal features and evolution trends; and how long will it take for the entire system to restore balance? At present, effective monitoring methods for transportation resilience under the influence of extreme events are lacking, especially the monitoring of the temporal and spatial dynamic changes of transportation resilience under climate change, to answer these questions. Therefore, it is urgently needed to solve the problem of accurately identifying the state of urban transportation resilience under extreme weather events and improving the level of prevention and control of transportation system impact of natural hazard-related disasters. The development of big data mining technology and deep learning methods for spatiotemporal prediction made the construction of spatiotemporal datasets for evaluating and predicting urban transportation resilience possible. Such datasets can reveal the spatiotemporal evolution features, changing trends of urban transportation resilience intensity under the influence of extreme weather events, as well as the mechanism of influence. It indicates the key research areas that should be focused on for transportation resilience under climate warming. This article reviewed and summarized the research on transportation resilience in China and internationally in the past 50 years, analyzed the deficiencies in the existing research based on the relevant research results of transportation resilience in China and globally, and identified the key areas and directions of the research on transportation resilience under climate warming in order to provide new ideas for future research on transportation resilience.

Improving the carbon sequestration and sink capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is one of the most economical and green ways to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals on schedule. Soil particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), as important soil organic carbon fractions, are the key to understanding changes in the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. Previous studies have shown that climate warming has changed the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems and affected the input of organic carbon from plants and microorganisms at the same time, but there is no unified conclusion on the response of soil organic carbon components to climate warming and their controlling factors. This article systematically introduced the framework of soil particulate and mineral-associated organic matter. The formation, transformation, and stabilization of the two components were described. The article reviewed current research progresses on the response of soil particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon to climate warming and their influencing factors. On this basis, the shortcomings of existing research and future challenges were discussed, and the key scientific issues that need to be solved urgently at present and future research directions were proposed, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the formulation of soil organic carbon management and solutions to climate change.

The peaking time and peak Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) are important indicators of vegetation phenology and growth that play a decisive role in annual productivity. Using MODIS EVI (MOD13C1) data and a double logistic four-parameter model, we quantified the spatial and temporal variations of peaking time of vegetation growth and peak EVI, and their sensitivities to climate at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 2001-2020. The results show that: 1) During the 20 years, the peaking time of vegetation growth occurred between June and August. It first advanced and then delayed with the increase in latitude. Discounting land north of 70°N, the peaking time tended to advance with increasing latitude. Peak EVI ranged between 0.2 and 0.6, with higher EVI in high latitudes. 2) The spatially averaged peaking time of vegetation growth in the study area showed a nonsignificant advancing trend during the study period (0.12 d/a, p>0.05). The percentage of pixels showing advancing trend (60.3%) was larger than that with delaying trend (39.7%). Peak EVI showed a significant increasing trend, with an increase of 0.01/10 a (p<0.01). Spatially 74.5% of the study area showed an increasing trend in peak EVI. 3) During 2001-2020, the impacts of changing temperature, precipitation, and cloud cover in the spring and the summer were widespread. Temperature had the strongest effect on the peaking time and peak EVI of vegetation growth, with asymmetric effects at high latitudes. At low latitudes, a rise in temperature was likely to decrease peak EVI through events such as droughts. In contrast, the effects of precipitation and cloud cover on the peaking time and peak EVI of vegetation growth were relatively complex and spatially heterogeneous. The results of our study may provide data and information to elucidate the mechanisms that drive vegetation phenology and growth patterns and their responses to climate change at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and to predict the impacts on ecosystem changes.

The urban life cycle theory was proposed by Hall and Van den Berg and colleagues based on European urban research. According to the changes in the population of the urban core and rings, the urban spatial evolution process is divided into four stages: Urbanization, suburbanization, deurbanization, and reurbanization. The stage alternation and specific stages described by the theory have also been confirmed by subsequent empirical research, and this theory has been widely applied in identifying and studying the stages of urban development. However, this theory has been criticized and questioned as follows: 1) The process of urban development cannot be measured solely from a single population change perspective; 2) There are heterogeneities in urban development under different backgrounds; 3) The division of stages is unreasonable and debatable; and 4) Urban space does not always evolve linearly in a unidirectional order. In this context, many studies have made revisions, supplements, and improvements to this theory, and some new theories have been proposed, but there is still room for breakthroughs and development. Future breakthroughs can be made in the following aspects: 1) Incorporate marginal cities, shrinking cities, gentrification, and new urban phenomena into research of the post crisis and post pandemic period, and consider changes in people's lifestyle and thinking, socioeconomic background, and so on, to expand the applicability of the theory; 2) Refine urban types to identify the diversity of evolution, and conduct comparative research to identify urban life cycle models that are suitable for China; 3) Incorporate population structure and integrate the data of population size, age, and household and socioeconomic characteristics to enhance the depth of urban spatial analysis; and 4) Increase research on the migration of residents and businesses, expand micro-scale perspectives, and integrate multiple urban systems to enhance the comprehensiveness of urban spatial evolution theory.

The combinations of regional climate factors and climate risk types caused by temperature rise in the backdrop of global warming are complex and diverse. South and Southeast Asia (SSEA) have attracted great attention due to their tropical monsoon climate and related unique characteristics. Exploring the patterns of change in temperature and precipitation in SSEA is of great significance for evaluating their effects on regional human activities and disaster risk such as the occurrence and development of active fires. Based on the 1980-2018 global climate element dataset (Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth Land Surface Areas (CHELSA) V2.1, 30″×30″), and using statistical methods such as linear fitting and Mann-Kendall test, the spatiotemporal characteristics and evolution trends of temperature and precipitation in SSEA were examined from the aspects of overall trend of change and regional difference characteristics. The main conclusions are that: First, precipitation in SSEA has increased significantly in the past nearly four decades. A mutation of the trend of precipitation was detected in 2005. Second, nearly 2/3 of the SSEA region experienced an increasing trend of precipitation. Although rainfall change intensities in South Asia and Southeast Asia were similar in the rainy season, the amplitude in Southeast Asia was greater in the dry season. Third, SSEA has shown a significant warming trend in the last 40 years, and difference in monthly temperature rise was slight. Fourth, the regions with an increasing trend in temperature accounted for nearly 99.13% of SSEA, and the temperature change in Southeast Asia was more significant than that in South Asia during the rainy season. However, temperature rise in South Asia was more significant in the dry season, while it was the opposite in Southeast Asia. Finally, SSEA showed a notable trend of warming-wetting climate since the 1980s, which was featured by greater significance and intensity of temperature and precipitation changes in Southeast Asia.

Amidst economic globalization, commerce and trade have become increasingly interwoven with national security and foreign policy, emphasizing the growing interdependence of commerce, trade, and foreign policy in the 21st century. This trend has intensified in the 21st century, with the rise of multipolar economies and growing trade and technology conflicts, particularly between China and the United States, fueling interest in geoeconomic research. However, geoeconomic studies still lack clear theoretical and conceptual definitions as well as a complete qualitative analytical framework, posing challenges in supporting China's peaceful rise with a theoretical perspective. This study reviewed the current landscape of Western geoeconomic research, uncovering that: 1) the theoretical development of Western geoeconomics has evolved through two phases: germination and initiation; 2) three predominant schools have emerged: geostrategy, economic geography, and critical geography; 3) geoeconomics and geopolitics are deeply intertwined, rooted in "capitalistic logic" and "territorial logic", respectively; 4) extant empirical research spans various topics, including geoeconomic strategies, the application and impact of geoeconomic tools, and the discourse and conceptualization of geoeconomics. Finally, this article pointed out that geoeconomics is a tangible reality and represents a form of political geography driven by capitalistic logic, focusing on geopolitical spatial economics. It is dialectically integrated with geopolitics, serving both as a diplomatic policy practice and an analytical framework. Based on the coupling of existing research and China's contemporary context, this article suggests that future research in China should address geoeconomic resilience, the implementation and effectiveness of geoeconomic tools at varying scales, geoeconomic practices in smaller countries and third countries, geoeconomics from the perspective of urban regionalism, and the interplay between geoeconomic discourses and practices, to advance geoeconomic theories in China. This research is helpful to accurately and comprehensively understanding geoeconomics, grasping the development trends of Western geoeconomics, and better guiding the development of geoeconomics in China, so as to serve the implementation of "the Belt and rRoad Initiative" and the peaceful rise of China.

The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has developed rapidly from establishing in the mid-1990s, which provides irreplaceable data support for global climate change simulation and future climate change projection. This paper reviewed systematically the development process from CMIP1 to CMIP6, including theoretical framework, future scenario construction, international participation, etc. On this basis, the paper comprehensively summarized the performance of CMIP models in simulating global and China's temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Furthermore, the simulation results of historical experiment in CMIP3, CMIP5 and CMIP6 was emphatically compared. With the development of CMIP, the simulation performance of global climate models has also been improved due to the improvements of physical parameterization scheme and spatial resolution. However, the performances of CMIP models in simulating climate characteristics at regional scale are still limited, especially for the simulations of precipitation change in small-middle scale, and the simulation performances of different models varies greatly. Finally, the paper looks forward to the possible development directions of CMIP models according to the above problems.

One of the basic topics in population geography is how the population distributes and changes on terrain gradients. With the improvement of data accuracy and quality, it is feasible to conduct macroscopic analysis for this question based on kilometer grid cells. This study analyzed the distribution and change characteristics of China's population on the gradients of elevation, ruggedness, and slope from 2000 to 2020, using methods of frequency distribution statistics, based on 1-km grid statistical cells, and using spatial demographic datasets (WorldPop) and digital elevation model datasets (SRTMGL1). The effects of different digital elevation model datasets (including ASTER GDEM and SRTMGL1) and spatial demographic datasets (including WorldPop, LandScan, and GPW) on the results were also compared and the differences between the 1-km grid and 100-meter grid data were further explored with SRTMGL1 and WorldPop. The results show that: 1) The population increasingly tends to be distributed at the lower position of terrain gradients. The half-balance points of the population distribution on elevation, ruggedness, and slope gradients were 95.6 m, 50.7 m, and 3.01° respectively in 2000, and decreased to 77.0 m, 46.8 m, and 2.88° in 2020. 2) Dominant area of population distribution relative to land area has been stably located at a lower position of terrain gradients. The upper boundary of the dominant part of the population over terrain (MU) is stably located at the elevation of 520 m, the ruggedness of 137 m, and the slope of 6.84°, respectively, and the population dominance rate rose from 0.511, 0.248, and 0.217 in 2000 to 0.522, 0.274, and 0.255 in 2020, respectively. 3) Different spatial demographic datasets have no effect on the distribution and change pattern of population on terrain gradients, while DEM datasets have significant effects on the ruggedness gradient and slope gradient distribution of population. There is no difference between 1-km grid and 100-meter grid data for this study, and the 1-km grid dataset is recommended for the study of population distribution at the national scale and above. This study provides a new basic reference for understanding of the relationship between population distribution and terrain in China at the kilometer grid scale.

A rare persistent high temperature event occurred in the Yangtze River Basin in summer 2022, which caused serious impacts on the life and production of the provinces in the basin. Scientific analysis of the causes of this high temperature process is of great significance for improving the prediction and early warning of high temperature processes. Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the daily temperature data collected from 699 stations in the Yangtze River Basin, this study examined the atmospheric circulation characteristics and the causes of this high temperature process. The findings indicate that: 1) The high temperature process that occurred in the Yangtze River Basin in 2022 ranked the highest in terms of the area of influence, intensity, duration, and comprehensive strength since 1961. 2) There were mainly two circulation causes that attributed to this high temperature process. The first was the impact of local circulation, that is, the middle and upper layers of the troposphere over the Yangtze River Basin was controlled by the abnormal anticyclonic circulation generated by the equivalent barotropic mechanism. The second was the impact of large-scale circulation, that is, the South Asia High and Western Pacific Subtropical High moved in an opposite direction and overlapped over the Yangtze River Basin. Under the control of high pressure, the sinking movement over the Yangtze River Basin and the solar radiation reaching the ground are obviously strong, which led to strong extreme high temperature. 3) The main reason for the long duration of the abnormal circulation is that with the Rossby wave transmitting energy eastward from Western Europe and the Lake Baikal, the circulation distribution presented a "two grooves and one ridge" model from west to east in the middle and high latitude of Eurasia and a stable "three-wave" model in the middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Therefore, the energy converged in the subtropical region above the Yangtze River Basin, which helped maintain the intensity of the subtropical high and the occurrence of the abnormal positive height anomalies over the Yangtze River Basin.

Identifying the characteristics of landing typhoons and analyzing typhoon hazard are of great practical significance for scientifically improving the risk prevention capability of typhoon disasters. Based on the best track data set of tropical cyclones from the China Meteorological Administration and the data of the China Typhoon Network, this study conducted a statistical analysis of the characteristics of typhoons that landed in Hainan Province from 1949 to 2021, and carried out a typhoon hazard assessment in cities and counties of the province based on typhoon frequency, intensity, and tracks. The results show that: 1) In the past 73 years, the average annual number of typhoons that landed in Hainan Province was about 2.3, and the frequency of landings was gradually declining. In each year, typhoon landing time was concentrated in July to October, and the accumulated landfall between August and September accounted for about 48% of the annual numbers. 2) Typhoon landing sites were located in the eastern coastal cities and counties of Hainan Province, mainly in Wenchang and Wanning. High-frequency typhoon transit areas were predominantly in central Hainan Province along the southeast-northwest line with zonal distribution. 3) The spatial pattern of typhoon hazard level in Hainan Province was similar to its typhoon transit frequency. Generally, typhoon hazard in coastal cities and counties was higher than inland cities and counties. Dongfang City, Ledong Li Autonomous County, and Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County were among the highest hazard level regions. The results of this research can provide a reference and basis for typhoon disaster prevention and mitigation and long-term national economic development planning in Hainan Province.

The once-in-a-century revolution in the automobile manufacturing industry has triggered a "car-making frenzy" in China, subsequently reshaping the spatial landscape of the country's automobile manufacturing industry. This study used comprehensive micro-enterprise databases and employed location quotient indicators to compare the spatial agglomeration characteristics of the Chinese automobile manufacturing industry between 2013 and 2021. It examined the distinctive location traits of both new energy and traditional automobile manufacturing sectors, while also evaluating the co-agglomeration patterns of three pivotal industries—automobile, electronics, and electrical-in Chinese cities. Additionally, the study employed the negative binomial regression method to investigate the factors that influence the site selection of Chinese automobile manufacturing enterprises. The findings of this study are as follows: Chinese automobile manufacturing enterprises tend to concentrate in cities with a solid historical industrial foundation, showcasing a blend of continuity and change in the industrial layout. The location choices of Chinese new energy automobile manufacturing enterprises are both path dependence and path breakthrough. While cities with established prowess in traditional automobile manufacturing still hold potential for developing the new energy automobile sector, cities with weaker traditional automobile manufacturing sectors, such as Shenzhen, have made remarkable strides in the realm of new energy vehicles. In 2021, only 11 cities in China, including Shanghai, Hefei, and Suzhou, achieved the co-agglomeration of the three major manufacturing industries (automobile, electronics, and electrical). Notably, cities with well-developed automobile industries, such as Chongqing, did not gain specialized advantages in the electronics and electrical manufacturing sectors. Factors such as the diversification index of the manufacturing industry, the complexity of manufacturing knowledge, the size of the resident population, and the location quotient of the automobile manufacturing industry contribute to attracting automobile manufacturing enterprises. Traditional automobile manufacturing tends to gravitate towards cities with a concentration of foreign industrial enterprises, which diverges from the agglomeration patterns observed in the electronics manufacturing sector. The impact of location quotient in the electronics and electrical manufacturing industry on the site selection of Chinese new energy vehicle manufacturing enterprises did not demonstrate statistical significance. This study contributes to enriching the theory of industrial location in China and provides valuable insights for automotive manufacturing companies in their site selection process, as well as informing government policies related to industrial layout planning.

The utilization of the resources and environment and the impact on the Earth system of modern human activities have been undergoing great changes. The environment and sustainable development of human society are facing severe challenges. The study of human-earth system coupling provides integrated approaches for solving ecological and socioeconomic problems. However, the understanding of the rural human-earth system coupling is insufficient. Therefore, reviewing the progress of research on rural human-earth system coupling is of great significance for promoting the development of human-earth system science and supporting the decision making for coordinated and sustainable development. The results of this study show that rural human-earth system coupling is a comprehensive process of interaction and mutual influence between the rural socioeconomic system and the natural ecosystem, forming a theoretical paradigm of "process-mechanism-pattern-effect-regulation". The research themes mainly include five aspects, namely, the process and pattern of rural natural and social elements coupling, the influence and feedback of climate change on agricultural production, the driving mechanism of urbanization on rural development, the telecoupling effect of globalization and agricultural trade, and the regulation effects of policy intervention and engineering measures. The research methods mainly involve the coupling evaluation models and the coupling mechanism models. Given the insufficient research on the mutual feedback and transmission mechanisms of rural human-earth system coupling at multiple scales and the lack of data models, future studies should focus on detecting the coupling process and pattern of rural human-earth system under structure transformation and scale extension, analyzing the coupling mechanism of rural human-earth system under elements flow and effects cascade, exploring the simulation and decision-making methods of rural human-earth system that are data-driven and characterized by model integration, and finding the coordination pathways of rural human-earth system under the objective of harmony between humans and nature and global sustainable development.

With the advent of the post-industrial era, a "green turn" has gradually become the basic principle of global urban renewal. However, green initiatives and practices in urban renewal often focus on environmental sustainability, neglecting the green gentrification that can be triggered at the social level. In the context of urban renewal in China, urban greening practices have emerged with many representations similar to the phenomenon of green gentrification, but this has not attracted the attention of scholars in China. This study adopted a qualitative research method to investigate the effects and mechanisms of green gentrification in the context of urban renewal, taking the greening practices of urban agricultural parks as an example. The study found that: 1) In the context of urban renewal, urban greening practices imply a logic of gentrification in action, and the postmodern aesthetic and experiential landscape it creates becomes a place representation of green gentrification. 2) Greening practices oriented to serve the urban elite have triggered landscape segregation and stratification, but under the guarantee of the Chinese land tenure and management system, the indigenous people are not displaced but receive dividends from the recapitalization of the land. 3) The government, village collectives and residents, and developers have formed green growth alliances to meet their political and economic demands for the purposes of urban governance, land rents, and economic interests, respectively, eventually forming a government-led green gentrification operation mechanism. This study empirically analyzed green gentrification, which originated in western societies, in the institutional and social contexts of China, expanding the connotation and explanatory validity of green gentrification in the context of multiple geographies, and providing new theoretical perspectives and practical insights for understanding the change of human-land relationship in the context of urban renewal in China.

Pest disasters are serious threats faced by the forest ecosystem of China. This study selected 316 research papers on forest pest disasters with the selection criteria that primary data of the research were completely obtained from ground survey. We compiled the time of occurrence, location, affected area, and intensity of each forest pest disaster (FPD) event. Then, using Meta-analysis on these records, we depicted the spatial and temporal variability of forest pest disasters in China. A total of 962 FPD records were compiled. These records involved 299 counties in China and covered a temporal range from 1985 to 2018. The results showed that there were 242 county-times of serious FPD events during 1985-2018 with an annual mean of 7.1 county-times. From 1985 to 2005, the annual county-time number of serious FPD events increased at 0.4 county-times per year, but the upward trend was replaced by a decline of -0.6 county-times per year from 2005 to 2018. Spatially, there were more FPD events in the Wuyi Mountains in southeast China and the Qilian Mountains in northwest China compared to other regions. The frequency of serious FPD events exhibited a declining trend from the southeastern coast of China to the northwestern inland region. The Wuyi Mountains area was the most serious FPD region of China. Meteorology factors were considered the primary factor that influenced the FPD. The interannual fluctuation of FPD frequency was negatively correlated with winter temperature of the previous year in the southern part of the semi-arid area and the warm temperate semi-humid area; while it is negatively correlated with spring temperature in the north sub-tropic area and the central sub-tropic area in the south.

The digital economy is a new driving force for the high-quality development of the tourism industry in the new era. In recent years, with the emergence of blockchain, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and other emerging technologies, scientific and technological achievements have been rapidly transformed and put into production. Digital technology has become an important force to promote the restructuring of production factors, the improvement of production efficiency, and the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. The deep integration of tourism—as a tertiary sector of the economy—and digital technology has become the key factor in promoting the upgrading of tourism industry structure. The digital economy, with its powerful productivity and high knowledge intensive form, reshapes the production mode of the tourism industry, improves its efficiency, and injects new momentum into the high-quality development of the tourism industry. However, there is a lack of theoretical exploration and empirical testing of the relationship between the digital economy and the high-quality development of the tourism industry. On the basis of analyzing the role of the digital economy in the high-quality development of the tourism industry, this study constructed an indicator system to measure the level of digital economy development and high-quality development of the tourism industry in 280 cities at the prefecture level and above in China from 2011 to 2019, and used the spatial Durbin model to empirically test the impact of the digital economy on the high-quality development of the tourism industry and its spatial spillover effects. The results show that the digital economy had a direct impact on the high-quality development of the tourism industry, and there was an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship. This result is still significantly valid after a series of robustness tests. Further analysis indicates that the digital economy had a spatial spillover effect on the high-quality development of tourism in neighboring regions, and a U-shaped nonlinear relationship existed. The results offer a new perspective for analyzing the impact of the digital economy on the high-quality development of the tourism industry, and provide theoretical reference and empirical evidence for leveraging the digital economy to support the high-quality development of the tourism industry.

With the development of 5G, AI, and the Internet, we have entered the era of video socialization. Based on the Douyin (TikTok) data, this study analyzed the characteristics of the urban network in China with the help of the social network analysis method, and explored the influencing factors by using the optimal parameters-based geographical detector. The results show that: 1) The unbalanced distribution pattern of different types of cities based on local and non-local connections is basically consistent with the long-standing east-west gap, and the city grade based on the Douyin (TikTok) social media platform does not completely follow the traditional city grade system. 2) The overall network showed a triangular pyramid structure, which is very similar to the development pattern of urban agglomerations in the 14th Five-Year Plan. 3) The main influencing factors of urban network centrality in China are the level of economic development and information development, and the secondary influencing factors are the level of logistics development and tourism development. 4) Due to the varied stages of development, different regions showed obvious spatial differences. The southwestern region was more affected by the level of logistics development, the northeastern region was more affected by the level of tourism development, and the northwestern region was more affected by the level of economic development.

With the collaborative development of the urban agglomeration of the Yellow River Ji-shaped bend, it is of great scientific value to carry out the study of its spatial patterns. With the development of modern transportation, communication, and information technologies, the pattern of flow space based on dynamic element flow has become a research frontier. This study combined traditional static data and dynamic flow spatial data to examine the hierarchical spatial pattern of the urban agglomeration of the Yellow River Ji-shaped bend. The static data include the calculated comprehensive strength of the cities in the region, and the dynamic data are related to the dynamic flow space of three types of flows, namely population flow, logistics flow, and information flow. These elements were considered to make a comprehensive assessment of the multi-level spatial pattern of the urban agglomeration of the Yellow River Ji-shaped bend. This study found that: 1) There are some differences in the strength of spatial linkages among various types of flows in the region, where information flows are the strongest and there are strong linkages between information flows and other elemental flows. 2) Ordos is the dominant city in the urban agglomeration of the Yellow River Ji-shaped bend, and Yinchuan, Hohhot, Taiyuan, and Wuhai are the secondary dominant cities. Small city clusters centered on these cities have been formed in the region. In the future, the cities in this urban agglomeration should focus on strengthening the overall radiation capacity and spatial linkage strength to promote the rapid, coordinated, and comprehensive development of the urban agglomeration. This will eventually stimulate the urban network development from point to axis, and then to a "surface" in the urban agglomeration of the Yellow River Ji-shaped bend.

The escalating climate and environmental changes in the Arctic have a series of impacts on the local society and economy. Understanding these impacts from the perspective of the tertiary sector can provide references for the sustainable development of the Arctic and globally, as well as for the participation of non-Arctic countries in Arctic affairs. This study systematically reviewed the literature to identify the pathways and effects of Arctic changes on typical industries within the tertiary sector. The results show that various Arctic changes, such as rising temperatures, increasing precipitation, ice melting, and permafrost degradation, have widely influenced the tertiary sector through multiple pathways, presenting both benefits and challenges for most elements of the industries. These impacts offer several insights for relevant studies and for China. Further research is needed to: 1) address the knowledge gaps regarding the pathways of impacts and comprehensively integrate the beneficial and harmful effects of Arctic changes; 2) explore the indirect and cascading impacts of Arctic changes; and 3) integrate multi-source data for research. China can take advantage of the opportunities presented by the changes in the Arctic tertiary sector by: 1) increasing its participation in Arctic rule-making; 2) improving transportation infrastructure and security of the "Polar Silk Road"; and 3) diversifying Arctic tourism products and creating conditions for trade growth.

Production of space systematically integrates Marxism and spatial theories into a materialistic system with both dialectical and historical thinking, opening up a new horizon for interpreting and analyzing spatial practice processes. Using the CiteSpace bibliometric method and based on publications in China and in the field of production of space, combined with in-depth reading of typical literature, this study examined the progress of the application of the theory of production of space in the field of urbanization research in China, and summarized the overview, highlights, and shortcomings of research. The results indicate that: 1) The rapid development of urbanization in China and the expansion of the dissemination and influence of the Western theory on the production of space have jointly promoted the relevant research in China, which is characterized by diverse objects, broad themes, flexible perspectives, and a combination of practical interpretation and problematic criticism, focusing on the correspondence between foreign theories and local practices. 2) The generalization of spatial patterns of urbanization and the critique of urbanization effects are the two key points of the application of the production of space theory. The former is to apply production of space to sort out diverse and specific localization practices, while the latter is the revelation of contradictions in specific spatial production practices based on human-centered values. There still exist several shortcomings: 1) The lack of attention to the richness of historical practice and the special focus on the logic of capital have led to the suspicion of economic determinism and relatively neglected other important areas such as everyday life. 2) Insufficient attention to the localization of historical practices and the biased dogmatic appropriation of Western theories has limited the growth of critical theoretical innovation. 3) Insufficient attention has been paid to the need to guide practice, and the value of Marxism for guiding practice is still limited. 4) From the standpoint of historical materialism, the outlook of theory application was proposed in the light of the specific trends and needs of high-quality development of urbanization in China, that is, from productive space analysis to living space concern, from spatial problem analysis to the construction of a Chinese system of theories, and from the interpretation of spatial theory to the guidance of spatial practice.

Seasonal cycle is the crucial intraannual climate pattern to be observed in global and regional agricultural practice. Under global warming, the global surface has witnessed a significant increase in temperature over nearly half a century. As a result, various parameters associated with surface air temperatures, such as the lengths, start dates, and end dates of the four seasons, also changed dramatically. This study examined the following aspects: 1) It summarized the three types of season definition methods, including astronomical, meteorological, and phenological methods; absolute and relative temperature threshold methods; and other methods characterized by regional geographic factors and specific weather phenomena. 2) This study conducted an analysis on the long-term seasonal variation characteristics in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the South China region during 1961-2015, using different seasonal division methods based on air temperature and analyzing the characteristics and differences in summer length calculated by different temperature indices. It also reviewed the characteristics of seasonal length changes in historical periods defined by different indicators and the future projected trends, and summarized the key reasons for seasonal length changes. 3) This study evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of each seasonal division method from their fields of application and spatial applicability. Future research is prospected from the possible impact of data bias, the development of a commonly applicable index, and the mechanism of change under climate warming. The results of this study have clarified the differences of seasonal division methods, as well as the characteristics and causes of seasonal changes. This not only is beneficial for guiding agricultural production, but also provides reliable scientific information for addressing the climate change issue.

Administrative division is the basic supporting unit for a country to carry out local governance. The adjustment of administrative divisions is related to the grassroots social governance system and capacity building, and constitutes a part of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, which has a long-term impact on economic development and regional governance. This article systematically reviewed and analyzed the literature on China's administrative division research in the past 30 years, and summarized the development status of China's administrative division research from the aspects of history, type of models, effectiveness evaluation, influencing factors, and comparison within China and internationally. The research found that the setting of administrative divisions serves the national development strategy, and the research is closely related to national policies. The promulgation and implementation of relevant policies stimulate the research of administrative divisions, and vice versa. The study of administrative division has a strong historical continuity and spans multiple disciplines. Drawing on the useful experience of developed countries, it also has very strong local characteristics. In the process of integration of administrative divisions into national governance system and governance modernization, scientific and practical research on the setting and adjustment of administrative divisions should be strengthened. We should give full play to the advantages of multiple disciplines, strengthen the theoretical and methodological research on the setting and adjustment of administrative divisions, and comprehensively improve the effectiveness of national spatial governance.

The upper Jinsha River has seen increased variability of stream runoff under the global warming since 1990 and extreme flood events with a 100-year recurrence period have occurred in recent years with flood peaks double or triple that of its normal annual mean flow, which has led to challenges to the utilization of water resources and reservoir operation in the basin. The upper Jinsha River Basin covers a large area but has few observation stations. Compared to the traditional models, the single objective runoff simulation based on machine learning (ML) model has shown advantages in forecasting floods, but the research on runoff prediction of ML model for large rivers originated in alpine mountains is insufficient. In this study, the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model was used to simulate the annual runoff process in the upper Jinsha River and the model was driven by daily precipitation, mean temperature, and snow cover area extracted from the 500 m elevation bands of GPM, ERA5-Land, and MODIS snow cover products. The model was built with the runoff observation data as the objective. An ensemble model driven by daily means of all above parameters of the whole basin was also built and compared with the LSTM model. Both models used data from 2001-2014 for training and 2015-2019 for validation. The results show that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of the two models was greater than or equal to 0.80 within 15 days lead-time, the models had similar NSE in adjacent lead-times, and the NSE decreased to about 0.70 for the lead-times of 25 and 30 days, which indicates that the runoff simulation results of the two models are reasonable at the 30 days and shorter lead-times. Better results of runoff simulation were generated by the LSTM model driven by the vertical zonation data for the 1-5 days lead-times as compared to the ensemble model. The advantage of the vertical zonation data-driven model reduced for the 7-13 days lead-time and the simulation results are equivalent for the 15-30 days lead-time. The vertical zonation data-driven model was superior to the ensemble model in simulating flood season runoff. In general, the runoff simulation accuracy of the vertical zonation data-driven model is the highest at the 3 days lead-time, especially for spring and summer floods. We conclude that the developed model driven by the elevation zonation data can provide reliable prediction of floods, which can provide a reference for the operation of the downstream cascade hydropower stations of the middle Jinsha River. However, the improvement of the ML model for extreme spring floods should still be an important direction in future research.

With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and increasing income, household energy consumption has become an important growth point of energy consumption in China. Grasping the spatiotemporal characteristics of household energy consumption and identifying the influencing factors and development trends of household energy consumption will help to accelerate the construction of a modern energy system, promote low-carbon energy transformation, and achieve the dual carbon goals. This study took household energy consumption as the research object and systematically explored its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics in China. Furthermore, it used the spatial econometric models, grey prediction, and scenario analysis to examine the influencing factors and development trends of household energy consumption. The study found that: 1) From the perspective of spatiotemporal characteristics, household energy consumption showed an upward trend from 1995 to 2021. Meanwhile, the gap in energy consumption between urban and rural households was gradually widening, but their per capita household energy consumption showed a trend of convergence. 2) From the perspective of proportion and structure, household energy consumption accounts for about one tenth of the total energy consumption, and the household energy consumption structure showed a trend of diversification and clean development. 3) From the perspective of influencing factors, energy intensity, population size, household size, education level, economic development, urbanization rate, and car ownership were important influencing factors for household energy consumption, but the degree of impact varied. 4) From the perspective of future trends, China's household energy consumption will continue to grow by 2040, and under the scenario of steady development, the growth rate is slower, indicating that the implementation of government policies and the popularization of green consumption concept among residents have a positive effect on controlling the growth of household energy consumption. Based on the results of this research, this article argued that the energy consumption structure should be adjusted by increasing the proportion of natural gas consumption, the energy consumption structure of rural households should be optimized, and the energy development policy should be further improved and the consumption concept of residents should be changed to control the excessive growth of household energy consumption.

Modern new media technology tools represented by Tiktok provide an important means for "New Farmer" to participate in rural cultural tourism and rural revitalization. However, existing research had paid little attention to the spatial distribution characteristics of this group, and there was a lack of reasonable and objective evaluation of the cultural tourism transformation potential of "New Farmer" anchors. Based on the data of Tiktok "New Farmer" anchors on the Chanmama website, this study comprehensively measured the rural cultural tourism transformation potential of "New Farmer" anchors from three aspects: directivity, recognition, and dissemination and used hotspot analysis to analyze the spatial differentiation of the characteristics of "New Farmer" anchors and their cultural tourism transformation potential. It further explored the cultural tourism driving mode of "New Farmer" anchors, revealing the regional differences in their cultural tourism transformation potential from a spatial perspective to provide a reference for better leveraging the cultural tourism driving capabilities of the "New Farmer" anchors. The results show that: 1) "New Farmer" anchors exhibited obvious characteristics of more in the south and fewer in the north, with more males and fewer females. There were significant differences in the spatial pattern of anchor scale and cultural tourism transformation potential, and the cultural tourism transformation potential of Henan and Shandong, was very limited. 2) The southwestern region, especially Sichuan and Chongqing, had prominent advantages in terms of the number and scale of "New Farmer" anchors, live streaming sales, and potential for cultural tourism transformation. 3) Less than 40% of ordinary media users had the potential for cultural tourism transformation. Although the number of "rural guardians" was limited, they brought significant potential for cultural tourism transformation. 4) There were significant regional differences in the advantageous characteristics of rural cultural tourism transformation potential. "New Farmer" anchors in the southwest had strong cultural tourism promotion concepts, and their short videos showed higher degree of direction towards cultural tourism content. The cultural and tourism videos in the southeastern region showed significant advantages in recognition and dissemination, and the content quality of cultural and tourism videos was even better. 5) The "New Farmer" anchors with different identities were different in terms of creative motivation, narrative mode, and narrative content. Their driving mode of cultural tourism could be divided into grassroots cadres-direct driving, rural guardians-indirect driving, and ordinary personal media users-potential driving. In general, Tiktok "New Farmer" anchors, characterized by individual creation, had played a significant role in breaking through the differences in the eastern, central, and western regions of China, and promoted equal development between the central and western regions and the eastern region. However, the significant differences between the south and the north and the limited potential for cultural tourism transformation still need further attention.

Infrastructure investment and construction is an important factor for understanding socioeconomic development. As the large-scale cross-border infrastructure investment and construction continue to thrive in recent years, however, it is not unusual to find those failed to achieve sustainable development. Such infrastructure-led development model is increasingly questioned. This article reviewed different conceptualizations and characteristics of infrastructure and infrastructure-led development model, and examined relevant Chinese and international research focusing on the theoretical assumptions, bases, and explanation of mechanism through time: 1) During the Keynesian period, infrastructure as public goods matched national policies and provided key support for industrial and social development. 2) In the neoliberal era, infrastructure, on the one hand as an "input factor of production", influenced socioeconomic development by external effects; and on the other hand, as a "component" embedded in the socioeconomic system, adapted to and adjusted the socioeconomic environment. 3) In the post-neoliberal period, the mutual influence between complicated infrastructure and the socioeconomic environment reveals that their relationships are a dynamic process rather than simply promoting or suppressing. Therefore, combined with the theory of co-evolution, this article proposed a research framework of "infrastructure-institutions and culture-industry and trade foundations" co-evolution for sustainable development-oriented infrastructure investment and construction practices.

Traditional villages is an important spatial carrier of Chinese traditional culture. It is vital for traditional villages to highlight outstanding traditional culture under new urbanization. Taking the Huangdu Dong Cultural Village as an example, this study analyzed the process and mechanism of the spatial production of landscape symbols by participatory observation and in-depth interviews based on the concept of landscape symbol, the theory of landscape gene, and the framework of spatial production analysis. The results show that: 1) Landscape genes identify the overall cultural features from multiple principles and multiple levels, and are also the process of induction and extraction of landscape symbols of traditional villages. 2) Huangdu Dong Cultural Village has transformed from a traditional farming village to a traditional village integrating culture and tourism through spatial coding, landscape restoration, and shaping of cultural, then constructed landscape symbols that meet the needs of multiple actors in terms of landscape, art, life, and location to realize the emotional connection and interaction of landscape symbols and the symbolization of landscape. 3) The promotional mechanism of tourism industrial development in Huangdu Dong Cultural Village connects the internal and external driving forces including resident cultural consciousness, tourism market demand, and government policy support to landscape symbol spatial production, then realizes the integration of modern multi-life demand functions and Dong folk culture, also promotes the spatial production of landscape symbols. Aiming for the activation and sustainable development of traditional villages, this study explored the process and mechanism of landscape symbol spatial production in order to provide scientific and practical references for the creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese traditional culture.

The government-guided investment fund, as a policy tool to promote regional development, has been widely used by governments in many countries and regions, which has been widely concerned by scholars. From the perspective of regional development, this article summarized the reasons that the governments use government-guided investment fund, the diffusion and distribution of government-guided investment fund, the operation mode of government-guided investment fund, and the influence of government-guided investment fund on regional development. The main findings of the existing studies are as follows: 1) To alleviate the financing gap and achieve regional development goals, governments actively set up government-guided investment fund. 2) Government-guided investment fund were diffusing in different geographical scales and forming an unbalanced spatial distribution pattern. 3) The operation of government-guided investment fund can be divided into four steps: Raise fund, invest, manage, and withdraw. The main features of government-guided investment fund that are different from private venture capital fund are the participation of public capital and government intervention. 4) In general, government-guided investment fund have a positive impact on the supply of regional venture capital, innovation, and industrial upgrading, but may also have widened the regional development gaps. Finally, this article proposes that geographers should strengthen the research on government-guided investment fund from the perspective of regional development, and points out related research directions.