旅游者与乡村居民间的情感凝聚对旅游者乡村依恋的影响研究
Influence of emotional solidarity on visitors’ place attachment in the context of China’s rural tourism
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收稿日期: 2022-10-19 修回日期: 2022-11-10
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Received: 2022-10-19 Revised: 2022-11-10
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作者简介 About authors
周晓丽(1983— ),女,山西长治人,硕士,副教授,主要从事旅游消费者行为、乡村旅游等研究。E-mail:
提升旅游者的乡村依恋之情,形成正面口碑和重游意愿,是旅游型乡村实现可持续发展与全面振兴的重要路径。论文以情感凝聚理论为视角,基于3个实验探讨旅游者与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚对其乡村依恋的影响,以及地方温暖感知的中介机制和旅游者自我构念的调节效应。结果发现:① 旅游者感知与乡村居民间的情感凝聚有助于提升其乡村依恋水平,旅游者感知的乡村温暖属性是这一效应的关键心理机制。② 旅游者的自我构念类型会调节情感凝聚对其乡村温暖感知和乡村依恋的效应。具体而言,在高情感凝聚下,依赖型(vs. 独立型)自我构念的旅游者感知到更高的乡村温暖,进而形成更高水平的乡村依恋。不同于以往研究认为地方依恋是情感凝聚的前因,研究发现,在中国乡村旅游情境下情感凝聚可以是旅游者乡村依恋的前因。理论上,研究拓展了对情感凝聚和地方依恋之间因果关系的认识,说明二者之间依情境可以互为因果;实践上,研究启示乡村目的地借助旅游者与乡村居民间短暂的情感凝聚,提升旅游者的乡村依恋水平。
关键词:
Under the background of China's rural revitalization, improving visitors' attachment to rural tourism destinations has become an important path for rural areas to achieve sustainable development and revitalization. Therefore, this study examined the formation mechanism of visitors' place attachment in the context of China's rural tourism. Based on the literature of emotional solidarity and place attachment, perception of place warmth was considered the underlying mechanism for the effect of emotional solidarity on visitors' place attachment to rural destinations. Specifically, we hypothesized that: 1) visitors will show higher place attachment to rural areas when they perceive high emotional solidarity with the local residents (H1); 2) such an effect is mediated by higher perception of place warmth (H2); and 3) the effects of emotional solidarity on visitors' place attachment and place warmth will be mediated by visitors' self-construal. Compared with independent self-construal visitors, the perception of place warmth and rural attachment are more significantly affected by the emotional solidarity between interdependent self-construal visitors and rural residents (H3a and H3b). Three separate scenario imagination experiments were conducted to test the aforementioned hypotheses. Results from these experiments supported all hypotheses across scenarios. This study contributes to tourism scholarship by expanding the understanding of the causal relationship between the two important constructs of emotional solidarity and place attachment. We concluded that there exists a two-way causal relationship between emotional solidarity and place attachment depending on scenarios and subjects. This study also provides practical implications for rural destinations to improve visitors' attachment to the countryside with the help of emotional solidarity and rural warmth attributes.
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本文引用格式
周晓丽, 高雅洁, 唐承财.
ZHOU Xiaoli, GAO Yajie, TANG Chengcai.
党的十九大报告提出“实施乡村振兴战略”,2021—2023连续3年的中央一号文件,目的均为全面推进乡村振兴,党的二十大报告又将全面推进乡村振兴作为建设社会主义现代化国家最繁重的任务。可见,乡村振兴已成为全面建设社会主义现代化强国的一项艰巨任务。诚然,依托乡村良好的自然生态和丰富的文化资源发展旅游是实施乡村振兴战略的重要选择和支撑力量[1]。然而,当下乡村旅游蓬勃发展的同时,部分地区亦呈现出旅游者满意度低、重游意愿不强等消极结果,不利于旅游型乡村的可持续发展与全面振兴。已有研究显示,对目的地依恋程度高的旅游者,与目的地之间的情感联结紧密,能给目的地带来丰厚的回报[2],如停留更长的时间[2]、花费更多的金钱[3]、传播目的地的正面口碑[3]等。可见,提高旅游者的乡村依恋之情或可成为旅游型乡村实现可持续性振兴的重要路径。
地方依恋是人文地理学里人—地关系的核心概念,亦是旅游领域的重要研究议题,近年连续被列入中国旅游研究高频关键词[4]。旅游者对目的地的依恋是人—地关系在目的地层面的嵌入,反映了旅游者对目的地的情感联结、意义界定和接近倾向等[5],对形塑旅游者满意度[6]、忠诚度[7]和环境责任行为意愿[8]等旅游者积极态度和行为有重要作用。源于此,目前研究大都聚焦于探讨旅游者目的地依恋的后效[9]。然而,旅游者目的地依恋的前因涉及依恋的主体——旅游者、依恋的对象——目的地及两者交互的诸多因素,当前相关研究较为欠缺,且尚未形成共识[9],这使得目的地管理机构到底该如何提高旅游者的地方依恋还缺少有效的理论指导,亟需学界探索提升旅游者目的地依恋的原因及形成机制。
本文在乡村振兴背景下,基于社会学的情感凝聚理论,探讨旅游者乡村依恋的成因和驱动机制。乡村旅游情境下,居民生产和生活的乡村社区成为旅游者的消费空间,共处同一空间给旅游者和乡村居民提供了更多互动的场景和机会,更丰富的、非商业利益导向的主客人际互动是乡村旅游区别于城市旅游的典型特征之一。这表明,旅游者很可能在与乡村居民的互动中生成亲密的情感纽带,即旅游者与乡村居民间的情感凝聚。依据非正式访谈资料,在旅游者到访乡村缺乏与乡村之间的情感联结、尚未形成地方依恋的情景下,旅游者在与乡村居民互动中生成的情感凝聚,非常有助于提升其对乡村的依恋水平。那么,这一影响的内在心理机制是什么?访谈发现,旅游者会因感知到与目的地居民之前的情感凝聚差异,而对乡村的地方温暖感知存在差异,即地方温暖感知可能发挥了情感凝聚作用于旅游者乡村依恋的内在心理机制。
基于刻板印象模型的研究认为,旅游者对目的地的印象可分为温暖和能力2个维度[10]。基于地缘和血缘亲缘而形成的乡村人际关系以淳朴憨厚、热情友好、真诚善良为主要特征[11]。当旅游者置身于这种人际交往的实践场域中,经由大量非利益导向的主客互动与当地居民形成情感凝聚后,会感知乡村整体上富有温暖属性,从而形成对乡村的依恋感。此外,考虑到中国人普遍表现出依赖型自我构念倾向[12],且在乡村旅游中,存在大量的主客人际互动,本文还提出旅游者的自我构念类型会调节情感凝聚对旅游者地方温暖感知和乡村依恋的效应,即相比独立型构念旅游者,依赖型构念旅游者的地方温暖感知及乡村依恋水平会更显著地受到旅游者情感凝聚的影响。这是因为依赖型自我构念的旅游者拥有更强的归属感动机,良好的人际关系是其自尊的来源[13]。因此,当他们感受到与目的地居民之间的情感凝聚时,会对满足其归属感动机及自尊需求的乡村感知更加温暖,进而产生更高的依恋水平。
鉴于此,本文基于地理学的地方依恋理论和社会学的情感凝聚理论,通过3个实验探讨旅游者与乡村居民间的情感凝聚对其乡村依恋水平的积极效应,并揭示地方温暖感知的中介机制;在此基础上,进一步探索旅游者自我构念的调节效应。理论上,本文将证明在中国乡村旅游情境下,旅游者与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚有助于提升其乡村依恋水平,丰富情感凝聚和地方依恋的研究领域,并在旅游情境下扩大地理学中有关人际关系及人地关系互为因果的认知;实践上,将为乡村目的地维系并提升旅游者的依恋水平,以获取高依恋程度旅游者的积极后效提供启示。
1 文献回顾与研究假设
1.1 地方依恋
旅游学者将地方依恋的主体扩展到旅游者,不再局限于当地居民对其居住地的依恋。依据居民和旅游者与目的地之间情感联结的紧密程度,地方依恋有不同的强度之分[18]。对目的地的依恋程度越高,越可能对目的地形成积极的态度和行为倾向[6⇓⇓-9]。因此,当前研究侧重于探讨旅游者和居民两个主体形成目的地依恋的前因和后效。本文情境聚焦于以旅游者为主体的目的地依恋的前因研究。这一领域的现有研究发现,目的地熟悉程度[19]、目的地吸引力[20]、旅游者的投入程度[21]、旅游本真性[9]等均有助于提高旅游者的目的地依恋水平。乡村旅游领域,亦有研究探讨了旅游者乡村依恋的成因,发现乡村气味景观感知[22]、乡村环境认知[23]、怀旧情感[22]等对提高旅游者的乡村依恋有正向影响。旅游者作为目的地的消费者,对目的地的依恋之情与旅游者在目的地构建起新的社会联系有关。研究发现,旅游者在观光型目的地的主客人际互动对改善旅游者的体验质量、建构社会联系意义重大[24-25]。乡村旅游情境下存在丰富的主客人际互动,易于建构新的社会联系,因此,本文推测通过和目的地居民高频、高质量的主客互动,旅游者容易感知到与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚,进而提升其乡村依恋水平。
1.2 情感凝聚与地方依恋
依据Woosnam等[28]的研究,从旅游者的视角看,情感凝聚是一个包含受欢迎程度(welcoming nature)、情感亲密度(emotional closeness)和同情理解(sympathetic understanding)三维度的高阶概念。乡村旅游情境下,受欢迎程度指乡村居民对旅游者持有的热情好客态度,情感亲密度指旅游者与乡村居民之间的情感亲密程度,而同情理解指的是旅游者站在乡村居民的立场、透过当地居民的眼睛看乡村,理解乡村[29]。当代中国经历了快速的城镇化和工业化进程,人们疲于经济压力而忙碌,社交特别是不存在利益价值取向的社交被看成是时间和精力的浪费,中国传统的熟人文化准则[11]下的真诚人际交往不断减少,人们转而在激烈竞争的市场经济下培育着对自己“有用”的友情,几乎人人都能感受到由于社会关系减少而带来的社会和情感孤独[30]。而乡村居民在乡土逻辑的主导下,人际交往以真诚为特征,当旅游者前往乡村旅游,乡村居民基于乡土逻辑而生成的善良本性和传统习俗促使其对旅游者持热情好客的欢迎态度时,这就容易使旅游者和乡村居民之间生成情感凝聚。
现有关于情感凝聚和地方依恋关系的研究认为,地方依恋是情感凝聚的前因变量[31-32]。然而,不同于这些研究,本文认为,在中国乡村旅游情境下,旅游者感知与目的地居民之间的情感凝聚可促使其对乡村目的地产生依恋,即情感凝聚可以是地方依恋的前因。这是由于旅游具有求新求异的特点,喜新(目的地)厌旧(目的地)使得旅游者与目的地之间的情感生成较困难,然而,旅游者却可能因恋上目的地的某一细节而爱上目的地,如已有研究发现,旅游者因喜欢目的地的某一感官体验而忠诚于目的地[33]。这意味着,当旅游者抵达一个陌生乡村作短暂的停留和访问时,其对乡村的地方依恋情感难以直接生成。相反,当旅游者生成了与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚后,旅游者可能因爱“乌”及“屋”而提升乡村依恋水平。
这是因为,人际关系和人地关系是相互作用、互为促进的,在很大程度上是“你中有我,我中有你”的关系[34]。关于居民家乡依恋前因的研究已验证,地方依恋不仅受地方物理特征影响,而且与其社会环境有关。如2005年学者Sarbin[35]研究就指出地方依恋的建构部分取决于个体对人际事件的参与;亦有学者研究发现,地方依恋的形成与该地贮存的人们情感和人际关系有关[36]。那么,在旅游情境下,作为人际关系映射的情感凝聚自然也可以成为作为人地关系映射的地方依恋的前因。另外,情绪领域的研究也支持这一推论。因为旅游者与乡村居民的情感凝聚是一种积极情绪,基于情绪评价理论[37],人们会对令其产生积极情绪的刺激物(这里指乡村旅游目的地)有积极评价,这将有助于强化旅游者和乡村目的地之间的情感联结,进而形成地方依恋。
H1:旅游者与乡村居民间的情感凝聚正向影响旅游者的乡村依恋水平。
1.3 地方温暖感知的中介作用
本文认为,源于宁静、绿色、惬意的乡村生活,及基于地缘和亲缘而形成的淳朴憨厚的乡村邻里人际关系等典型特征,旅游者对乡村的首要感知是温暖而非能力。在中国近年快速的城镇化背景下,大量人们和乡村环境之间的情感联结被改变甚至被强行割裂,给人们的社会心理带来了负面影响,人们在心理准备滞后或不充分的情况下,面对快节奏、竞争激烈、关系淡漠的城市化生活,温暖感缺失。因此,本文推测旅游者应非常希望在乡村旅游情境下重拾昔日的温暖感,确实,研究也发现乡村旅游地被看成是“乡愁之所”“田园意境”“姆庇之家”[45]。然而,伴随近年乡村旅游的大规模开发,部分乡村的商业化氛围愈来愈浓,市场逻辑的入侵使得传统的乡村温暖氛围逐渐消弥。特别是因旅游开发而加大乡村居民贫富差距等一系列社会矛盾的产生,使得乡村文化出现变迁,部分乡村居民对外来旅游者的态度愈来愈冷漠,乡村旅游的“乡愁之所”逐渐变得名不符实[45]。
已有研究显示,接待业温暖感产生的基础是服务人员与顾客的人际接触与互动[46],基于此,本文认为当目的地居民将热情、友好、真诚、善良等情感投入到与旅游者的互动过程中,使旅游者感知到与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚时,这种情感体验将成为旅游者感知乡村温暖的重要来源。而感知温暖的乡村很容易使旅游者在与乡村分离时恋恋不舍,产生分离焦虑,而归家后亦对乡村念念不忘,希望重访,即感知温暖有助于进一步强化旅游者和乡村之间的人地关系联结,提升旅游者的乡村依恋水平。基于此,本文提出以下研究假设:
H2:旅游者感知地方温暖在旅游者与乡村居民间的情感凝聚与旅游者乡村依恋之间发挥中介作用。
1.4 自我构念的调节作用
人无法脱离他人而存在,人是“社会人”。自我构念反映了个体在社会环境中如何理解自我与他人之间的关系[47]。依据个体看待自己和他人关系的方式差异,自我构念被分为独立型自我和依赖型自我[47]。自我构念是个体在社会和文化长期影响下习得的一种个人特质[48],具有稳定的个体间差异。如中国文化是重人际关系价值的东方文化,要求人与人之间保持相互的联系与依赖,因此,中国人普遍表现为依赖型自我构念倾向;但随着改革开放后西方个人主义文化的盛行,持独立自我构念的人群亦不断增加[49]。研究显示,个体的自我构念系统并非一个稳定不变的实体,个体的自我构念亦可随情境即时建构[49],这为通过操纵个体的自我构念检验自我构念对个体认知、情感和行为的影响提供了依据。
自我构念影响个体的认知和行为[13]:独立型自我的个体追求独立和独特性,归属动机较弱,不太在意自己与他人或群体的关系;而依赖型自我构念的个体归属感动机较强,希望与他人保持和谐的关系[13]。基于独立型自我和依赖型自我归属感动机强度差异及对人际关系关注的差异,本文认为,自我构念能调节旅游者情感凝聚对其地方温暖感知和地方依恋的效应,即相比独立型自我构念的旅游者,依赖型自我构念旅游者拥有更强的归属感动机,更在意自己与他人之间社会关系的建构,良好的人际关系是其自尊的来源。因此,当其感受到与目的地居民之间的情感凝聚时,其归属感动机和自尊需求得到了满足,会对使其归属感动机和自尊需求得到满足的乡村感知更温暖,进而产生更高程度的乡村依恋水平。基于此,本文提出以下研究假设:
H3a:旅游者的自我构念调节了情感凝聚对其地方温暖感知的效应,即情感凝聚对地方温暖的效应在依赖构念者(vs. 独立构念者)中更强。
H3b:旅游者的自我构念调节了情感凝聚对其乡村依恋的效应,即情感凝聚对地方依恋的效应在依赖构念者(vs. 独立构念者)中更强。
基于上述分析,得出本文的理论分析模型,如图1所示。拟设计3个实验对此理论模型进行验证:实验1初步验证模型的主效应和中介效应;实验2在更贴近乡村旅游实践的情景下,对模型的主效应和中介效应进行稳健性检验;实验3检验模型的调节效应(表1)。需要说明的是,考虑到当前乡村客源市场以结伴游、家庭游为主体,因此,3个实验设计的情景均为结伴游或家庭游。同时,为进一步说明本研究的实践意义,对经过前人研究验证的地方依恋的后效变量在本研究情境下进行复验。具体而言,考虑到乡村旅游供给主体多样,且大多乡村缺少充足的资金进行市场营销推介,因此,旅游者的重游和口碑推荐意愿对乡村旅游的可持续发展意义重大,且互联网的普及使得越来越多的旅游者会受电子口碑特别是微信朋友圈信息的影响选择到乡村旅游,即电子口碑意愿亦对乡村旅游的可持续影响较大,因此,本文选取重游意愿、口碑和电子口碑为旅游者乡村依恋的后效变量,在不同的实验情景下进行验证。
图1
表1 研究设计概览
Tab.1
序号 | 假设 | 研究目的 | 实验设计 | 实验情景 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H1、H2 | 验证模型的主效应和中介效应 | 单因素组间(情感凝聚:高vs.低) | G村同学结伴过夜游 |
2 | H1、H2 | 验证主效应和中介效应的稳健性 | 单因素组间(情感凝聚:高vs.低) | 旅游小镇家庭一日游 |
3 | H3a、H3b | 验证自我构念的调节效应 | 双因素组间2(情感凝聚:高vs.低)×2(自我构念:独立vs.依赖) | W村家庭过夜游,社会样本 |
2 情感凝聚影响旅游者乡村依恋的主效应和中介效应检验
为了验证本研究的主效应和中介效应,即旅游者的情感凝聚对其乡村依恋有正向影响,且这一效应是由乡村温暖感知中介的。采取单因素组间实验设计(情感凝聚:高vs.低),直接测量被试的乡村依恋和乡村温暖感知水平,乡村依恋的下游实践变量选择测量旅游者的重游意愿和口碑推荐意愿。
2.1 前测:操纵自变量的实验材料
为确保自变量操纵的有效性,在正式实验前,对启动高或低情感凝聚水平的实验材料进行前测。两组实验材料的编写主要依据Woosnam等[28]开发的旅游者情感凝聚测量量表,在乡村旅游情境下从受欢迎程度、情感亲密度和同情理解3个维度启动。
前测共招募到134名某高校大学生(男性23.9%;平均年龄M年龄=20.75岁,方差SD=2.88)参与,被试被随机分配到两组中的一组,阅读情感凝聚启动材料①(①两组阅读材料如下。高情感凝聚组:“想象一下:你五一假期和同学去G村自助旅游,这里民风淳朴,环境优美。你们住在当地人经营的民宿里,体验很好,和老板成了朋友。和当地人攀谈时,他们非常友好,热情地介绍当地的风土人情,告诉你们哪里好玩、好吃等;而且居民表达感激你们的到来,表示他们要做好主人,保护好G村的环境和民风,让你们来了不后悔;你们还从当地人那里买了土特产,他们非常开心,感激你们,欢迎你们下次再来。整个旅游中,你觉得和当地居民之间很平等,能很好地理解对方。总体而言,你觉得这次旅游体验很棒!”低情感凝聚组:“想象一下:你五一假期和同学一起去G村自助旅游,这里民风淳朴,环境优美。你们住的民宿整体体验很好。和当地人攀谈时,他们提供给了你们哪里好玩等有用信息。你们还从当地人那里买了一些土特产。总体而言,你觉得这次旅游体验很棒!”),然后完成与实验材料中情景密切相关的注意力检测题,加强操纵效果;最后填写情感凝聚测量量表和人口统计信息。情感凝聚量表的测量题项参考Woosnam等[28]的7点式李克特成熟量表,依据本研究情境进行微调。单因素方差分析结果显示,对于情感凝聚(测量题项的Cronbach's α=0.85)水平的感知,高情感凝聚组(样本量N=59)显著高于低情感凝聚组(N=75)(情感凝聚平均值M高=5.38 vs M低=4.74;F(1, 132)=24.317,P<0.001),性别对情感凝聚的感知无显著差异(F(1, 132)=0.265,P=0.608),实验材料符合操纵检验要求。因此,在下面的实验中均采用同样的情感凝聚启动材料。
2.2 主实验:主效应和中介效应的初步验证
实验目的:实验1以大学生游客群体为对象,研究目的之一是初步验证理论模型的主效应和中介效应,即游客感知与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚会增强其乡村依恋之情,这一效应源于游客感知到了更高的乡村温暖水平;研究目的之二是检验理论假设对重游意愿及口碑意愿2个下游实践变量的影响。
采用单因素组间实验设计,以情感凝聚为自变量,分高、低2个水平。通过问卷星平台,在国内某高校招募有过乡村旅游体验经历的大学生参与,没有乡村旅游体验经历及没有通过注意力检测被系统自动拒绝,并采取连续极值/连续同值的筛选规则,最终获得143份有效样本(男性28%;M年龄=20.10岁,SD=1.60)。
实验对象被随机分配到高或低情感凝聚组。被试首先阅读前测中的情感凝聚启动材料,并想象自已置于材料中的情景;然后按顺序完成地方依恋、地方温暖感知、重游意愿和口碑推荐意愿的测量;最后被试回答情感凝聚操纵检查量表和人口统计信息。地方依恋的测量题项改编自已有研究[15],有5个题项:“你对G村有强烈的好感”“相比去其他类似村子旅游,G村能给你带来更大的满足”“与相似村子相比,G村是最好的去处”“你对G村有强烈的认同感”“你感觉G村仿佛是自己的一部分”。地方温暖感知的测量题项改编自Jha等[50]的研究,有4个题项:“G村是一个让人感觉宽容的地方”“G村是一个让人感觉温暖的地方”“G村是一个让人感觉善良的地方”“G村是一个让人感觉真诚的地方”。下游实践变量分别采用一个题项进行测量,重游意愿采用“你愿意下次再去G村游玩”测量,口碑推荐意愿采用“你愿意推荐身边的亲朋好友到G村游玩”测量。情感凝聚的测量与前测的测量量表一致。所有量表的测量题项均采用7点式李克特量表设计。
2.3 结果分析
(1) 自变量操纵检查。单因素方差分析发现两组的情感凝聚(Cronbach's α=0.90)感知水平存在显著差异(M高=5.30 vs M低=4.80;F(1, 141)=12.024,P=0.001),自变量操纵成功。
(2) 因变量检验。对因变量地方依恋(测量题项的Cronbach's α=0.89)的单因素方差检验结果显示,高情感凝聚组的地方依恋水平显著高于低情感凝聚组(地方依恋平均值M高=5.10 vs M低=4.32;F(1, 141)=24.644,P<0.001),性别对地方依恋的影响不显著(F(1, 141)=0.204,P=0.652),年龄对地方依恋的影响亦不显著(F(6, 133)=0.763,P=0.650)。后续分析均控制了样本的性别与年龄,分析结果均显示性别和年龄的影响不显著。
(3) 中介效应检验。对中介变量地方温暖感知(测量题项的Cronbach's α=0.95)的单因素方差检验结果显示,高情感凝聚组的地方温暖感知显著高于低情感凝聚组(地方温暖平均值M高=5.69 vs M低=5.01;F(1, 141)=21.896,P<0.001)。然后采用Hayes[51]的PROCESS 3.4.1进行中介效应检验(Model 4,重复抽样n=5000),结果见表2,情感凝聚作用于地方温暖的路径显著(b=0.717,SE=0.063,LLCI=0.593,ULCI=0.841),情感凝聚作用于地方依恋的路径中,直接效应(b=0.492,SE=0.093,LLCI=0.307,ULCI=0.676)和间接效应(b=0.277,SE=0.069,LLCI=0.145,ULCI=0.414)均显著,说明地方温暖感知在情感凝聚作用于地方依恋的路径中发挥部分中介作用。
表2 地方温暖的中介效应回归输出结果
Tab.2
效应 | 情感凝聚→地方温暖 | 情感凝聚→地方温暖→地方依恋 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | LLCI | ULCI | b | SE | LLCI | ULCI | ||
直接效应 | 0.717*** | 0.063 | 0.593 | 0.841 | 0.492*** | 0.093 | 0.307 | 0.676 | |
间接效应 | 0.277*** | 0.069 | 0.145 | 0.414 |
注:b为路径系数,SE为标准误,LLCI、ULCI分别为置信区间的最低限和最高限。下同。
(4) 下游实践变量检验。对下游实践变量的单因素方差分析结果显示,重游意愿(重游意愿均值M高=5.73 vs M低=4.80;F(1, 141)=22.134,P<0.001)和口碑推荐意愿(口碑推荐意愿均值M高=5.80 vs M低=5.17;F(1, 141)=15.383,P<0.001)在情感凝聚高低组均有显著差异。
2.4 实验讨论
实验1以同学结伴在乡村过夜游为情景,发现乡村旅游情境下旅游者的情感凝聚增强了其乡村依恋水平,且乡村温暖感知在情感凝聚与乡村依恋之间发挥了中介效应,这一结果初步验证了H1和H2。但学生结伴游不是乡村旅游的主力军,因此,在下面的研究中,以家庭游为情景,继续招募乡村游的学生参与实验,进一步验证本文理论模型的稳健性。
3 主效应和中介效应的稳健性检验
3.1 实验设计及实验过程
实验2以旅游小镇的家庭一日游为情景进一步检验理论模型的稳健性。本实验情景设计出于以下考虑:一是当前乡村旅游主要是近郊家庭游形式,二是在新冠疫情的冲击下,多数游客去往乡村旅游都是当日往返,三是越来越多的乡村依托特色产业采取旅游小镇的方式发展乡村旅游。实验招募有过乡村旅游体验经历的大学生参与,最终获得有效样本137份(男性35%;M年龄=19.47岁,SD=1.09)。
实验2继续采用单因素组间实验设计(情感凝聚:高vs.低)。考虑到旅游者会受电子口碑特别是微信朋友圈信息的影响选择到乡村旅游,因此我们将乡村依恋的下游实践变量更改为电子口碑意愿。
被试在线下被随机分配到高或低情感凝聚组,首先进行类似实验1前测的情感凝聚情景想象:不同之处是将实验1前测中的“你五一假期和同学去G村自助旅游”改成“你周末和家人去附近的X旅游小镇游玩”,且删除了“你们住在当地人经营的民宿里”这一表述。被试阅读完情感凝聚的启动材料后,按顺序回答了地方依恋和地方温暖感知的测量量表(同实验1),然后回答电子口碑意愿的一个7点式题项,即“您愿意在网络社区及朋友圈分享您在X小镇的旅游见闻”。最后进行情感凝聚的操纵检查,并收集人口统计数据(同实验1)。
3.2 结果分析
自变量的操纵检查结果显示,高低两组的情感凝聚感知水平存在显著差异(M高=5.15 vs M低=4.82;F(1, 135)=5.874,P=0.01),自变量操纵成功。对因变量地方依恋的单因素方差分析结果显示,高情感凝聚组的地方依恋水平显著高于低情感凝聚组(M高=4.91 vs M低=4.31;F(1, 135)=15.707,P<0.001)。对下游实践变量的单因素方差分析结果显示,电子口碑推荐意愿(M高=5.72 vs M低=5.14;F(1, 135)=7.624,P=0.007)在情感凝聚高低组有显著差异。对中介变量地方温暖感知的单因素方差分析结果亦显示,高情感凝聚组的地方温暖感知显著高于低情感凝聚组(M高=5.65 vs M低=5.20;F(1, 135)=10.266,P=0.002)。使用Hayes[51]的PROCESS 3.4.1进行中介效应检验(Model 4,n=5000),结果显示,乡村温暖感知的中介效应显著(b=0.2975,SE=0.0630,LLCI=0.1804,ULCI=0.4271),控制中介变量后,情感凝聚对旅游者乡村依恋的影响依然显著(b=0.5599, SE=0.0854,LLCI=0.3909,ULCI=0.7288)。
3.3 实验讨论
实验2在更为普遍的乡村家庭游情景中对模型的主效应和中介效应进行了稳健性检验,再次验证了乡村旅游情境下情感凝聚对旅游者乡村依恋的主效应及乡村温暖感知的中介效应。然而,在情感凝聚的作用下,旅游者的不同特质是否影响其对乡村的温暖感知和地方依恋水平呢?针对此,下面设计了2×2组间实验检验乡村旅游者自我构念的调节效应。
4 自我构念的调节效应检验
4.1 实验设计及实验过程
为了验证自我构念的调节效应,实验3采用2(情感凝聚:高vs.低)×2(自我构念:独立vs.依赖)的组间实验设计,检验乡村旅游者自我构念特征对其乡村温暖感知和地方依恋的调节效应。
借鉴已有研究[52],前测采取数代词的方式启动被试的自我构念,被试先阅读一段《独自去乡村旅行》(《结伴去乡村旅行》)的文字②(② 两段阅读材料如下。《独自去乡村旅游》:“驾驶着心爱的汽车,我独自来到W村旅游。初到这里,我享受着乡村清新的空气,优美的环境……走在乡间的田野里,我望着一望无际的碧绿麦田和远处此起彼伏的山脉,仿佛与自然融为一体!此刻,我远离了城市的喧嚣与热闹,世界如此安静。我忘却了工作,忘却了学习,只与我自己内心相处。索性自在地享受这一切,就让我此刻忘记一切烦恼和忧愁,慢下来,静下来,享受乡村的宁静,享受与大自然的亲密接触……没有比这更美好,让我独享这幸福时光!”《结伴去乡村旅游》:“驾驶着心爱的汽车,我们结伴来到W村旅游。初到这里,我们享受着乡村清新的空气,优美的环境……走在乡间的田野里,我们望着一望无际的碧绿麦田和远处此起彼伏的山脉,与自然融为一体!此刻,我们远离了城市的喧嚣与热闹,世界如此安静。我们忘却了工作,忘却了学习,只与我们彼此相处。索性自在地享受这一切,就让我们此刻忘记一切烦恼和忧愁,慢下来,静下来,享受乡村的宁静,享受大自然里的一切……没有比这更美好,让我们结伴的幸福时光!”),然后再次呈现同一段文字,让被试用填空的方式回答段落中“我”及“我的”(“我们”及“我们的”)出现的次数,最后使用由12个题项组成的7点式量表[49,53]测量被试独立自我和依赖自我的得分。结果发现,自我构念量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.883,启动被试的独立自我构念时,被试对独立自我构念量表的评分显著高于对依赖自我构念量表的评分(平均值M独立=5.14 vs M依赖=4.32;t=6.661,P<0.001);而启动被试的依赖型自我构念时,被试对依赖自我构念量表的评分显著高于对独立自我构念量表的评分(M独立=4.31 vs M依赖=5.16;t=-6.54,P<0.001)。据此,可确定自我构念的启动方式有效。
正式实验在线下招募有乡村旅游经历的社会人士参与,被试被随机分配到4组中的一组。首先,被试阅读与前测一致的《独自去乡村旅行》(《结伴去乡村旅行》)文字,启动被试的自我构念倾向;随后被试阅读与实验1前测类似的情感凝聚启动材料,不同的是将实验1前测中的“你五一假期和同学去G村自助旅游”改成“你周末和家人去附近的W村游玩”;最后被试完成包含地方依恋和地方温暖量表的问卷。正式实验总计收回样本262份,删除未通过注意力检测的样本后,保留有效样本242份(男性39%;未婚48.8%;M年龄=29.87岁,SD=11.11),其中独立自我与低情感凝聚组73个样本,独立自我与高情感凝聚组60个样本,依赖自我与低情感凝聚组55个样本,依赖自我与高情感凝聚组54个样本。
4.2 实验结果分析
对因变量地方依恋的双因素方差分析结果如图2所示,情感凝聚的主效应显著(地方依恋平均值M高=5.64 vs M低=4.50;F(1, 238)=57.166,P<0.001),自我构念的主效应不显著,情感凝聚与自我构念的交互效应在0.1的水平下显著(F(1, 238)=2.87,P=0.092)。对中介变量地方温暖的双因素方差分析结果如图3所示,情感凝聚的主效应显著(地方温暖平均值M高=5.71 vs M低=4.93;F(1, 238)=27.224,P<0.001),自我构念的主效应不显著,情感凝聚与自我构念的交互效应在0.01的水平下显著(F(1, 238)=9.248,P=0.003)。事后分析发现,尽管依赖构念者和独立构念者在高低情感凝聚条件下对地方依恋和地方温暖感知都有显著的差异,但是依赖构念者(vs. 独立构念者)的差异更显著。
图2
图2
自我构念与情感凝聚交互对地方依恋的影响
Fig.2
Influence of the interaction between self-construal and emotional solidarity on place attachment
图3
图3
自我构念与情感凝聚交互对地方温暖的影响
Fig.3
Influence of the interaction between self-construal and emotional solidarity on place warmth
使用SPSS宏中的PROCESS 3.4.1对有调节的中介效应模型进行95%置信区间检验(Model 8,n=5000),结果见表3。可见,情感凝聚对地方温暖的效应值在独立自我构念(b=0.5537,LLCI=0.4409,ULCI=0.6666,不包含0)组显著低于依赖自我构念组(b=0.8343,LLCI=0.7283,ULCI=0.9404,不包含0)。同理,情感凝聚对地方依恋的间接效应值在独立自我构念(b=0.3239,LLCI=0.2200,ULCI=0.4301,不包含0)组显著低于依赖自我构念组(b=0.4880,LLCI=0.3883,ULCI=0.5918,不包含0),自我构念调节了旅游者情感凝聚对其地方温暖感知和乡村依恋的效应,假设H3a、H3b成立。
表3 有调节的中介效应回归模型结果
Tab.3
效应 | 自我构念 | 情感凝聚→地方温暖 | 情感凝聚→地方温暖→地方依恋 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | LLCI | ULCI | b | SE | LLCI | ULCI | |||
直接效应 | 独立自我 | 0.5537*** | 0.0573 | 0.4409 | 0.6666 | 0.4150*** | 0.0491 | 0.3183 | 0.5118 | |
依赖自我 | 0.8343*** | 0.0538 | 0.7283 | 0.9404 | 0.2700*** | 0.0554 | 0.1608 | 0.3792 | ||
间接效应 | 独立自我 | 0.3239*** | 0.0540 | 0.2200 | 0.4301 | |||||
依赖自我 | 0.4880*** | 0.0518 | 0.3883 | 0.5918 |
4.3 实验讨论
实验3检验了乡村旅游者自我构念特征对其乡村温暖感知和乡村依恋的调节机制。独立自我构念的旅游者对乡村温暖的感知和乡村依恋程度在高情感凝聚组略高于低情感凝聚组,而依赖自我构念的旅游者对乡村温暖的感知和乡村依恋程度在高情感凝聚组显著高于低情感凝聚组。这是由于,独立自我构念的旅游者归属感动机较弱,不太在乎自己和他人之间人际关系的构建,因此,其对乡村温暖的感知和乡村依恋的程度受情感凝聚的影响程度较低;而依赖自我构念的旅游者归属感动机较强,更加关注与他人之间人际关系的构建,因此,其对乡村温暖的感知和乡村依恋的程度会更显著地受到情感凝聚的影响。
5 结论与讨论
5.1 研究结论
提高旅游者的乡村依恋能有效助力旅游型乡村的可持续发展与全面振兴。在中国乡村旅游情境下,旅游者会像之前研究的那样,源于乡村依恋情结生成和居民之间的情感凝聚[31-32],还是因和居民之间生成了情感凝聚而恋上乡村?人地关系和人际关系之间的复杂交互影响使得探讨中国乡村旅游情境下,以旅游者为关注对象时情感凝聚和地方依恋之间的因果关系成为本文研究的关注点。采用3个实验揭示了乡村旅游者与居民之间的情感凝聚对旅游者乡村依恋的影响,并检验了乡村温暖感知的中介效应和旅游者自我构念的调节效应。结果发现:① 乡村旅游情境下,旅游者感知和乡村居民之间的情感凝聚有助于提升其乡村依恋水平,验证了以旅游者为对象时,“爱上一个人恋上一个村”效应的存在,与前期非正式访谈所获结果一致;② 旅游者感知乡村温暖的提升是情感凝聚作用于其乡村依恋的关键心理机制;③ 旅游者的自我构念类型会调节情感凝聚对其乡村温暖感知和乡村依恋程度的影响,即相比独立型自我构念的旅游者,依赖型自我构念旅游者的乡村温暖感知和乡村依恋程度会更显著地受到其与乡村居民之间情感凝聚的影响。
5.2 理论贡献
综上,本文的理论贡献表现在以下方面:
(1) 不同于以往一般旅游情境下,西方学者认为旅游者地方依恋是促成其与目的地居民情感凝聚的前因[31-32],本文在中国乡村旅游情境下,发现旅游者感知与乡村居民间的情感凝聚是其乡村依恋的前因。究其原因,本文认为是由于中西方文化差异,西方文化情境盛行个人主义,游客对新人际关系构建的关注要小于中国文化背景下的关注,因此,旅游者可能会先恋地,继而生成与目的地居民之间的情感凝聚;然而,中国文化是集体主义文化,目的地作为喜新厌旧旅游者访问的陌生地理单位,旅游者因恋上目的地而生成与居民之间情感凝聚的可能性要小于因人际关系生成而提高恋地情结的可能性。本文着眼于探讨旅游情境下不同文化背景里不同主体人际关系和人地关系之间的因果关系,验证了旅游情境下人际关系和人地关系之间的因果关系因情境存在差异,与已有研究[33⇓-35]一起证实地理学中人际关系和人地关系互为因果的关系在旅游情境下依然成立,丰富了旅游情境下关于情感凝聚和地方依恋两个重要理论构念之间因果关系的认识,拓展了该领域的研究议题。
(2) 本文通过揭示乡村温暖感知是旅游者感知情感凝聚影响其地方依恋的心理机制,发现了地方温暖感知是形成旅游者地方依恋的重要机制,这启示乡村旅游开发必须重视保护好乡村的温暖属性要素。市场主导逻辑下对市场法则与个体竞争的过分强调[54],导致人被物质经济割裂成了孤零零的个体,人际关系淡漠已成为现代社会的通病,本文启示乡村旅游开发保留乡村温暖属性,对弘扬与传承中华乡村传统文化具有重要意义。
5.3 实践启示
基于上述结论,本文为乡村目的地政府和管理者提出以下提升旅游者乡村依恋水平的建议:
首先,乡村目的地政府及管理者要重视利用旅游者的情感凝聚提升其乡村依恋水平。目的地管理者要强化基于乡土逻辑[54]对乡村居民和乡村旅游从业者进行教育和培训,教育其保持善良的本性和乐于助人的人格特点,让其在和旅游者的交往中真诚友好地提供力所能及的帮助,使旅游者感受到与目的地居民之间的高情感凝聚,从而提升旅游者的乡村依恋水平,并提升乡村居民的传统文化自信;同时,在重要客源地的营销活动中,突出乡村居民热情好客特质的传播。
其次,乡村目的地政府及管理者应在重要客源市场的营销中主动打造乡村温暖意向,在乡村旅游规划和发展中重视保留乡村物质环境的温暖属性要素,同时教育培训乡村居民和乡村旅游从业者为旅游者提供暖心服务。中国快速的城镇化和市场化发展使得越来越多的人生活在关系淡漠的城市里,人们的温暖感非常缺失[30],而中国文化是非常关注温暖感的文化情境,乡村温暖意向的打造将有助于乡村吸引城市居民前往,同时,旅游者在乡村旅游中感受的乡村温暖属性将有助于治愈人们因在城市里生活而患上的人际冷漠、功利化心态重等城市病,对旅游者的身心恢复及幸福感提升都有显著作用。本文的研究结论显示,温暖感知有助于提升旅游者的乡村依恋水平,而旅游者对不同乡村的温暖感知存在差异,这启示乡村目的地在旅游发展过程中不能因过度商业化而让旅游者感觉“失温”。
最后,乡村目的地管理者要重视利用旅游者的自我构念类型,提高旅游者的乡村依恋水平。中国文化属于互依的集体主义文化,依赖型自我构念的旅游者居多,归属感动机较强,且研究证实了旅游者的自我构念类型可随情境即时建构[49],如每逢中国农历春节、中秋节等重视亲友团聚的传统节日,人们的依赖型自我构念凸显[49],归属感动机加强,同时,家庭游或其他结伴游的旅游者依赖型自我构念更明显,因此,乡村目的地管理者需要在中国传统节日对乡村旅游情境进行针对性布局,凸显乡村的温暖属性要素,同时对接待的家庭旅游者或其他结伴旅游者,通过培训增强乡村居民的热情好客、真诚人际交往意识,营造乡村目的地的温暖氛围,提高旅游者的乡村依恋水平。
5.4 不足与研究展望
本文采用实验法研究了乡村旅游者感知情感凝聚对其乡村依恋的影响及其机制,但仍存在一些不足,有待进一步探讨。首先,已有研究验证了旅游情境下,旅游者的地方依恋可以促进其与目的地居民之间的情感凝聚,本研究在中国乡村旅游情境下,验证了旅游者与乡村居民之间的情感凝聚有助于提升其乡村依恋水平,但在中国乡村旅游情境下,旅游者的乡村依恋是否亦有助于提高其和乡村居民之间的情感凝聚值得后续研究检验,从而证实地方依恋和情感凝聚之间的双向因果关系是否因情境存在差异。其次,未来可以采用多种研究方法进一步验证本研究构建的理论模型。再者,本研究虽然验证了乡村温暖感知在解析旅游者情感凝聚影响乡村依恋路径中的心理机制,但是否还存在其他心理机制仍待后续研究进一步探讨。最后,本研究验证了乡村旅游者自我构念类型对情感凝聚作用于乡村温暖感知和乡村依恋程度的调节效应,但是中国乡村众多,不同地域的乡村具有不同的景观特色和人文环境,这些差异是否会调节情感凝聚对旅游者乡村温暖的感知和乡村依恋的程度尚不明晰,未来可进一步研究乡村地域文化类型、景观类型等可能的调节机制。
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随着旅游业的发展,旅游情境下的主客交往方式愈发多元和复杂。现阶段旅游地主客交往的研究较多关注当地居民,而从游客视角深入研究旅游动机、主客交往意愿和旅游体验的相互影响机制较少。本文选取世界自然遗产地三清山为案例地,以实地问卷调查数据为基础,从主客交往意愿角度切入,构建了观光型旅游地游客视角的MCE(动机—交往意愿—体验质量)模型,并运用多群组的结构方程模型进行恒等性检验。结果表明:①三清山游客的旅游动机可以划分为体验生活、刺激/冒险、放松/逃避和社交/求知4种类型,主客交往意愿则划分为适度交往和密切交往2种维度;②体验生活、放松/逃避和社交/求知动机对适度交往意愿存在显著影响,刺激/冒险、放松/逃避动机和社交/求知动机对密切交往意愿存在显著影响;③密切交往意愿比适度交往意愿更能影响游客的旅游体验质量;④分别对三清山男女样本进行多群组分析,因素恒等性检验显示模型具有跨样本的稳定性。
Relationship between tourists' motivation, contact intention, and experience quality in sightseeing destination: The case of Mount Sanqingshan National Park
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.11.008
[本文引用: 1]
With the development of tourism, host-guest relationship at tourism destinations is increasingly diverse and complex. Existing studies on host-guest relationship have paid much attention on local residents. But few studies have explored the mutual influencing mechanism among tourist motivation, contact intention, and tourists' experience quality, especially from the perspective of tourists. This study employed an on-site survey in Mount Sanqingshan National Park to build the tourist perspective motivation-contact intention-experience quality (MCE) model. We also applied the invariance measurement with the multi-group structural equation model. The result shows that tourist motivations at the sightseeing destination can be classified into four categories: experiencing life motivation, excitement/adventure motivation, relaxation/escape motivation, and socializing/knowledge motivation. Tourists' contact intention can be divided into two dimensions: moderate contact intention and close contact intention. The modeling result indicates that tourist motivations of experiencing life, relaxation/escape and socializing/knowledge have direct effect on moderate contact intention, and tourist motivations of excitement/adventure, relaxation/escape, and socializing/knowledge have direct effect on close contact intention. Close contact intention has a greater influence on tourists' experience quality than moderate contact intention. We also divided the samples into gender groups for invariance measurement with the multi-group structural equation model. We found that the model built in this study showed stability across samples.
The intensity of tourist-host social relationship and its effects on satisfaction and change of attitudes: The case of working tourists in Israel
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Exploring the theoretical framework of emotional solidarity between residents and tourists
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DOI:10.1177/0047287509332334
URL
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Residents and tourists within destinations are often portrayed as being separate from each other, possessing little in common. Such an approach can undermine the potential for a dynamic, intimate relationship to exist between residents and tourists. This research offers the theory of emotional solidarity, put forth by Emile Durkheim, as a theoretical framework to examine the relationship between residents and tourists. In addition, a series of focus groups with residents of a coastal South Carolina county was conducted to ascertain residents’ feelings about tourists and commonalities with tourists (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behavior, and interaction). Themes corresponding to constructs from Durkheim’s model were generated from the qualitative data analysis. Findings are discussed, along with practical implications and future research options.
Can tourists experience emotional solidarity with residents? Testing Durkheim's model from a new perspective
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DOI:10.1177/0047287512467701
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In the context of resident and tourist relationships in a destination, perspectives of the former are rarely considered. This is likely a function of the continued attention paid to studies focusing on the former in addressing sociocultural impacts of tourism. This work examines the relationship as perceived by tourists, utilizing the theoretical framework of emotional solidarity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the four constructs (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behavior, interaction, and emotional solidarity) within Durkheim’s model. This works shows continued support for the framework with each of the antecedent constructs significantly predicting emotional solidarity, explaining approximately 55% of the variance in the construct. Implications and limitations of the work along with future research opportunities are discussed.
情感凝聚对旅游者环境负责任行为的影响研究: 晋东南地区传统村落民宿情境下的实证检验
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DOI:10.12342/zgstly.20210017
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旅游者环境负责任行为对乡村旅游的高质量发展意义重大。本文基于情感凝聚理论,探讨旅游者与民宿主之间的情感凝聚对其环境负责任行为的预测效果。以晋东南地区传统村落为案例地收集数据,采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法,对乡村民宿情境下,旅游者环境负责任行为的维度及“情感凝聚—环境负责任行为”影响路径的存在与否,进行实证检验。结果显示:(1)乡村民宿情境下,旅游者环境负责任行为既包括生态环境负责任行为,亦包括社会环境负责任行为和经济环境负责任行为;(2)旅游者与民宿主之间的情感凝聚能够显著促进其环境负责任行为,影响程度从高到低依次是生态环境负责任行为、社会环境负责任行为和经济环境负责任行为;(3)情感凝聚的3个二阶构念对旅游者环境负责任行为的影响程度从高到低依次是同情理解、情感亲密度和受欢迎程度。本文拓展了情感凝聚理论的应用范畴,为旅游者环境负责任行为相关研究提供了新的视角,亦为乡村旅游目的地政府和企业激发旅游者环境负责任行为提供了实践启示。
Tourists' responsible behaviors through emotional solidarity with residents: A case study in the context of homestay inn in traditional villages in Shanxi's southeast region
DOI:10.12342/zgstly.20210017
[本文引用: 1]
Tourist environmentally responsible behavior is of great significance for the sustainable development of rural tourism and the sustainable poverty alleviation of rural residents. Based on the theory of emotional solidarity, this study explores the predictive effect of tourists’ emotional solidarity on their environmentally responsible behavior. Taking the traditional villages in southeastern Shanxi Province as a case study, this paper uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to test the dimensions of tourists' environmentally responsible behavior and the existence of the influencing path of "emotional solidarity- environmentally responsible behavior". The results show that: (1) In the context of traditional villages' homestay inn, tourist environmentally responsible behavior includes not only ecological environmentally responsible behavior, but also social and economic environmentally responsible behavior. (2) The emotional solidarity between tourists and homestay inn owners can significantly affect tourist environmentally responsible behavior, and the ranking of influence significance is ecological, social, and economic environmentally responsible behavior. (3) The influencing significance ranking of the three second-order constructs of emotional solidarity on tourist environmentally responsible behavior is sympathetic understanding, emotional closeness, and felling welcomed. The research expands the application scope of the theory of emotional solidarity, provides a new perspective for the research of tourists' environmentally responsible behavior, and also provides practical enlightenment for rural tourism destinations to stimulate tourist environmentally responsible behavior.
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Hosting ethnically and culturally rich religious festivals provides visitors a glimpse into how a sense of togetherness and faith are not only established but strengthened through shared beliefs and ritualistic behavior. This research examines visitors’ destination loyalty through their emotional bonding with place, the emotional solidarity they experience with residents, and their perceived level of safety. Based on data collected from 813 visitors during the Attur Church Feast in Karkala, India, the results indicated that place attachment directly influences loyalty and two dimensions of emotional solidarity and, in turn, emotional solidarity has a positive effect on loyalty. Additionally, it was found that emotional solidarity partially mediates the effect of place attachment on destination loyalty. Finally, employing a moderated mediation analysis, visitor level of perceived safety at the festival partially moderated the indirect effect of place attachment on destination loyalty through emotional solidarity.
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社会认知的两个基本维度热情与能力之间存在一种特殊的关系, 它既可能是晕轮效应所认为的正向关系, 也可能是补偿效应和影射效应所认为的负向关系, 还有可能是受多种因素影响的正交关系。热情与能力的关系受到知觉者自身因素、知觉对象的特点、知觉者与知觉对象的关系以及外部环境等多种因素的影响, 而热情与能力关系的内部机制不明确是学者们对其关系产生分歧的根本原因。今后需要进一步探讨热情与能力的内部机制, 进行跨文化的检验和比较研究, 进一步探索其关系的影响因素, 建构热情与能力的关系模型。
The relationship between warmth and competence in social cognition
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[本文引用: 1]
The two fundamental dimensions of social cognition are warmth and competence. The special relationship between warmth and competence may be a positive relationship suggested by halo effect, or a negative relationship suggested by compensation effect and innuendo effect, or an orthogonal relationship affected by many factors. The perceiver factors, the characteristics of target, the relationship between perceiver and target as well as the external environment could influence the relationship between warmth and competence. The internal mechanism of different type of relationships is unclear in current study, which is the root cause of the dispute. In order to slove this dispute, we should further discussed the internal mechanism of warmth and competence in the future, take more cross-cultural comparison study, and further explore the influence factors of the relationship to build a relationship model of warmth and competence.
Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence
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Like all perception, social perception reflects evolutionary pressures. In encounters with conspecifics, social animals must determine, immediately, whether the "other" is friend or foe (i.e. intends good or ill) and, then, whether the "other" has the ability to enact those intentions. New data confirm these two universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. Promoting survival, these dimensions provide fundamental social structural answers about competition and status. People perceived as warm and competent elicit uniformly positive emotions and behavior, whereas those perceived as lacking warmth and competence elicit uniform negativity. People classified as high on one dimension and low on the other elicit predictable, ambivalent affective and behavioral reactions. These universal dimensions explain both interpersonal and intergroup social cognition.
社会排斥对消费者拟人化品牌选择倾向的双路径影响机制研究
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1992—2016年中国乡村旅游研究特征与趋势: 基于CiteSpace知识图谱分析
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[本文引用: 2]
借助 CiteSpace软件,选取CNKI中国学术期刊网络出版总库的中文核心期刊和CSSCI来源期刊,对1992-2016年间中国乡村旅游研究文献分析发现:虽然乡村旅游研究文献众多,但尚未形成紧密的学术团队,学者相互认可度较低;研究机构学术合作网络较为松散。在时间序列上,25年来中国乡村旅游研究可划分为萌芽阶段(1992-1998年)、初步多元化阶段(1999-2005年)、快速多元化阶段(2006-2012年)和深入研究阶段(2013年-)。在研究内容上,政策导向性明显,研究主题紧跟国家政策变化呈现多样性;经济视角是主线,发展对策、模式类研究成果较多;生态理念贯穿始终,学界对乡村生态旅游一直较为重视。整体来说,学科研究呈现经济学、社会学、地理学、农学等多学科参与的特征;研究价值诉求从以消费者为主逐步转向社区居民,全面人文关怀凸显;最近几年,学者结合现实问题对乡村旅游发展及研究反思增多。今后,从问题出发开展多学科、多技术和多机构合作,对乡村旅游存在的哲学基础和基本理论,产业转型升级及土地利用等现实问题,新型城市化背景下的乡村旅游地社会空间问题以及多样化发展的对策探索等方面的研究将成为重点。
Characteristics and prospects of Chinese rural tourism research,1992-2016: An analysis based on CiteSpace maps
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.09.003
[本文引用: 2]
Based on research articles selected from the core journals and the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) journals in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) academic journal network publishing database and with the help of CiteSpace software, this study analyzed the authors, cooperative institutions, and keywords on China's rural tourism research literature published between 1992 and 2016 and found that China's rural tourism research has not formed close research teams and scholars have low recognition of each other's work. Research cooperation networks are loosely organized between academic institutions. The whole process of research can be divided into four stages: emerging stage (1992-1998), preliminary diversification stage (1999-2005), rapid diversification stage (2006-2012), and in-depth study stage (2013-present). With regard to the research contents, policy guidance is clear—the research topics closely followed the national policy change and showed diversity. The research focused on the economics of tourism from the beginning and there exists a large number of research articles on development strategies and models. The researchers have been insisting on ecological ideas all the time. Overall, economics, sociology, geography, agronomy, and many other disciplines have been involved in this field. The main value proposition changed from the consumer to the whole population, showing the trend of comprehensive humanistic care in rural tourism research. Moreover, in recent years, the researchers have introspected and actively exercised the discourse power to participate in the real business of rural tourism. According to the actual situation of development of rural tourism in China and its research characteristics, multidisciplinary, multi-technological, and multi-organizational studies will be carried out in view of rural tourism problems and more research on the philosophical foundation, basic concepts, and basic theories of rural tourism, transformation and upgrading of rural tourism, land use in the development of rural tourism, social and spatial questions of rural tourism in the context of the new urbanization in China, and development strategies of rural tourism diversity will become the key points of future research.
The influence of restaurant co-workers' perceived warmth and competence on employees' turnover intentions: The mediating role of job attitudes
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Thinking about oneself and others: The relational-interdependent self-construal and social cognition
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Does self-construal predict activity in the social brain network? A genetic moderation effect
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消费者自我构念、独特性需求与品牌标识形状偏好
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The distinction between relatively independent versus interdependent self-construals has been strongly associated with several important cultural differences in social behavior. The current studies examined the causal role of self-construal by investigating whether priming independent or interdependent self-construals within a culture could result in differences in psychological worldview that mirror those traditionally found between cultures. In Experiment 1, European-American participants primed with interdependence displayed shifts toward more collectivist social values and judgments that were mediated by corresponding shifts in self-construal. In Experiment 2, this effect was extended by priming students from the United States and Hong Kong with primes that were consistent and inconsistent with their predominant cultural worldview. Students who received the inconsistent primes were more strongly affected than those who received the consistent primes, and thus shifted self-construal, and corresponding values, to a greater degree.
The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals
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Governance mechanisms and their roles in facilitating Chinese rural areas' common prosperity: A case study of two villages
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