Henri Lefebvre是当代新马克思主义空间理论研究的代表，他提出的空间生产理论[1]是新马克思主义城市学派和马克思主义地理学的关键概念[2]。Lefebvre认为空间不仅仅是传统社会政治理论下的“社会关系演变的静止的容器或平台”[3]，而且是“社会性的，牵涉到再生产的社会关系和生产关系”[4]。以空间矛盾辩证法为核心思想[5]的空间生产理论，从全球化、城镇化和日常生活3个维度对资本主义空间生产进行批判[6]，为分析特定历史地理背景下的空间生产方式与社会矛盾提供了新的视角与工具，自20世纪70年代提出以来，西方学界出现了该理论的研究浪潮，Certeaude等[7]、Castells[8]、Harvey[9-10]、Soja[11-12]及Schmid[13]等学者从不同角度开展空间问题分析，积累了丰富的成果。虽然空间生产理论并非只关注城市问题，但恰如Harvey所言：“城市(化)和空间的生产这两个主题是交织在一起的”[14]，城市(城镇)化是空间生产研究的核心对象之一。
改革开放以来，中国城镇化进程快速推进，在政治、经济、文化、社会生活以及城乡、区域关系等多个领域重塑了中国的空间格局。在取得巨大经济成就的同时出现了资本逻辑与人本逻辑的抵牾、区域失衡、个体空间权利剥夺等问题，背后则是资本、权力、社会与空间的相互交织，社会空间问题遂成为研究热点。在此背景下，空间生产理论在中国的学术影响力逐渐扩大，各界学者对其应用随之增加，尤其是迈入21世纪，众多学者投入到理论译介[1,11-12,15⇓-17]与阐释工作中[18⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-24]，其中2021年《空间的生产》汉译本[1]的问世具有里程碑意义，对探究Lefebvre空间理论的本原要旨与核心问题、建构符合中国式现代化特征的空间生产理论形态将产生重要推动作用。作为现代化的重要空间载体，城镇化是国内空间生产理论应用的主要场域，学界在对空间生产理论的应用价值进行探讨的基础上[25⇓⇓-28]，围绕城镇化实践进行了一系列实证研究[29⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-37]。随着研究成果逐渐丰富，部分学者开始进行综述[2,38-39]，重点梳理了国内外空间生产理论体系的历史脉络和时代特征，探讨现代中国城镇化空间生产的规律。
中国的城镇化在发展速度、空间表征、动力机制、效果和影响等维度与西方国家存在巨大差异，对这些特征的描述和解释是空间生产理论应用于城镇化研究的重要方面，通过对中国本土实践的研究，有助于形成中国的理论贡献，推动空间生产理论的发展。同时，中国特色社会主义实践也需要在批判性审视、反思城镇化得失的基础上，建设具有本民族历史特色的社会主义空间，这是城镇化高质量发展的时代要求，也是丰富空间辩证法时代内涵的历史机遇。然而现阶段国内城镇化空间生产研究聚焦于资本逻辑主导的空间过程，研究问题的视野还比较狭窄，总体上未跳出西方空间生产理论的历史与地域局限，结合中国城镇化道路特征构建具有本国特色的空间生产理论体系的探索尝试不足，尚未能对城镇化转型实践予以有效指引。
有鉴于此，本文在前述研究与综述的基础上，进一步聚焦到城镇化这一领域，结合文献计量分析与典型文献的阅读总结，梳理空间生产理论应用的概况，剖析研究重点并总结不足之处，以期从促进理论创新和服务城镇化实践的角度提出理论应用的展望。
1 资料来源与处理方法
本文基于国内空间生产研究领域的论文与专著展开。其中，论文源于中国知网学术期刊数据库，检索主题词为“空间生产”或“空间的生产”，来源类别选择“CSSCI”，考虑到相关研究成果大都成文于2000年后，时段选择2001年1月1日至2022年10月31日，剔除与城镇化主题无关的数据后获得1075篇文献。具体分析在计量统计的基础上结合代表性论文与专著的阅读进行。
图1
表1 关键词聚类
Tab.1
| 聚类编号 | 聚类名称 | 轮廓值 | 子聚类 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 空间正义 | 0.956 | 马克思、空间生产、公平、资源配置等 |
| 4 | 列斐伏尔 | 0.944 | 空间生产、空间政治、社会学、空间研究等 |
| 8 | 全球化 | 0.933 | 大事件、民族旅游、多重因子、空间范式等 |
| 5 | 社会空间 | 0.925 | 大遗址、空间资源、资本循环、虚拟空间等 |
| 3 | 资本逻辑 | 0.911 | 资本逻辑、空间、空间拜物教、发展伦理等 |
| 0 | 空间生产 | 0.892 | 新型城镇化、乡村振兴、广州、资本逻辑等 |
| 9 | 城市更新 | 0.890 | 城市文化、城市发展、产权、城市空间形态等 |
| 2 | 城市治理 | 0.886 | 治理、社区、南京、城市规划管理等 |
| 6 | 资本 | 0.875 | 城镇化、权力、空间实践、乡村转型、资本积累等 |
| 7 | 城市化 | 0.863 | 城市权利、城市正义、包容性、全球复杂性等 |
表2 突现性关键词
Tab.2
| 关键词 | 强度 | 起始年 | 骤减年 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 全球化 | 3.74 | 2006 | 2012 |
| 城市化 | 3.26 | 2011 | 2016 |
| 空间 | 3.22 | 2011 | 2013 |
| 城市权利 | 4.62 | 2016 | 2018 |
| 城镇化 | 4.02 | 2016 | 2018 |
| 空间正义 | 3.36 | 2017 | 2018 |
| 空间治理 | 5.93 | 2019 | 2022 |
| 文化空间 | 3.43 | 2019 | 2022 |
| 马克思 | 5.44 | 2020 | 2022 |
同时，为了更为全面地分析城镇化研究领域空间生产应用的整体状况，在计量统计的基础上结合代表性论文与专著的阅读进行。
2 理论应用的总体特点
2.1 中国城镇化实践与西方理论传播共同促成的研究热潮
改革开放以来，城镇化进程推动着中国空间形态重构与社会转型。权力、资本、社会等要素广泛且深入地参与城镇化实践，城镇化实质已从土地利用、人口转移等“显性”要素转变为多种形式的“隐性”深层空间实践[39]，空间的社会属性日渐突出，为空间生产等西方城市马克思主义理论在国内的传播和应用提供了深厚土壤。“后现代地理学”及“权力与空间”是空间生产理论被接受的一个重要背景[40]，以资本循环理论为代表的空间政治经济学则成为理解空间生产理论的主要参考。此外，“流空间”和“行动者网络”等理论也拓宽了空间问题研究的思路。在中国城镇化实践与西方理论传播的合力下，国内空间生产研究迎来热潮，学者们从城市地理学、城市规划、城市社会学、政治经济学及哲学等学科话语体系出发，批判性吸收西方关于城市、空间及日常生活等领域的研究成果并进行实践运用，众多文献与著作得以问世。以论文为例，2009年后以“空间生产”为主题的文章数量呈明显增长态势，研究主题与视角日益多样，空间生产俨然成为城镇化研究中一个充满活力的领域，其跨学科视野与实践性应用的趋势日趋明显。
2.2 多样的空间形态与广泛的研究主题
当代中国的城镇化是由传统封闭的农业化社会跳跃式地向当代开放的工业化、信息化社会转型的过程，工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化“并联”推进，被“压缩”至最近数十年的时空间发展历程，决定了空间生产研究对象的多样化和研究主题的广泛性。前者体现在从全球到社区空间尺度的垂直覆盖和由城市到乡村空间类型的全域覆盖上，“城市化”“全球复杂性”“城市发展”“社区”“大遗址”等聚类(表1)反映了这一特征。“广州”“南京”等地域关键词则说明大城市因其在城市更新改造、公共资源配置和社会治理等领域的丰富实践及其存在问题的典型性而成为研究的主阵地。另一方面，中国地域、城乡之间存在的显著历史地理差异决定了各地城镇化主要内容与具体形式不同，促成了研究主题的广泛性。“城市治理”“城市更新”“城市规划管理”“乡村转型”“乡村振兴”及“民族旅游”等聚类展示了相关研究显著的区域特征与时代色彩。表2中“城市化”与“城镇化”2大表述在2016年前后热度的此消彼长也侧面体现了这一特点，彼时新型城镇化从理念进入具体实践，城乡协同发展成为重要的时代要求，“城镇化”更能体现中国仍是一个不平衡发展的多种经济社会形态共时性并存的复杂社会结构[41]。
2.3 多元化的研究视角与灵活的研究框架
总的来看，国内城镇化领域空间生产应用有3个视角，绝大多数案例解剖都依据具体的空间生产实践和问题的着眼点，构建了相应的研究框架，展现出极大的灵活性。一是以资本循环学说为基础的空间政治经济学分析，强调资本逻辑在空间生产中的核心地位，构建“资本—权力”研究框架解释城镇化现象，研究对象以城市片区(如工业区、住宅区)和特定功能区(如旅游景区)最为普遍。这一视角是国内研究的主流，构成了国内相关研究梳理和批判的依据[42]。二是权力空间的分析范式，强调空间政治属性的尺度、领域等空间维度的研究，其研究对象通常涉及不同层级权力实体间的相互联系。尺度重构与领域重组是2种典型的政府空间选择策略，共同反映了特定历史环境下权力、社会与空间的互动变化[43-44]，常被用于行政区调整[43,45]及区域发展策略[46⇓-48]等研究。三是借助行动者网络实现的微观层面分析，基于“行动者—空间”相互影响的逻辑，研究异质性事物之间的关系和相互作用的过程[49]。该视角的研究对象大都是微观尺度、贴近日常生活实践的空间[38]，如具体的乡村聚落[49⇓⇓-52]；行动者也并非宏观权力管制或资本循环，而是包括人类与非人类行动者在内的具体对象。
2.4 实践阐释与问题批判兼顾的研究旨趣
城镇化实践阐释与问题批判贯穿了国内空间生产理论应用的历程。前者从历史空间辩证法维度探索当代中国城镇化发展道路的特征，对发生在中国大地上广域的城镇化现象予以深刻的关注与思考，集中研究其表征、动力、机制，以及权力、资本、社会等主体发挥的作用及其与空间的关系，体现为“新型城镇化”“空间政治”“空间范式”“资本循环”“资本逻辑”等聚类(表1)。后者集中指向了城镇化实践中存在的问题。“公平”“资源配置”“产权”“空间拜物教”及“发展伦理”等聚类反映了现阶段国内的主要空间矛盾，即从个体看，过去增长导向的城镇化更多地把人的属性局限于生产，相对忽视了个体对自我发展权利的追求；从社会整体看，空间资源配置不公以及资本逻辑对发展伦理的扭曲导致了城镇化过程中的非正义现象，使得社会生活与社会关系被裹挟至资本所围织的话语网络，造成对人本价值的僭越。学界对“人的城镇化”和社会治理问题的思考以及近年来“城市权利”“空间正义”及“空间治理”等关键词热度的跃升(表2)正是这一价值取向的体现。
3 理论应用的重点
3.1 城镇化模式概括
城镇化从多个领域和尺度塑造着中国的空间格局，资本、权力、大众、媒体与技术等主体在实践中生产和再生产着城市新区、城中村、城市休闲空间及乡村空间等空间类型及其本质属性。研究聚焦各类空间模式的形成、演化过程与动力机制，以及资本、权力、社会与空间的相互作用。
3.1.1 城市新区空间的生产：改革开放背景下全球化进程的地方响应
当代世界，城市、国家与全球化3个基本层次的空间化发展融为一体，形成由多重空间尺度所组成的复杂整体[53]。城市新区是中国融入全球化重要的地方响应形式，研究集中于开发区、大学城及国家级新区3个类型。开发区是增量时代城镇化的重要载体，为引入国外先进技术经验、促进中国产业发展发挥了重要作用。大学城的兴起与20世纪90年代以来高校扩招与规模膨胀紧密相关[54]，资源调配、土地划拨和资金筹备都依赖政府的规划经营与资金投入。国家级新区则是中国在全球经济竞争愈加激烈、国内经济增速放缓的双重压力下，通过尺度重构与领域重组等方式吸引生产要素集聚、培育新的国家战略性空间的手段。从空间生产机制来看，权力是中国空间规划和运作的基础[39]，政府是新区选址布局、规划建设及空间治理的主体，新区建设热潮反映了政府通过政策制度和规划手段推动城镇化发展的空间生产策略。因此，新区空间的生产实质是权力重构和空间重组交织的过程[55]。
3.1.2 城中村空间的生产：城镇化空间扩张与城乡二元体制的碰撞
城中村是中国城乡二元体制在快速城镇化进程中催生的独特空间形态[56]。改革开放初期，外向型经济产生了巨大的用地需求，在政府土地资本化改革和村集体土地租赁经济[57]的合力下，大量近郊乡村由传统乡村社区向第二、三产业主导的城乡二元景观和空间结构转变，土地由仅限于自用的生产资料变成能够通过流通开发产生剩余价值的资本[58]，资本得以利用城市内部经济形态的差异、劳动力的空间不均衡分布进行生产积累。这一过程不仅生产了新的物质空间和人口结构，也催生了日益复杂的城中村社会权力关系。村集体和村民、市民、外来务工者、政府与企业等主体围绕产权这一核心要素[59]，以及建立在之上的经济社会权益进行持续博弈。政府、村集体和企业凭借所有权利益相关方的身份共同支配城中村的空间生产与再生产过程，外来人口作为空间依赖性利益相关者[60]，在利益博弈中处于劣势地位，各方在合作与斗争的矛盾过程中形成了城中村空间生产的合力。
3.1.3 城市休闲空间的生产：消费文化导向下存量空间的商品化
随着中国由生产型社会向消费型社会过渡，空间消费从传统意义上的小范围和使用性消费向大众参与和更广泛意义上的空间消费(游憩、观赏及体验等)转变[61]，推动了城市休闲空间的生产，包括历史文化片区塑造[62]、老工业区转型[63]和城市旧区改造[64]等多种具体类型。政府和开发商是休闲空间生产的主导者。政府以行政手段建构制度空间，吸引并监管市场主体。开发商通过大事件营销、物质景观设计、商业业态控制以及文化氛围塑造生产经济空间，本质上是一种盈利性的空间生产行为[65]。物质环境变化是该过程最为直观的表现，地域文化内核则转化为一连串符号，并借助网络空间快速蔓延。权力和资本是塑造空间并获取收益的主体[54]，但部分人群因难以承担存量更新带来的生活成本提高而被迫搬迁，区域的空间使用者出现置换[65]，地方意义发生嬗变[66]，以经济活动为核心的社会网络随即取代以邻里关系、文化认同为纽带的传统社会关系。
3.1.4 乡村空间的生产：城镇化进程支配下乡村地域的非农化转型
城镇化过程扩大了城乡间信息和要素的流通规模，引起了乡村产业形态、聚落空间、社会关系结构及文化体系在内多层次、多角度的转型。囿于发展条件差异，乡村空间转型呈现出时间与地域的多元化。近郊乡村快速非农化，呈现为城乡景观杂糅的城中村形态。一些远郊乡村则在新型城镇化与乡村振兴的契机下被开发为以自然景观和乡土文化为交换价值、以满足城市消费者遐想为目标的体验性消费空间[67]；但仍有部分资源禀赋较差的地区处于空间和产业双重衰败的困境[68]。乡村空间转型也重塑了社会关系结构，集中体现为人口结构转变和社会网络重建。政府、企业、游客深度参与乡村空间生产，权力与资本凭借对重要生产资料的占有而控制空间生产过程。村民空间生产主体性遭受挤压[67]、村委会空间控制力及公信力弱化[69]、游客对乡村符号化的“他者凝视”及村民对凝视的迎合[70]均反映了这种地位关系。作为应对，学者们提出了培育集体文化认同[68]、建立乡村民间组织的长效机制[71]及完善乡村空间发展的设计规划[72]等举措。
3.2 城镇化效应批判
城镇化效应反映了城镇化进程对经济、政治、文化以及大众日常生活的影响。该部分研究基于人的价值和权利，对城镇化进程中的异化现象予以揭示。
3.2.1 空间价值的异化：使用功能的缺失与割裂
增长导向的空间发展模式创造了城镇化速度的奇迹，但也带来了空间价值的异化。由财富和社会地位差异生成的边界造成了空间使用功能的缺失与割裂，公服设施和生态环境资源的空间配置失衡是这一问题的两大表征。优质公共资源在布局上往往倾向于社会地位和财富上更有优势的群体。城市保障房短缺[73]，部分保障房住区选址偏远[74]，其生活保障功能被边缘化。基础设施选址存在过度追求经济效益、公众参与程度低、风险与结果补偿沟通不足等问题[75-76]，带来设施配套不足、居民出行不便等多种后果，由于缺乏话语权，最后往往是弱势群体承受了其中的大部分负面影响。此外，生态环境资源也呈现出区域、阶层与个体间的配置失衡。城镇化形成了城市对乡村的资源剥夺，城市占据了众多优质生态和空间资源，却将很多高污染、高风险的企业转移至乡村，使其被动接纳城镇化的负外部性。在城市内部，公园等优质景观资源被资本蚕食侵占[77]，异化为特定人群的私人空间。居高不下的房价排挤了边缘人群享有公共空间的权利，精英群体构建了象征隔绝的自我空间。
3.2.2 空间权力的失衡：城市权利的缺位与失语
城市权利代表多元社会主体平等融入城市空间、参与治理实践、共享发展成果的权利[75,78-79]。然而以资本为核心、以利润最大化为导向、以制度公正相对缺失为条件的空间生产[80]一定程度上削弱了民众的城市权利。在生活领域，外来人口即使获得了市民身份，其住房、教育、医疗卫生等社会保障仍多有缺位。在就业层面，失地农民、下岗职工通过“非正规就业”谋求生存空间，却被视为“混乱”的空间象征，其“消极”外部性构成政府对其排斥性管制话语的逻辑起点[81]。此外，市民内部的权力失衡也是城市权利缺位的表现，在空间生产过程中地位弱势的主体不仅意味着其将与优质物质资源的空间绝缘，更是社会资源、社会地位、发展机会的多重丧失[82]。究其原因，首先是政府的部分制度政策在设计和执行过程中未能有效保障居民空间参与权。权力需借助资本在空间中的增量以获取合法性基础[54]，因此政府倾向于与资本联盟以掌握空间生产支配权。其次，中国尚未构建起成熟的城市空间权益体系，大众与权力和资本相比仍旧相对弱势。
3.2.3 空间性质的抽象：文化景观的脱域与同质
受消费主义与信息化推动，制造业和传统商业空间的生产向后现代消费空间的生产转变，加速了空间性质的均质化、抽象化，形成“各元素可以交换因而能互换的空间”[4]。资本倾向于以可复制的流水线形式生产空间，同时地方政府的城市发展策略也驶入了“单一化轨道”[83]，导致城市间特色的消褪。结果，地域文化景观呈现脱域化与同质化趋势：在虚拟空间加持下，文化符号的传播与灌输塑造了大众的同质化视觉认知与美学想象；文化本质脱离其附着物，成为服务于经济增量的符号化标签。以历史风貌街区为例，通过文化产业引进、文化元素标榜以及文化景观情景式改造等方式，空间生产成为一种市场逻辑支配下以利润为核心目标的经济行为。此类以文化为外饰的生产活动虽然有利于延续地域文化生命力，但随之而来的空间同质化、商品化效应使得地域文化内核被“诸多符号拼凑的另类画面”所代替[84]，制造出抽象的远离日常生活的杂糅性文化空间[85]，多元的生活方式和生存状态也被同质化商业活动和消费行为所取代。
4 理论应用的不足
从空间生产理论蕴含的历史唯物主义哲学立场出发，审视其在中国城镇化研究中的应用，发现其中存在以下不足：一是对历史实践丰富性的关注不足，对资本逻辑的特别聚焦导致了经济决定论的嫌疑，相对忽视了日常生活等其他重要领域；二是对历史实践本土性的关注不足，对西方理论偏教条色彩和传声筒式的挪用，限制了批判性理论创新的成长；三是对指导实践的需求关注不足，对马克思主义实践指导价值的发挥还很有限。
4.1 日常生活空间的忽视
国内空间生产研究在叙事逻辑上青睐于构建资本逻辑主导的“权力—资本—社会—空间”分析框架。资本循环学说因其形式的科学性、逻辑的缜密性和对资本主义城市化现实的解释力而成为空间生产的实质理解基础[42]，但这一视角淡化了日常生活的丰富性。日常生活的重要意义在于其是革命激情与政治的核心[26]，蕴含了对资本逻辑引起的空间异化现象的抗争。Lefebvre毫不留情地抨击政治经济学说背后的逻辑抽象性对现实生活中人的主观能动性的剥夺[1]。日常生活实践体现了人在空间生产中的能动性。从资本逻辑角度述评空间形态和社会关系生产过程的思路通常围绕政策制度、国家权力、资本集团等视角展开，容易导致经济决定论的倾向，阻碍我们从微观个体的空间体验和空间意识层面对城镇化过程的认知，无法深入日常生活的微观细节之中，难以观察到底层个体的能动性和创造性。
4.2 空间理论体系的匮乏
空间生产理论蕴含深厚的哲学与社会学色彩，加之语言壁垒限制，国内学者对空间生产的理解大都源于对西方研究成果，尤其是英美学者的二手文献译介和片段解读，导致不少研究停留在了对空间生产相关概念较为浅显的理解及“本土语境”式挪用之上[42]，如在谈及空间生产理论时，将三元空间辩证法视为Lefebvre的《空间的生产》的核心；一些研究则接受了Harvey及其追随者将三元空间辩证法简化为一种政治经济学批判方法的观点；尽管已有学者对此提出了批评[86]，但这些解读仍具有广泛影响力。由此可见，西方学者掌握空间生产理论的阐发权，而国内关于空间生产进一步系统的理论思考与创新则比较欠缺，学界对空间生产的应用紧随中国城镇化实践的进程，实证研究成果丰富，但总体上缺少将相应研究结论进一步凝炼为系统化理论体系的意识与尝试，尚未结合本土化实践形成一个能够体现中国城镇化道路特征和中国特色社会主义价值维度，兼具科学性、时代性与开放性的空间生产理论体系。
4.3 空间实践指导的不足
现阶段空间生产理论的应用总体上强于现象分析而弱于实践指导，尽管已有学者结合乡村振兴[87-88]、生态修复[89]、国土空间规划[90]等提出了矫正空间异化现象的措施。但客观而言，这些措施大都停留于宏观层面，且由于实证案例对大城市的偏好，对小城镇及乡村地域的研究投入不足，相应的策略研究成果亦未能为这些地区的转型发展提供有效指引。当代中国城镇化质量与人民生活水平呈现出明显的时空间差异，决定了城镇化实践的复杂性和艰巨性，也决定了城镇化路径及推进方式的地域特殊性，因而需要地方性的实践指导。例如，在乡村振兴成为中国应对全球化挑战的“压舱石”和转向国内大循环为主体战略的背景下，中小城镇对打破城乡与地域割裂、保障全体居民公平共享现代化成果具有重要时代意义，学界需结合各地区的城镇化特征，构建一套既符合新型城镇化以人为核心的价值理念，又兼具可行性与针对性的社会主义空间生产策略体系，发挥理论对实践的指导价值。
5 理论应用的展望
综合以上分析，从空间生产理论的历史唯物主义哲学立场和逆溯—前进的方法论出发，立足中国大地，将中国式现代化道路上史无前例的城镇化实践视为空间生产理论应用的宝贵资源，面向今后新型城镇化高质量发展的趋势和需求，提出理论应用的若干展望。
5.1 从生产性空间分析到生活化空间关注
近年来，从城市业主维权活动[91]到居民对租售同权改革[92]和社区公地治理[93]的呼唤，再到部分农民对“上楼”安排的异议[94]，均反映了个体对城市权利的追求。人的现代化是新型城镇化的最终目的，学界需要推动空间生产理论应用的生活化转向——突破资本逻辑主导的结构化叙事范式，更多地从使用价值和社会属性的角度理解空间。“社会主义空间的生产……意味着使用优先于交换”[4]，使用价值彰显了普通民众日常生活的丰富性——“一个具体的个人，有着具体的日常时间表，去寻求一种具体的满足[22]”。空间生产过程并非只有资本、权力或利益集团的需求，因此城镇化问题的解决不能停留于政府、企业等利益博弈支配下的知识和意识形态构想，还需要微观地关注民众的日常生活，尊重民众参与空间实践的创造性，塑造具有异质性、包容性，以及中国现代化特色的城镇化空间格局与生活方式。社会属性表明高质量城镇化的实现不仅需要物质空间资源投入，还应进一步加深对城镇化背后复杂的社会情境的认识，完善社会治理体系，匡正空间价值异化等负面效应。提高人民生活水平是城镇化的重要目标，由此，研究需从改善民众日常生活体验出发，积极响应人民群众，尤其是弱势群体平等享有空间权利的诉求，兼顾不同阶层群体的生活需求，促进全体人民以主人翁姿态全面融入城市空间。
5.2 从空间问题分析到中国理论体系建构
从空间问题分析到中国理论体系建构既是中国城镇化空间生产研究的客观要求，也是推动理论创新、形成中国理论贡献的主动担当。中国城镇化的发展历程，无论是速度、规模、理念，还是权力、资本、大众等主体在其中的作用都与西方国家差异迥然，因此西方学界的理论成果在中国城镇化语境下难免出现不同程度的“水土不服”。另一方面，作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国的城镇化为人类命运共同体探索了新的、可能的发展道路，提供了实现人类现代化的中国智慧、中国方案。对后发国家而言，以中国城镇化为对象的空间生产研究成果具有很好的启示价值，既体现在理论研究领域，也体现在具体的实践指导层面。理论体系的建构需要紧密结合城镇化的过程与效应，既要有全球化视野，辩证吸收西方学者空间理论的精髓，也要重视本土化经验提炼，避免落入后殖民主义陷阱；加强实证剖析的空间广度，深化长时间尺度的分析，汲取各学科话语体系之长，在生产具有现代中国特色的社会主义空间的实践中构建融贯宏观制度设计、物质环境变化、社会结构转型以及微观个体生活体验的理论框架与内容体系，全面考察权力、资本、大众、媒体、技术等社会因素与空间相互作用的历史丰富性。
5.3 从空间理论的解读到空间实践的指引
无论从现实需求，还是从理论发展过程来看，为城镇化实践提供指引都是空间生产研究的重要使命，对此，可从研究尺度、研究路径和研究方法等角度回应当前城镇化实践的需求。首先，拓宽研究的空间视野，提高对中西部地区和县域空间城镇化实践的科研投入，加强对不同地域和发展阶段的典型地区的实证研究，实现从个别区域的具体分析向多类型区域发展规律总结的跃升。其次，发挥问题对研究的导向作用，围绕提高农业转移人口市民化质量、提升城市治理水平等当前新型城镇化重要议题，结合各地区具体实践状况进行针对性的优化策略探索。在社会基层治理、社会风险防治和易地扶贫搬迁等与日常生活密切相关的领域协调各地区、各阶层群众的差异化需求，突出生活质量提升与社会资本培育相统一、空间功能优化与空间权利保障相结合，构造出不同群体各得其所的空间。再者，进一步凸显理论探究与社会实践相结合的研究方法。人们对于空间的体验和感知，往往是空间社会性最直接、真实的表现。研究中要广泛了解民众空间知觉和社会发展状况，建立对社会变迁的直观认知，通过多元途径积极参与空间规划与治理，推动空间生产过程与社会需求的对接。
6 总结
空间生产理论在国内城镇化研究领域的应用已历20余年。在中国式现代化道路新征程开启和中国城镇化模式转型的历史语境下，本文对国内空间生产理论在城镇化研究中的应用进展作了梳理总结。总体来看，国内学界在阐释西方理论成果的基础上，对中国城镇化语境下空间生产理论应用的意义与价值进行了探索，在城镇化空间模式概括和城镇化效应批判2个方面积累了较为丰富的研究成果。而在城镇化高质量发展的历史新阶段，回应实践需求、加强理论创新，已成为空间生产研究的重要任务。首先是理论应用的“生活化”转向，从使用价值和社会属性角度理解人的城镇化。其次，需要从空间问题分析上升到中国化空间生产研究的理论体系建构。最后，结合城镇化发展的历史任务，改进研究路径与方法，提出优化空间实践的指导策略，这不仅是理论研究的发展趋势，也是城镇化实践的必然要求。
致谢
审稿专家提出的增强全文内容衔接、优化各章节功能分工及篇幅调整等修改意见，为本文的进一步完善提供了宝贵的指导与帮助，在此致谢！
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“空间的生产”内涵、逻辑体系及对中国新型城镇化实践的思考
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Connotation, logical system and its reflections of production of space on Chinese new urbanization practice
列斐伏尔思想在中国的传播、批评、运用与可能的生产: 从日常生活哲学家到后现代都市思想家
[J].
Dissemination, criticism, application and possible production of Lefebvre's thoughts in China: From everydaylife philosopher to postmodern urban thinker
城市马克思主义批判与中国实践
[J].
Critique of urban Marxism and Chinese practice
“空间生产”话语在英美与中国的传播历程及其在中国城市规划与地理学领域的误读
[J].
Dissemination of "the production of space" in the context of Anglo-Saxondom and China and its misreading in the fields of Chinese urban planning and geography
尺度重构视角下行政区划演变的动力机制: 以广东省为例
[J].
Dynamic mechanism of administrative division adjustment under the context of scale rescaling: The case of Guangdong Province
“飞地经济”空间生产的治理逻辑探析: 以深汕特别合作区为例
[J].
The governance logic of enclave economy in terms of the spatial production: A case study of Shenzhen-Shanwei special cooperation zone
尺度重组: 全球化时代的国家角色转化与区域空间生产策略
[J].
Rescaling: Role changing of the state and spatial production strategy of region in the globalization era.
城市群空间性质的透视与中原城市群的构建
[J].
DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.03.002
[本文引用: 1]
区域是地理学理论建构的核心论题。在地理学发展进程中,对区域的论争主要围绕地域空间、网络空间和空间的生产展开,并呈现出由单一维度向多维度转变的趋势。城市群空间是一种新的区域空间,具有地域空间、网络空间、空间的生产与建构等多重属性。空间具有社会性和历史建构性,对空间的关注正从空间中的生产向空间本身的生产转变。空间生产离不开权力运作,空间是话语建构的产物。中国对城市群概念的认知和范围界定的争议源于区域概念的多重属性。以中原城市群的构建过程为实证案例,提出了中原城市群构建过程中存在的问题,围绕“城市群究竟是什么?”这一核心论题,透视了城市群空间的多重性质。最后,针对单一维度的局限性,提出了认知和界定城市群的多维度框架,包括领土(Territory)、地方(Place)、尺度(Scale)、网络(Network)和功能(Function)五个方面,并指出了今后进行城市群研究需要关注的理论重点。
The nature of urban agglomeration space and the construction of Zhongyuan urban agglomeration
DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.03.002
[本文引用: 1]
Regional research is one of the core topics of Geography. In the development process of geography, the debate on region is broadly divided into two categories—territorial space and network space—and there has been a trend of change from one-dimensional space to multidimensional space. Regions were often considered as a space that has one or more common features among its components, and a region is bounded, closed. With the advancement of globalization and information society, regional relations continue to strengthen. Therefore some scholars put forward the concept of network space, which highlights the interactions and relationships between regions. A network space is open, dynamic, and with uncertain boundaries. Increasingly, the single dimension to regional definition was viewed as biased. The space of Chinese urban agglomerations is a new type of region. It has multiple properties, not only as a territorial space and network space, but also as the place where space is produced and created. There is a great difference in perspective between territorial space and network space. Attention of regional research is shifting from production in space to the production of space itself. The production of space cannot take place without the operation of power, and space is also the product of the discourse construction. Based on the debates of a region as a territorial space, or a network space, and the production of space, this article discusses the debates on the concepts and construction of Chinese urban agglomerations. Taking the Zhongyuan urban agglomeration as an example, this research examined some practical problems in its construction, and addressed the vital question: What is an urban agglomeration and its nature? In order to coordinate and combine the varied dimensions on Chinese urban agglomeration, we put forward a TPSNF framework to integrate the five dimensions for defining urban agglomeration: territory, place, scale, network, and function and proposed some key research focus in the future.
飞地经济的空间生产与治理结构: 基于国家空间重构视角
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.03.005
[本文引用: 1]
飞地经济伴随着2000年以来的区域化过程而兴起。当前研究多关注微观机制和模式,而对宏观结构性因素缺乏更为细致的探讨。论文基于国家空间重构理论,分析了飞地经济如何在国家空间重构中被生产出来,同时在复杂的尺度和领域间关系中形成何种治理结构。研究表明,在资本过度积累的危机和再领域化的驱动下,飞地经济产生于地方制度试验,并因与国家空间选择性的演变趋势相一致而被纳入国家空间策略,以培育区域竞争力和协调区域间关系。其治理结构因涉及复杂的领域间、尺度间和政府-市场关系而存在一定内在矛盾。因此,飞地经济应被视为国家空间重构中的一种特殊试验手段,主要发挥“引导”作用,并同其他空间或非空间政策相衔接。
The production and governance structure of enclave economy: From the perspective of state spatial restructuring
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.03.005
[本文引用: 1]
The state space has undergone significant transformations in China since 2000, changing from urban entrepreneurialism to regionalization. In this context, enclave economy is emerging and developing in various regions, and has been studied by researchers in a range of fields. However, most of the existing studies focus on the microscopic mechanisms and modes, without more detailed analyses of the macroscopic and structural factors behind this phenomenon. Apparently, this approach is problematic because enclave economy is not only a grassroots strategy, but also an integral part of the spatial strategies at the national scale in recent years. Therefore, based on the theories of state spatial restructuring, this article analyzes how enclave economy is produced and what governance structures are formed in this process. It suggests that enclave economy is driven by the crisis of capital accumulation and the tendency of reterritorialization. In this context, it originates from bottom-up institutional experiments, and then becomes a flexible yet inadequate strategy of regionalization. Following this, due to the consistency between enclave economy and the evolution of state spatial selectivity, it is then integrated into China's state spatial strategies that focus on the competitiveness of city-regions. Moreover, the governance structure of enclave economy includes inter-scalar, inter-territorial, and government-market relations, which are contingent, complex, and relatively fragile. In sum, this practice should be viewed as an emerging experiment in the state spatial restructuring, whose effects and consequences remain to be seen.
城际合作空间的生产与重构: 基于领域、网络与尺度的视角
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.12.006
[本文引用: 1]
空间合作是城市合作的重要形式,同时又是一个涉及领域、网络和尺度等多维度的社会空间过程。本文以深汕特别合作区为例,从领域、网络和尺度3个社会空间维度分析城市间合作空间的生产与重构。研究表明,在这种合作形式中,再领域化涉及资本和管制权力2个方面,联系网络具有政治动员、信息共享等功能,而尺度重组的关键则是对高尺度行动者的动员。此外,共同利益是城市空间合作中最核心的要素,高尺度行动者在合作过程中也可能将自身利益嵌入合作空间。最后,这些维度之间存在复杂的相互作用,并具体表现为同一、并行、替代和实现4种组合关系。这4种组合关系对更细致地分析多维度的空间生产具有一定借鉴意义。
The production and restructuring of interurban cooperative space: From the perspective of territory, network and scale
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.12.006
[本文引用: 1]
Space-based cooperation is an important form of interurban cooperation and a multidimensional sociospatial process concerning reterritorialization, network building, and rescaling. Based on the case study of the Shenzhen-Shanwei Special Cooperation Zone and considering three sociospatial dimensions including territory, network, and scale, the production and restructuring of interurban cooperative space is analyzed. This research suggests that the reterritorialization involved both capital and regulatory power; the network that link actors together serves as tools for political mobilization and information sharing; the key factor for rescaling is the mobilization of actors at higher scales. Common interests of relevant actors are fundamental factors of space-based interurban cooperation. Specifically, the actors at higher scales tend to embed their own interests into the political strategies crossing scales. Moreover, a complex interaction is found among the three sociospatial dimensions, with four major types of combination including identical, parallel, substitution, and realization, which could be of significance in future studies aiming to further examining the production of multidimensional space.
行动者网络理论与农村空间商品化: 以北京市麻峪房村乡村旅游为例
[J].
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201708006
[本文引用: 2]
乡村旅游作为农村空间商品化的表现形式之一,在增加农民收入、阻止农村衰退、振兴农村经济方面发挥着重要作用。为此本文以北京市昌平区麻峪房村的乡村旅游为例,借助行动者网络理论分析农村空间商品化的形成与演变,并讨论农户在此过程中的参与。麻峪房村在从农民生活空间转变为城市居民消费空间的过程中,形成了以区旅游局、乡旅游公司为关键行动者,并吸纳了多个人类和非人类行动者所构成的行动者网络。在网络形成的过程中农户参与乡村旅游的程度逐渐提高,由此推动了麻峪房村农村空间商品化的发展。麻峪房村演变为城市居民消费空间后,由于行动者网络发生变化使农村空间商品化发生变化,导致麻峪房村农村空间商品化程度降低。同时新的行动者网络中的各行动者的不对等性明显,各行动者之间存在很多异议,使该网络趋于僵化、丧失活力,不足以支撑麻峪房村乡村旅游继续发展。在麻峪房村农村空间商品化的形成过程中,农户的院落区位、年龄与原有工作等对农户参与乡村旅游的意愿产生不同的影响。当农村地区行动者网络中的关键行动者与行动者利益共通且紧密联系时,其空间商品化就得到强化,反之亦然。
Actor network theory and commodification in rural space: A case study of Mayufang Village in Beijing
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201708006
[本文引用: 2]
Along with the development of facility agriculture, horticultural agriculture and leisure agriculture, nowadays, the functions of agricultural production in rural areas have been weakened but the functions of consumption have been increased in Beijing. This shows that the commodification of rural space in Beijing has been developed in recent years. Rural tourism, as one of the important forms of the commodification of rural space, has played an important role in increasing farmers' income, preventing rural decline and revitalizing rural economy. Therefore, this paper selects rural tourism as the representative of the commodification to examine the formation and evolution of spatial commodification of rural space in Mayufang village as well as to explore farmers' participation in this process based on the actor network theory. In the process of the transformation, the rural areas being the farmers' producing and living spaces have changed to the urban residents' leisure and consumption spaces in Mayufang village and formed a heterogeneous actor-network, in which Tourism Bureau of Changping District and Changling Travel Company and other human actors and non-human actors have played a focal role. Major actors used the policy and the financial support to enroll farmers and other actors by the top-down executive network. Along with development of promotion, training, supervision and infrastructure, some local farmers started to create the physical and non-physical environments for the urban residents' consumption activities. Thus more and more farmers have been engaged in rural tourism, and the commodification of rural spaces in Mayufang village has been developed. As Mayufang village became the consumption space to the urban residents, the commodification of rural space in Mayufang village started its transformation of actor network. However, with the quit of non-human actors, which is Duijiuyu Natural Beauty and reduction of incentives launched by the original major actors, the representative of market has become the focal actor in the new actor network. More and more farmers, who were against the common purpose of the actor network were excluded, quitted the former actor network, thus commodification in rural space in Mayufang village declined. In the process of the formation of commodification of rural space in Mayufang village, the farmers who had the advantages of location, age and profession have much stronger desire to be involved in rural tourism, unemployed farmers prefer to be involved in rural tourism than farmers who make a living on agriculture. The farmers who worked in township enterprises are more willing to participate in rural tourism than self-employed business persons; villagers employed in the government units have less possibility to take part in rural tourism. While commodification of rural space in Mayufang village has declined, farmers began to transfer the labor force to other professions from rural tourism. When interests of major actors are commonly and inextricably linked with actors in actor network in rural areas, its commodification in rural space is strengthened, and vice versa.
从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间: 行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构
[J].
DOI:10.11821/dlyj201508003
[本文引用: 1]
大都市近郊美丽乡村的建设为城市居民假日消费提供了新的场所,成为一种新型都市居民消费空间。运用行动者网络理论,对南京市江宁区“世凹桃源”大世凹美丽乡村的重构过程与机制进行分析。指出美丽乡村建设的背后是一个以地方政府为关键行动者的异质行动者网络,主要实现了乡村物质生活空间的改变。随着政府目标意图的转变,鼓励政策退出及市场机制进入,行动者网络重新调整,消费者和外来经营者成为关键行动者,相应地呈现从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间的转变,即进一步实现社会空间的重构。由于行动者网络是一个充满利益争夺和协商的动态连接,社会空间的重构也是一个持续的过程。研究表明,美丽乡村不仅是提供村民生活和游客抒情怀旧的场所,而且是一个存在权力关系且动态变化的行动者网络空间。政府、组织、村民、消费者、资本、景观、文化等异质性行动者自身的定义与再定义,以及相互之间的作用构成美丽乡村形成与转变机制。揭示了在乡村建设与转型发展过程中,政府及政策的作用机制及其有效时域,市场机制的灵活性及其所带来的利益争端与社会不公问题。
From beautiful village to urban residents' consumption space: Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao Village
DOI:10.11821/dlyj201508003
[本文引用: 1]
Recently emerging beautiful villages in suburbs provide citizens very places for recreation, and can be considered as a new kind of urban residents' consumption space. From the perspective of actor-network theory, this study analyses the social-spatial reconstruction of Dashiao village. Through the tracing of translation, including four stages of problematization, interessement, enrollment and mobilization, the process and mechanism of the reconstruction of Dashiao beautiful village and the later consumption space was explored. It was manifested in the following four aspects: 1) In the process of the transformation from an usual village to a beautiful village, there was a heterogeneous actor-network, in which Jiangning District government played a focal role mainly by improving the physical environment of the village. 2) Heterogeneous actors changed their roles through urban residents' consumption activities. Along with the quit of incentives launched by government to rural residents, market mechanisms involved, district government and market forces of foreign business and consumers allied to become alternative focal actors, while villagers withdrew to the periphery of the actor network, which contributed to the re-establishment of actor network and the beautiful village's transformation to urban residents' consumption space. In order to meet consumers' demand, everyday lives of villagers' was represented partially to show the imaged rural life, but the real lives of villages was marginalized or hidden. Non-native culture and life style was transplanted or symbolically adopted, while the original village was fading away. 3) This paper explains the mechanism of social-spatial reconstruction of Dashiao village through the two sequential actor networks and how it transformed from the first to second. The transformation of intended target, which should be decided by focal actor of the actor network, the local government, from improving the physical environment to promotion of economic development determined the direction of the reconstruction of social space, as well as outside investment managers, and consumers attended and became key actors. Changes of structure and channel of interests in the actor network lead to the exit, redefinition and entering of actors. The reconstruction of social space is an ongoing process since the actor network is a dynamic connection, fulfilling of interests conflicts and negotiation. 4) From the actor-network perspective, beautiful village was not only a place for villagers' living and the tourists' poetic nostalgia, but also a networked space which is weaved of complex and dynamic relations of power. This paper points out the effectiveness and the time limitation of government and policy mechanisms, and the flexibility of the market mechanism, which brings about interest conflicts and social injustice. In the case of Dashiao, local residents withdrew from the masters of the village to marginalized role of urban residents' consumption space, and they have never played key actors during the establishment of the above two actor-networks.
农村建设用地整治的空间生产机制及其效应: 以广东省窑塘村为例
[J].
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220811
[本文引用: 1]
从空间生产视角介入,结合行动者网络理论和利益相关者分析方法,构建“空间生产过程—空间生产机制—空间生产效应”的研究框架,通过深度访谈收集一手数据,对广东省窑塘村建设用地整治进行深入剖析,阐释其空间生产过程、机制及效应。结果表明：（1）关键行动者镇政府和核心行动者党群理事会积极征召和动员,各行动者为满足自身利益诉求通过“闲置危旧集体拆,社区产业联合建”的强制通行点构建行动者网络,完成农村建设用地整治空间生产过程。（2）窑塘村建设用地整治空间生产以土地增值为内动力,释放土地发展权的交易价值、经营价值和生产价值,以利益相关者追求利益最大化为外动力,内外动力共同作用形成空间生产机制。（3）村集体合理配置土地发展权,积极推进村庄建设和产业发展,利用外力驱动乡村内生动力,引导城乡要素形成“二次流动”,为乡村物质空间生产带来正面效应;但在农村建设用地整治和新村建设中,小部分农民的居住权益被忽视,导致空间隔离现象产生,对乡村社会空间生产造成了负面效应。
Mechanism and effect of the production of space of rural construction land consolidation: A case study of Yaotang Village, Guangdong Province
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220811
[本文引用: 1]
From the perspective of the production of space, this paper combined actor network theory and stakeholders to construct an analytical framework based on "process of the production of space-mechanism of the production of space-effect of the production of space" to analyze rural construction land consolidation (RCLC). Collecting first-hand data through in-depth interview method, this paper took Yaotang village in Guangdong province as the research area, and analyzed the process, mechanism and effect of RCLC. The results show that: (1) In the process of RCLC in Yaotang village, the town government as the key actor, the party-mass council as the core actors and other actors were actively recruited and mobilized to finish the process of the production of space. In order to meet their own interests, all actors constructed a network through the obligatory passage point of "collectively demolishing idle, dangerous and dilapidated houses, building a new village and developing industries". (2) Yaotang village's internal and external forces worked together to form the RCLC mechanism, specifically, land increment value as the internal driving force released the transaction value, management value and production value of land development rights, and the maximization of the interests of the core stakeholders as the external driving force. (3) Rationally configured land development rights were used by the village collective as a way to seek long-term development in rural areas, which makes use of the external and endogenous driving forces of rural development to guide urban and rural elements to form a "secondary flow", and brings positive effects to the production of rural material space. But in this process, some farmers' residing rights were ignored, resulting in spatial isolation within the countryside, and causing negative effects on the production of rural social space.
基于行动者网络和共享经济视角的乡村民宿发展及空间重构: 以深圳官湖村为例
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.015
[本文引用: 1]
立足于乡村空间多元分化研究的学术背景,采用深度访谈法,结合行动者网络分析框架,对深圳市官湖村民宿集群旅游空间发展的过程和空间重构效应进行分析。结果表明：①民宿业主和熟人网络是官湖村民宿旅游发展的核心行动者,在其主导推动下实现了乡村物质景观空间和社会空间的转型和重构。②官湖村的空间重构过程中,民宿旅游的行动者网络空间随着熟人网络的不断建构和转译而促成越来越多分散的人力资本、经济资本和社会资本集中并转化为官湖村发展的社会资源。民宿业主和熟人网络共同构成了官湖村发展的非结构性动力主体。③外来行动者构建的新型社会熟人网络,与官湖村传统社会熟人网络因无法完成转译过程和连通,造成官湖村民宿业主等群体和当地村民等群体的社会分化隔离与关系网络的权力斗争,进而引起动力机制从非结构性向二元动力机制转变,带来新的物质空间重构。④在共享经济演进过程中,官湖村形成一种基于社会熟人关系网络,线下为主并与线上相结合的商品共享和服务交易的新型共享经济模式,是一种比互联网中介更加低成本的共享方式。
Development process of rural homestay tourism and spatial restructuring with the actor-network method from the perspective of shared economy: A case study of Guanhu Village in Shenzhen
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.015
[本文引用: 1]
Based on the academic discussion of multivariate differentiation of rural space, this article analyzes the spatial development process and effects of homestay area in Guanhu Village in Shenzhen using the in-depth interview method and the actor-network theory. The results show that: (1) Homestay place owners and acquaintance networks are the key actors in the development of Guanhu Village, which helped realizing the transformation and restructuring of the rural material space as well as the social space. (2) In the spatial restructuring process of Guanhu Village, the actor-network space of homestay tourism was formed with the continuous construction and translation of acquaintance network, and increasingly the previously dispersed human, economic, and social capitals became concentrated and transformed to social resources. Therefore, the homestay place owners and acquaintance networks forms the nonstructural driving force in the development of Guanhu Village. (3) The new social acquaintance network constructed by external actors and the traditional social acquaintance network of Guanhu Village cannot complete the process of translation and communicate, not only causing the social differentiation between homestay place owners and the local residents and isolation, but also bringing about power struggle within the relationship network, which results in the transformation of dynamic mechanism from nonstructural to binary dynamic mechanism and further restructuring of material space. (4) Based on the social acquaintance network, Guanhu Village has formed a new model of shared economy, which is combined with the Internet platform for sharing goods and services as a cheaper alternative compared with the Internet intermediaries.
中国道路自信中的历史空间辩证法
[J].
Historical spatial dialectics embodied in the confidence of China's road
中国城镇化进程中新区的空间生产及其演化逻辑
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201908005
[本文引用: 1]
城市新区是城镇化和经济发展的重要空间载体。改革开放后，新区在区域发展中发挥着重要作用，近些年则呈现爆发式增长，具有典型的空间生产特征。从空间的生产理论视角切入，聚焦中国城镇化过程中极具代表性的空间组织形式——新区的时空演化，发现新区的设立与发展是一个快速的三元辩证的空间生产过程：新区的“空间的表征”主要由自上而下的政府权力意志主导，“空间的实践”集中体现为类型与格局、距离与面积等空间要素的规模等级差异和区域分异，“表征的空间”则体现为政府权力与城市权利之间的紧张关系与策应机制。新区的空间生产与再生产具有时空序列下的统一性和连续性，但政府主导的空间组织模式也面临着行政区管理协调难度大和区域发展不平衡加剧等一系列挑战。批判地反思新区发展路径是新时代实现区域平衡充分发展与新型城镇化战略的基础和关键。
Production of space and developmental logic of new urban districts in China
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201908005
[本文引用: 1]
New Urban Districts (NUDs) are the important spatial carriers of urbanization. Since the reform and opening up in China, NUD has been playing a more and more crucial role in the process of urbanization, and has undergone a surging growth in recent years. NUDs in China are unique because of the most widespread 'building city' movement. Many researches focus on new districts or new towns in the broad sense, but little research has been done in a narrow sense in academia. The development of comprehensive NUDs will be of great significance to the sustainable transformation of China's cities in the future. Based on the critical theory of spatial production, this paper examines the spatiotemporal evolution and internal logic of NUDs. The establishment and development of NUDs is a rapid and trinity dialectical process of spatial production: representations of space is guided by the top-down governmental power; spatial practice is reflected in the hierarchical and regional difference of spatial elements, such as type, pattern, distance and area of NUDs; spaces of representation are the tensions between governmental power and urban development rights, as well as the countermeasure mechanism. In this trinity dialectical process, the extensibility of spatiotemporal sequences ensures the unity and continuity of spatial production or reproduction of NUDs. However, under the governmentoriented model, NUDs are also facing a series of challenges like the management coordination of administrative area and the increasing unbalanced regional development. Thus, it is time to keep a critical thinking and reinterpretation for the development of NUDs in China, which should be a key concern to achieve balanced regional development and new-type urbanization in the new era.
城中村空间形态的演化特征及原因: 以深圳特区为例
[J].
Spatial evolution and cause analysis of urban villages: A case study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
DOI:10.11821/yj2011030005
[本文引用: 1]
Studies on urban villages' renewal and governance have attracted much interest in human geographical research field since the 1990s. However, there is little literature focusing on the developing evolution, pattern and dynamic mechanism of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure, and there are very few scholars doing comparison studies between urban village and general urban spatial form. In this paper, Shenzhen, the most representative city on urban villages' development in China, is taken as a case to explore the characteristics and modes of urban villages' development. With census data of urban villages' construction in 1999 and 2004, spatial and temporal characteristics of 91 original administrative urban villages in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (Shenzhen SEZ) on land area construction floor area and construction intensity have been analyzed and compared with developing mode of general urban space. It is indicated that urban villages match with general urban developing rules in three aspects. (1) Land sprawl is the most remarkable mode in initial development of urban villages. (2) In urban villages' rapidly developing era thereis, "distance-attenuation" tendency in construction intensity obviously accompanying with some anomalous fluctuation at several urban sections. (3) Renewal and redevelopment methods are carried out gradually since urban villages come in their maturely developing period. However, because of historical and institutional restriction, urban villages perform uniquely in original spatial distribution, spatial expanding mode in developing era, developing rate of spatial form evolution, etc. The results not only contribute to theoretical extension on the mode of general urban spatial structure and further exploring on theoretical values of studies on urban villages, but also imply that governments should establish rational and objective rules to govern urban villages and advance their smart growth according to urban economic development and different housing demands concerning different income levels. Urban villages should be neither redeveloped in full accordance with the ways that general urban spatial form faces, nor ignored with their developing demands and trends as a type of urban spatial form.
破碎的半城市化空间: 土地开发治理转型的诱致逻辑: 佛山市南海区为例
[J].
Fragmented peri-urban space induced by land development governance transition: Taking Nanhai in Foshan City as an example
马克思土地资本化理论的现代分析
[J].
A modern analysis of Marx's theory of land capitalization
城中村空间的社会生产与治理机制研究: 以广州市海珠区为例
[J].
Study on the social production of villages in city and their governance mechanics: A case of Haizhu District of Guangzhou City
论城中村改造的政府空间治理
[J].
On the government spatial governance of the transformation of Chengzhong Village
消费时代城市空间的生产与消费
[J].
Production and consumption of urban space in consumer era
Power, capital and space-production of urban consumption space based on the transformation of historical street area: A case study of Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li in Chengdu
[J].DOI:10.22217/upi URL [本文引用: 1]
权力、资本与空间的生产: 以深圳华强北片区为例
[J].
Power, capital and production of space: A case study of Huaqiangbei District, Shenzhen
功能转型背景下城市存量空间更新中的空间治理: 基于空间生产理论的分析框架
[J].
The spatial governance in regeneration of built-up areas: A study in background of relieving non- capital functions of Beijing
我国旧城改造的空间生产研究: 以上海新天地为例
[J].
Study on the spatial production of urban renewal in China: A case of Shanghai Xintiandi Square
城镇化进程中历史街区的空间重构与文化实践: 广州永庆坊案例
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.015
[本文引用: 1]
在新时代的城镇建设中,中国倡导发展具有历史记忆和文化脉络的新型城镇。历史街区是地方历史文化得以延续的载体,其更新改造是落实新型城镇化战略的重要内容。论文以空间生产理论作为理论框架,对广州永庆坊空间重构过程和主体文化实践进行剖析。研究发现：文化是永庆坊改造得以推进的关键因素,其文化价值得到官方认可后,开始在文化保护的框架下开展了更新改造工作。更新改造后的永庆坊由原来的居住空间转变为文化消费空间,本土文化与外来文化的杂糅对外来游客文化体验满意度造成一定负面影响。在永庆坊的更新改造案例中,文化作为重要能动力量参与历史街区多主体的空间生产,这在一定程度上丰富了空间生产的文化维度。从实践层面上看,这一案例对落实新型城镇化战略具有参考意义,在城镇化建设中应构建具有地方历史文化特色的新型城镇。
Spatial reconstruction and cultural practice of the regeneration of historic blocks in the process of urbanization: A case study of Yongqing Fang, Guangzhou City
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.015
[本文引用: 1]
During the process of urban construction in the new era, the Chinese government advocates for the development of beautiful towns and cities with historic memories and cultural context. The renewal and development of historic blocks, which are the carrier of local history and culture, is a vital part of implementing the new urbanization strategy. Based on Foucault's and Harvey's theories of the production of space, this research analyzed the process of spatial reconstruction and subjects' cultural practice of Yongqing Fang, Guangzhou City. We found that culture was a crucial factor for the smooth transformation of Yongqing Fang. With the efforts of the residents with cultural identity and other social agents, the cultural value was officially recognized and protected. Hence, the renewal of Yonqing Fang could be gradually carried out under the framework of cultural protection. After the renewal, Yongqing Fang was transformed from a living space to a cultural consumption space, where cultural production and consumption showed a high degree of commercialization. The local culture was mixed with exotic culture, resulting in low satisfaction of tourists' cultural experience. The case of Yongqing Fang highlights culture as an active factor that directly plays a role in the multi-subject spatial production of historic districts, which enriches the theory of spatial production from the perspective of culture. This case is of reference for the implementation of the new urbanization strategy. In the process of urbanization, we should build towns and cities with locally historic and cultural characteristics.
复兴还是异化? 消费文化驱动下的大都市边缘乡村空间转型: 对高淳国际慢城大山村的实证观察
[J].
Renaissance or alienation? Spatial transformation of rural space of metropolis fringe area driven by consumer culture: Empirical observation on Dashan Village of Gaochun International Slow City
关系视角下乡村空间认知与转型路径研究
[J].
Research on rural spatial cognition and transformation path from the perspective of relation
市场资本驱动下的乡村空间生产与治理重构: 对婺源县Y村的实证观察
[J].
Rural space production and governance restructuring driven by market capital: A case study of Y Village in Wuyuan
谁的真实性? 泸沽湖的旅游凝视与本土认同
[J].
Whose authenticity? Tourist gaze and local identities in Lugu Lake
主体互惠: 平衡乡村公共文化空间生产的标准化与差异化: 基于政治机会结构理论的分析
[J].
Subject reciprocity: To balance the standardization and differentiation of the production of rural public cultural space: An analysis based on the theory of political opportunity structure
空间生产视角下的乡村价值实现: 以南京市浦口区“珍珠村”建设实践为例
[J].
Multi-value based spatial production in rural area: A case of "Pearl Village" at the suburban Nanjing
试论空间正义视域下我国城市住宅福利建设
[J].
On housing welfare system in China's urban areas from the perspective of space justice
空间正义观下的杭州公租房居住空间优化研究
[J].
Optimization strategies of residential space of public rental housing projection in Hangzhou under the concept of spatial justice
空间正义视角下的邻避冲突与邻避设施供给要件探析: 以武汉某临终关怀医院抗争事件为例
[J].
The supply component and optimization path of Nimby facilities from the perspective of spatial justice: Study of a hospice protest event in Wuhan
空间正义与邻避冲突的化解: 基于空间生产理论的视角
[J].
Spatial justice and the resolution of neighbourhood avoidance conflicts: Based on a production of space theory perspective
空间正义视角下的城市公园: 反思、修正、研究框架
[J].
Urban parks from the perspective of spatial justice: Reflection, revision and research framework
主体性的微观走向与空间权利的城市实现: 对城市权利的一种前提性反思
[J].
The micro-towards of subjectivity and the urban realization of spatial rights: A presuppositional reflection on the right to the city
空间的生产与城市的权利: 理论、应用及其中国意义
[J].
The production of space and the right to the city: Theories, applications, and its implications for China
空间的正义: 当代中国可持续城市化的基本走向
[J].
Space justice: Contemporary China towards the sustainable urbanization
城市社区非正规经济空间生产的互构性分析: 基于N市J社区违建商铺、流动摊贩的实证研究
[J].
The interactive production of urban community's informal economic space: Case study from the unauthorized stores and mobile vendors in Community J, N City
城市空间正义: 以城市空间活力的建构为线索
[J].
Urban spatial justice: The construction of urban spatial vitality as a thread
生产、复制与特色消亡: “空间生产”视角下的城市特色危机
[J].
Producing, duplication and characteristics extinction: An analysis on the crisis of city's characteristic with the theory of "production of space"
后消费时代城市文化资本空间生产状况解析
[J].
Study on the production of space by urban cultural capital in post-consumption
空间生产视角下地方民俗文化的移植与传播: 以恩施土家女儿城为例
[J].
A study on transplanting and communication of local folk culture from the perspective of space production
《空间的生产》若干问题研究
[J].
A study of some problems of The production of space
资本循环视角下的中国城乡转型思考
[J].
DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003070
[本文引用: 1]
城市化的快速推进和市场经济的迅速发展使得资本循环周期缩短，城市空间的过度开发为资本积累再生产提供了场所，导致城市空间蔓延式增长的矛盾突出。在新型城镇化的背景下，增量主义的城乡发展已不再适应当前的社会环境，中国城乡转型发展迫在眉睫。以新马克思主义资本循环理论为切入点，分析了城乡发展与资本的逻辑关系。首先探究资本循环理论在中国城乡转型背景下的适用性，运用该理论剖析中国城乡转型发展的作用机制；然后从当前面临的各类空间矛盾出发，探讨在新型城镇化过程中政府、规划师、公众三方主体的角色变化，力求引发相关主体对城乡规划转型中的规划思路、管理方式以及制度的思考；最后提出以空间正义为核心，使中国城乡转型发展逐步走向社会公平的价值体系，推动城乡社会空间的相对公正发展。
Reflection about the transformation of urban and rural planning in the view of capital circuit theory
DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003070
[本文引用: 1]
<p>The rapid progress of urbanization in China and the rapid development of the market economy have led to a shortened cycle of capital, and overexploitation of urban space has provided a place for capital accumulation and capital reproduction. At present, most cities in China are in a period of rapid development, and demand for resources is far away higher than that in the initial period of development. In the period of growth-oriented growth with material construction, capital gains interest through the investment in urban built environment to expand the capital circulation space, triggering the rapid accumulation of urban capital and causing the deterioration of urban-rural relations, reflecting the self-disintegration of urban space and the urban space to the countryside and erosion of space. The severe conflicts between urban and rural space have greatly limited the socio-economic development of cities and rural areas. The transformation of urban and rural areas in China is extremely urgent. In the context of China’s political economy, the process of urbanization in the perspective of capital space production has features of the times. China’s urbanization not only capitalizes on the fixed pattern of Western capital logic, but also moves away from tradition under the strong intervention of the Chinese government. The process of urbanization differs from that in capitalist countries. Taking the new Marxist theory of capital cycle as the starting point, the spatial logic relationship between urban and rural development and capital in China is analyzed in depth. Firstly, in the context of the Chinese system, explore the applicability of the capital cycle theory in the context of China’s urban-rural transformation, use this theory to analyze the mechanism of promoting the transformation of China's urban and rural areas; and then propose the more common spatial contradictions in the current urban-rural transformation in China; Therefore, the proposed response to the crisis is targeted, and as the main body of urban and rural planning, the government, planners, and the public need to change their original positioning and rebuild the interest chain and action network. First of all, the government should play its leading role. In the face of changing capital factors, the government needs to plan the development direction through market assessment, economic measurement and financial analysis; and improve the property rights system to reduce the high cost caused by chaotic transactions; regulate market access system, and implement the real name system of responsibility. Secondly, in the critical period of urban-rural transformation and development, the social responsibility of planners is no longer limited to space practice. It should also cultivate relevant and structural thinking, deeply connect with current social relations, and build a medium for information exchange between government and citizens. In the process of transformation, we strive to induce relevant entities to think about the planning ideas, management methods and systems in the transformation of urban and rural planning, and promote the orderly transformation of urban and rural transformation. Finally, it is proposed that urban and rural development could only build social justice with spatial justice as the core. The value system promotes the relatively fair development of urban and rural social space.</p>
振兴传统村落的资本逻辑与文化逻辑及其治理导向
[J].
Capital logic, cultural logic and the governance on revitalization of the traditional villages
中国式现代化生态文明创造及时代超越性
[J].
The creation of Chinese-style modern ecological civilization and its transcendence of the times
城市治理·空间正义·规划法治: 基于国土空间规划法治化的逻辑
[J].
Urban governance-spatial justice-planning rule of law: Based on the logic of rule of law in territorial spatial planning
中国城市社区业主维权研究综论
[J].
An overview of the study of owners' rights in Chinese urban communities
城市空间、空间正义与“租售同权”改革
[J].
Urban space, spatial justice and "rent and sell" reform
社区公地及其治理
[J].
The governance of community common areas
