地理科学进展, 2023, 42(10): 2058-2070 doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.10.016

研究综述

女性主义地理学视角下的基础设施研究进展

冯雅欣,, 安宁,*

华南师范大学地理科学学院 亚洲地理研究中心,广州 510631

Progress of infrastructure research from the perspective of feminist geography

FENG Yaxin,, AN Ning,*

School of Geography, Centre for Asian Geography Studies, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China

通讯作者: *安宁(1987— ),男,陕西汉中人,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为政治地理与社会文化地理。E-mail: anning427@m.scnu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2023-02-23   修回日期: 2023-03-19  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(42171226)
国家自然科学基金项目(42271241)
教育部人文社会科学研究项目一般项目(21YJCGJW001)

Received: 2023-02-23   Revised: 2023-03-19  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171226)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271241)
The Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project(21YJCGJW001)

作者简介 About authors

冯雅欣(1999— ),女,陕西汉中人,硕士生,研究方向为社会文化地理。E-mail: sanma778@126.com

摘要

随着人类基础设施活动越来越频繁,有关基础设施对人地关系和人类社会空间结构产生的影响引发了人文地理学及其他相关学科的广泛讨论。论文系统地讨论了女性主义基础设施地理学的研究脉络及其核心议题。首先,对地理学中有关基础设施的研究文献进行了梳理,发现地理学对基础设施的研究呈现出“社会文化转向”的趋势,强调了基础设施在其功能属性之外,同时也兼具社会和文化等多重属性。其次,从女性主义地理学视角出发,强调了以性别为代表的社会核心—边缘视角在基础设施研究中的“社会文化转向”的重要价值,指出女性主义可以为分析基础设施的空间效应提供兼具微观与宏观的绝佳视角。再次,基于女性主义视角所体现出来的人类社会异质性对于其利用基础设施改造和利用环境的不同影响和路径,从基础设施生产端的性别差异以及基础设施使用端的性别差异等两个不同场域勾勒出基于性别视角的基础设施研究的主要内容。基于上述文献,论文最后搭建了一个女性主义基础设施地理学的核心概念框架以及分析思路。论文所提出的女性主义基础设施地理研究的核心框架也可为其他广泛关注女性主义话题的学者提供在更大、更宽和更广范围内进行跨学科对话的机会。

关键词: 基础设施; 女性主义地理学; 社会地理; 社会文化转向; 空间正义

Abstract

As human infrastructure activities are becoming increasingly frequent, the impact of infrastructure activities on human-land relationship and human social-spatial structure has triggered extensive discussions in human geography and other related disciplines. This study systematically discussed the research context and core issues of the feminist infrastructure geography studies. First, this study categorized the research literature on infrastructure in geography and found that the research on infrastructure in geography showed a trend of "social-cultural turn" that emphasizes that infrastructure is not only about its functional attribute, but also has multiple attributes, such as social and cultural ones. Second, from the perspective of feminist geography, this study emphasized the important value of gender and the related core-periphery perspective in the social-cultural turn in infrastructure research and pointed out that feminism can provide an excellent perspective with both micro and macro perspectives for analyzing the spatial effects of infrastructure. Third, based on the different impacts and paths of the heterogeneity of human society reflected in the gender perspective on the transformation and utilization of the environment by using infrastructure, this study outlined the main content of feminist infrastructure research based on the gender perspective from two different fields, namely, the gender difference at the producing end of infrastructure as well as at the using end of infrastructure. Based on such literature, this study finally built a core conceptual framework and analytical framework for feminist infrastructure geography studies. In the end, the developments of feminist infrastructure geography studies presented in this article also provide a good opportunity for an interdisciplinary dialogue on a larger and broader scale by other scholars broadly concerned with feminist topics.

Keywords: infrastructure; feminist geography; social geography; social-cultural turn; spatial justice

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本文引用格式

冯雅欣, 安宁. 女性主义地理学视角下的基础设施研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2023, 42(10): 2058-2070 doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.10.016

FENG Yaxin, AN Ning. Progress of infrastructure research from the perspective of feminist geography[J]. Progress in Geography, 2023, 42(10): 2058-2070 doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.10.016

基础设施是人类改造环境最常见的方式。在现代社会高度流动的背景下,人类活动范围越来越广、空间相互作用越来越频繁,基础设施几乎无处不在。从定义来看,术语“基础设施”主要是指以保证国家或地区经济活动正常进行、改善人类自身所处环境、克服自然障碍等为目的而建立的公共服务系统,是国民经济各项事业发展和人类活动的基础,主要包括交通运输、信息、输变电、给排水、科研技术服务、园林绿化、环境保护、文化教育、卫生事业等公共工程和生活服务设施[1]。随着人类改造环境热情的提升以及科学技术的飞速进步,人们对基础设施的理解也进一步拓宽,如近年来新科技与产业变革引起的“新基建”(新型基础设施)[2]、与可持续发展和生态文明建设紧密相关的“绿色基础设施”(green infrastructure)[3]以及近年来城市地理学热议的“社会基础设施”(social infrastructure)[4]等概念的出现催生了许多有关基础设施新的理解。因此,从有关基础设施概念的演变来看,我们很难去给“基础设施”下一个非常固定的定义,其内涵是在不同的社会发展阶段和不同的社会语境下不断变化的。这些趋势提示我们,基础设施除了作为提供改善社会效益的软硬件设施之外,还可以成为透视人类社会发展进程的一个视角或分析工具。将基础设施视为一种“分析路径”或者“方法论”的观点推动了不同学科不约而同地从不同的学科视角对人类基础设施活动展开的广泛研究,催生了全球学界“基础设施转向”的呈现[5]

在“基础设施转向”的浪潮中,包括经济学、社会学、人类学和管理学在内的众多学科都参与了讨论,涵盖了对基础设施经济效用的评价及相关政策选择[6]、对人类社会经济系统的影响[7-8]及其社会福利[9-11]等诸多方面。但是,基础设施活动终归是人类对环境进行改造以提升社会效益的一种“人”对“地”进行改造的表现,涉及复杂的人地关系的讨论,其本质上是一个地理学现象,因此也吸引了不少地理学者的关注。依托“人地关系”这一核心视角,从交通地理、城市地理和区域地理等视角出发,地理学者广泛讨论了人类基础设施活动在全球[12]、国家[13]、区域[14]、城市[15]和乡村[16]等多尺度、多层级和多维度层面如何对人类生产与生活空间进行空间重组等议题,内容涵盖但不局限于在全球维度上讨论航海、航空等交通基础设施,油气管道等能源基础设施,光缆、卫星等通讯基础设施,如何实现物品、资本、人口、资源、服务和信息在全球范围的有效交换,将不同大陆、区域、国家和城市联接起来[17],以及在国家内部如何通过城市集群、交通网络等基础设施强化区域间的连接力,从而实现区域间有效资源配置[18]等。

从上述有关“基础设施”的定义以及相关的研究(尤其是地理学研究)来看,“基础设施”这一概念看起来与“女性主义”似乎相去甚远,实则不然。事实上,这与基础设施研究所采纳的不同研究范式有关:因为现有的有关基础设施的研究大都以关注其(空间)功能和效用为出发点;然而,当将基础设施看做是可以透视人类社会发展进程的一个视角与分析工具时,其效能就不仅仅是体现在物理空间层面了,还涉及丰富的社会和文化属性,如Lefebvre[19]所认为的那样,“当代社会已经由空间中事物的生产转向空间本身的生产”。从这个角度来看,基础设施不仅是一个具有物理功能性的地理学现象,而且涉及复杂的社会、政治关系并对其塑造和重塑有着深刻的影响[20]。这种涉及基础设施的社会文化空间效应的讨论被视为基础设施研究中的“社会文化转向”(参见后文1.1小节)。尽管如此,在这一领域内,基础设施如何基于人类社会先验性的知识(例如种族、阶层、年龄和性别等)对人类社会的空间结构进行重组,目前仍然是尚未被充分讨论的议题,尤其是从女性主义地理学视角所关注的性别角度出发展开的讨论。为了弥补这一不足,本文的核心目标是强调以性别为代表的社会核心—边缘差异在分析基础设施产生的社会空间效应中的重要作用,从而从女性主义这一看起来与基础设施毫无关系的角度去讨论基础设施活动在其功能属性以外的其他领域可能产生的影响,以期为从其他更为广泛的社会文化视角去分析基础设施的空间效应提供参考。

1 地理学文献中的基础设施研究

1.1 基础设施研究及其“社会文化转向”

基础设施活动作为人类改造环境的一种典型的“人—地”互动,与地理学有着天然的联系。以中国为例,基础设施活动不仅有悠久的历史,如古代中国就有修建运河和驿道的历史,而且也有足够大的规模和高的密度,如交通部门“八纵八横”铁路网的布局以及“一带一路”倡议中的基础设施先行等,无不将基础设施视为国民经济发展的支柱。因此,与之相关的地理学文献也不胜枚举。概言之,这些地理学文献主要集中在交通地理、经济地理、城市地理、世界地理和政治地理等领域。其中,交通地理学倾向于讨论交通基础设施对区域和区域间协调发展产生的作用[21];在强调工业建设、经济发展和社会均衡发展的时代背景下,经济地理学对基础设施的关注焦点主要放在探讨基础设施对区域经济增长的作用[22-23]、区域和城乡一体化[24-25]以及作为欠发达地区减贫的必要策略[11]等层面;自1990年代起,城镇化成为中国社会发展的整体趋势,城市地理学者也对基础设施与城市形态、城市内部空间之间的关系进行了探讨[26-28]等;在中国“走出去”的背景下,世界地理和政治地理学者也对“一带一路”基础设施先行背景下中国的跨国基础设施建设对跨区域生产和消费要素的联动及流动性等方面的作用进行了分析[12,29]。从国内相关的地理学文献来看,尽管不乏一些具有前瞻性的学者对基础设施活动产生的社会影响(例如社会福利结构)[1]及其制度和文化的社会适应[30]进行了探索和研究,但整体来看,还是以探讨基础设施的空间功能属性这种实用主义研究范式作为主流。当然,这与不同国家所处的不同发展阶段有必然的联系:中国目前依然处于发展中阶段且是世界最大的发展中国家,依然迫切地需要通过改造环境的方式来实现发展需求,因此对基础设施的关注重心依然放在其功能属性上。

与中国不同,西方社会早已实现了工业化,其对基础设施的理解和研究重点与中国有显著的不同。具体来说,在中国的地理学文献中,其基于人地关系视角对基础设施的关注,其中对“人”和“地”的理解过于注重其整体性,对它们内部的异质性缺乏必要的审视。事实上,基础设施并非纯粹的社会技术系统,还具备社会、文化和政治等多重属性。例如,在全球化的语境下,随着跨国和跨区域基础设施的普及,以物质基础设施为纽带的全球化过程实现了不同社会、文化和生态网络之间的联系、交流和碰撞,这些也都成为基础设施的重要意义所在[31];此外,在国家层面,如何通过基础设施建设强化国家内部的连接力和凝聚力,不仅对于一个国家的国民经济发展意义重大,对于国家治理以及符号意义的建构也都颇有价值。鉴于此,一部分西方地理学文献开始关注基础设施的社会性、文化性和政治性,进而丰富了基础设施的内涵。在此语境下,基础设施被理解为提供了一个社会实践的场所,可以被能动地建构为社会空间,成为权力工具和文化载体[32],进而在建立和维持国家合法性[33]、凝聚社会利益与情感记忆[34]等诸多方面发挥着重要作用。

从社会、文化和政治等属性出发对基础设施产生的社会空间效应进行讨论,标志着地理学文献中基础设施研究的“社会文化转向”。在“社会文化转向”的影响下,以“基础设施”为研究对象所展开的讨论与基础设施活动有关的社会公平、权力关系和空间正义等议题逐渐成为基础设施地理学研究的焦点,如基础设施在获取、控制和责任方面的性别和阶级差异[35],全球基础设施高速扩张过程中所导致的国家间权力不均衡[36],以及基础设施暴力(①基础设施暴力(infrastructural violence)是指基础设施以相互关联的方式参与到缓慢的、结构性的以及传统的暴力形式中,表现形式主要有结构性暴力(隐性的、和社会结构性问题相关的基础设施暴力)和直接暴力(日常的、亲密的基础设施暴力),两者往往不是单独存在的。基础设施暴力概念强调这些形式的暴力很少直接导致重大事件,而是成为日常生活的自然化背景条件,无处不在。)[37]等研究议题和前沿概念的提出都是这一研究领域逐渐成型、体系化和成熟的标志。又如,在全球层面上,基础设施选择性的扩张事实上重新塑造了国家间地缘政治、地缘经济甚至是地缘文化关系[38]。在种族和阶级等中微观层面,基础设施在设计、获取和使用等方面的差异性也会反映在空间和景观再生产层面[39],如Davies[40]通过在巴西的实证研究发现,相较于有色人群,白人精英阶层在基础设施的设计、分配、使用过程中普遍占据优势,致使弱势群体的基础设施使用诉求无法得到表达,面临收入损失、生活机会剥夺的种种困境。此外,基础设施的这种社会文化属性在更广泛的文化载体范围内也有所体现,例如Luke等[34]通过英国东曼彻斯特一个贫困社区医院建筑面临拆迁的案例研究,注意到基础设施可以作为社区集体所构建的文化的载体,当地居民通过反抗以基础设施为策略的绅士化,从而达到保护工人群体阶级身份的目的;Sultana[35]通过对孟加拉国达卡市的1个贫民窟及环绕它的2个富人社区的研究,强调了水基础设施的获取是城市公民身份的一个象征性和物质性的标志等。

从基础设施研究的“社会文化转向”来看,其重要特征之一就是对基础设施所产生的社会空间影响的差异性和正义性进行反思和查验。具体来说,基础设施在为一些人创造了流动与连接的同时,也为另一些少数群体制造了障碍和排斥,从某种意义上讲可能加剧了不平等,这使得基础设施成为社会优势与劣势的重要驱动因素[20],正如已有的大量相关研究成果反映,基础设施建设的负面影响大都不成比例地由穷人、妇女、少数族裔等弱势群体所承担[41]。也就是说,基础设施并不只给人类带来积极作用,如考虑欠妥,基础设施也可能会成为“社会暴力”的媒介,无意或有意地持续边缘化、歧视和排斥一些本就边缘的社会群体[37]。这在一定程度上也反映了基础设施活动不仅是人类改造环境的一个过程,也是一个对人类社会空间进行再生产的过程。在这个领域,基础设施研究中对边缘群体的关注无疑成为基础设施社会空间再生产的一个重要议题,这与女性主义地理学的研究视角不谋而合,也是本文将要重点讨论的一个话题。

1.2 基础设施研究需要女性主义地理学视角

1970年代,在西方资本主义国家社会矛盾愈演愈烈的背景下,女性主义意识在长时间男性权威的氛围中开始萌芽。与社会领域中的女性主义运动相呼应,学术领域中的女性主义研究也开始批判无处不在的、显性或隐形的男性权威,对传统合理化、正规化、常态化的男性主导的话语霸权进行纠偏,形成了具有强烈批判主义色彩的女性主义思潮[42]。在广泛的社会努力下,性别作为社会分化和社会正义的一个重要维度越来越被接受和认可[43]。女性主义运动以及女性主义思潮的兴起也催生了女性主义地理学的兴起。在激进地理学的影响下,人文地理学家开始逐步接受女性主义思想,以其独到的空间视角和综合分析特征参与到女性研究中来,女性主义地理学因此应运而生。概言之,女性主义地理学关注性别和空间是如何相互转化的,以及性别区分和其他核心—边缘关系是如何渗透到日常生活中来,并与其他分类区分和交织在一起,使之自然化,其根本目的在于使女性(或其他边缘群体)享有与男性(或其他核心群体)平等的权利与社会机会。

人文地理学本质上是探讨人地关系的学科。性别作为人类社会固有的属性,在各个领域对人类生活产生广泛而深远的影响,而基础设施是人类空间活动的集中体现,它的社会属性决定了女性主义视角对其社会属性进行分析的必要性。与此相对应地,在基础设施地理学所关注的社会空间再生产中诸多不正义、不公平议题中,性别是其中最为严峻、明显的议题之一,而众多学科中只有女性主义对男权社会做出了最直面的质疑与挑战,致力于揭示和消除“男造环境”[44]中的性别歧视。女性主义地理学在其40余年的发展历程中体现出了独到的研究边缘群体的经验眼光,以此来观察基础设施,不仅能够洞悉男性气质(masculinity)是作为日常流动的无形结构原则运作的微观机制,还能在更宏观的、结构性的角度来理解基础设施是如何通过父权制主导的社会性别关系与社会和政治结构联系起来。

从研究范式出发,基础设施研究中的“社会文化转向”与女性主义地理学研究中所涉及的研究对象、研究话题和核心观点是相互呼应的。女性主义地理学的核心研究主题包括女性对公共空间与家宅空间的使用、女性工作权以及政治话语权等[45],并在这些领域积累了丰富的理论与研究经验。另一方面,在“社会文化转向”的影响下,基础设施地理学研究的一个重要特征就是对基础设施在社会空间再生产方面产生的影响进行查验。在这方面,女性主义地理学以其独到的视角为基础设施研究做出了不可替代的贡献,如“身体”作为女性主义研究领域的“专利”的引入,带来了“人/身体作为基础设施(people/bodies as infrastructure)”[46]的讨论,以及近年来有关社会再生产理论的热烈讨论带来了对“日常照料作为基础设施(care as infrastructure)”[47]的关注。得益于这些女性主义地理学中特有的视角,我们在对基础设施的本体论、认识论进行拓宽与反思的同时,也更加能理解基础设施构建下的现代社会空间运作的程序,更细致入微地理解日常生活的组织逻辑、社会再生产过程中女性承担的重任,以及明晰她们是怎样被边缘化的。从这个角度来讲,女性主义地理学可以为基础设施研究提供更加精妙的研究视角。

从社会实践的角度来看,女性越来越多地走出家宅空间,参与到社会公共生活中来,这一变化对充满男权意识的环境提出了挑战。然而,流动往往被认为是一种性别化的权利资源[48]。特别是在具有性别限制的传统国家(例如印度),公共空间往往由男性主导[49],而女性由于文化规范和习俗约束则受限于家庭空间。现如今,大部分发展中国家仍处于基础设施的大量铺设阶段,但基础设施部门的相关学者、政策制定者和规划者们对基础设施文化象征性方面注意甚少,几乎没有明确将性别、种族等“边缘”因素纳入考虑,这可能会导致潜在的种族和性别暴力等消极的社会后果。因此,需要全面整合、讨论男性气质嵌入基础设施的机理与后果,从而以女性主义视角来系统地审视基础设施可能造成的消极影响。

总而言之,现代社会在某种意义上来说是以基础设施为硬件进行架构的,得益于基础设施,现代人类社会系统这台庞大的机器才能运作起来。基础设施无处不在,在理解和认识它的过程中,女性主义地理学可以为我们提供一个兼具微观的日常生活体验与宏观的结构性视野,通过对其中的异质性及发生机理的解析,可以更为清晰地透视基础设施建构下的现代社会。为了更加系统地了解和探讨这一问题,下文将对基础设施研究中的女性主义地理学视角其核心议题和分析框架进行讨论。

2 基础设施研究中的性别视角

基础设施建设是一个长期过程,其建成后对人类生活空间产生的影响固然重要,但并不能充分阐明它们所涉及的复杂的社会、技术、空间和政治经济过程[50]。事实上,基础设施建设需要经过政府部门批准、一定的法律保障、长时间的规划设计和资金拨付,以及长期建设施工,最后通过验收,才能真正进入到实际使用阶段——如此浩大、复杂的生产端工作目前在既有的地理学文献中已经被重视并纳入基础设施的研究议程中来。因此,从现有的文献来看,基于性别视角的基础设施研究不仅关注了基础设施在使用端的性别差异,也讨论了在基础设施的生产端如何与人类社会关系网络产生联系。

2.1 基础设施生产端的性别差异

基础设施生产端的性别差异,尤其是女性在这一过程中被边缘化的特征,主要体现在女性在基础设施部门(包括决策与设计、基础设施提供工作上的性别不平等)以及对女性身体劳动的结构性依赖与忽视2个方面。

首先,在基础设施的规划和决策过程中,不论是作为使用者还是专家,女性的角色在这个过程中都容易被忽视。从全球层面来看,种族因素在这个过程中也起到一定的作用。尽管在生产端有少数是女性决策者、规划师,但以白人男性为主导的基础设施发明者、推动者和建设者的伟人叙事仍然为基础设施的生产奠定了男性气质的基调。因此,讨论女性在基础设施生产端所扮演的角色、产生的作用及其重要意义成为女性主义基础设施地理学讨论的重点之一。例如,Song等[51]通过性别的视角对爱沙尼亚雷迪路项目的形成进行了审视,强调了在女权主义被殖民主义污名化的背景下,女性活动家所引发的争议和她们为城市朝着更包容、更公平的未来迈进所做的努力。此外,规划师中被我们熟知的Jacobs[52]也是那个时代推动大型基础设施建设项目中的女性主义萌芽的先驱之一。也有一部分中国学者提供了女性视角的规划设想,如黄春晓等[53]分析了现代中国城市规划理念与建设方法方面的问题,指出男性标准与男性原则在城市规划与建设中仍普遍存在。然而,改变基础设施规划部门男性权威根深蒂固这一现状,还有很长的路要走,在城市快速增长和变化的时期,迫切需要将性别分析引入关于城市建设的辩论[54]。此外,科学作为男性领域的出处,一直以来都是由白人男性主导和定义[55],如此性别分化的现代科学体系作为一种知识基础设施也预示着21世纪以来数字革命推动的智慧城市建设,将会给男性“精英”提供更多的话语权。这也意味着女性主义地理学对基础设施生产端的关注仍然有很长的路要走。

同样,在基础设施生产端,基建工程、验收及管理维护等岗位也被认为主要是为男性提供工作,男性被认为是“有力量的”和“胜任的”,而女性则被赋予“缺乏力量”和“不胜任的”标签。自工业革命以来,基础设施建设在某种程度上是以经济逻辑为前提的,即除了提供为加速经济发展的设施之外,基础设施还创造了大批就业机会。由此,基础设施一直是一个重要的就业机会创造源,成为了最常见的工作场所之一[56]。这通常为男性提供了建筑规划、建设施工、监察管理等方面的工作。然而,女性其实也提供了重要的后勤保障、参与建设的工作,但这些岗位及其贡献通常被忽视了。从全球尺度看,基于公民身份和种族的劳动等级制度普遍存在[50]。对于来自发展中国家的贫穷男性来说,建筑行业提供了为数不多的合法海外工作渠道。而与之相反,贫穷女性在海外参与行业往往是非正式的临时工。例如,在巴基斯坦,跨境劳工中的女性往往处于被歧视的地位,承受着家庭压力和低工资剥削等双重压迫[57]。这在不经意间又强化了二元化的性别格局。还有研究显示,女性与男性相比,在诸如大型项目中出现贪污、受贿等腐败现象的可能性更小[58],且在项目推进过程中会更加团结、有凝聚力[59],这表示提高女性在基础设施部门工作中的参与度和话语权可能会带来更高的基建效率和更好的基建质量。

其次,除了在设计、建设等环节对女性的忽视之外,社会对女性身体劳动的结构性依赖与忽视也是基础设施生产端性别差异的一种重要体现。换言之,我们不仅需要关注女性在设计层面的参与度,还需要在社会结构性层面去考量基础设施的缺失,例如公共基础设施的缺失给女性额外带来的(无薪)工作等。具体来说,在传统的、默认以父权制为中心的社会制度之下,女性不得不使用缺乏保障和女性视角考虑的日常生活基础设施,以完成大量无薪家庭工作,如照料子女、做饭、洗衣等家务活等。在这种情况下,女性尤其家庭妇女被视作是社会网络基础设施,女性的身体支撑着城市的“动荡”,并积极地为家庭成员更有弹性地创造生活条件,使社会生活得以运转[60]。将女性主义对身体的关注带入对城市基础设施的理解,由此可以洞察身体(实践)与城市基础设施之间的多尺度空间关系,更深刻理解女性在现代社会再生产中充当的角色。也就是说,女性为其他家庭成员提供的生活保障,包括对子女的照料、用水和通信等,均可视为社会基础设施的缺位,并在社区、家庭和身体不同尺度上产生了性别与阶级不平等的影响[61-62]。上述这些由“女性的身体”构成的基础设施都是被忽视和不可见的,但同时又被认为是理所应当的,其本质上与更广泛的社会基础设施在性别维度的结构性失明有着莫大的关系,这也是女性主义地理学视角下基础设施研究可以去关注的一个方向。

值得注意的是,在发展中国家,女性在基础设施生产端被边缘化的情况更加普遍。如果说在较发达国家和地区,女性规划权利是在长时间构成的父权制意识形态中被不经意间忽视的;那么在发展中国家,后殖民主义者与男性决策者则“主动”构建起了这一氛围。在一些发展中国家,在以父权制为中心的社会制度的默许下,女性不得不使用缺乏保障的日常生活基础设施,这种社会结构将维系日常生活照料的任务强加到女性身上[63]。为了维持这一局面,统治阶层构建起发展中国家(尤其是非洲国家)女性不移动(immobile)的形象,促成了对女性流动的普遍负面看法,这些负面的刻板印象反过来又进一步限制了她们的流动,使得她们在基础设施规划中被边缘化[64-65],一些妇女少数族裔在移民国家也曾遭受如此窘境[66]

如上所述,在被我们理所当然忽视的基础设施生产端,性别差异实际上是非常悬殊且不容忽视的。正如Easterling[67]所说的,基础设施可以作为一套隐蔽的城市系统规划和运作的“公式”来施加权力,籍此配置国家利益、全球资本和发展进程,并通过让某些城市居民享有特权而排斥另一部分的差别准入来构建日常城市生活。详细且深入地剖析这一过程有助于深入揭示不平等的性别权力是如何在基础设施生产环节中形成和产生作用的,从而有利于从源头找到基础设施在人类改造环境的过程中产生作用的性别壁垒之所在。

2.2 基础设施使用端的性别差异

从女性主义视角所关注的性别在空间权力上的体现来看,女性在空间和资源的分配上已经处于劣势,而她们在基础设施生产端的低参与度,更加强化了这一性别差异。当充满男性气质的基础设施投入使用时,会进一步引发更多方面的性别差异和不公。从使用端这个场域来看,基础设施对人类社会空间再生产产生的影响可以从以下几个方面来探讨。

首先,基础设施成为一种强化社会阶级、性别不平等的媒介。例如,当照料、保育等基础设施不足或分配不合理时,社会普遍将日常照料的压力转移到女性身体上,女性的身体就成为一种替代社会基础设施[68]来保证日常生活进行。有学者研究发现,在北欧国家,儿童保育基础设施被看作是促进女性参与劳动力市场的一种重要方式,带薪育儿假以及普及儿童保育等措施都有助于减少劳动力市场中性别不平等[69]。然而,这样的保育基础设施大多都有一定的阶级门槛,中产阶级以上的人或许可以靠支付能力换取更多的时间与精力以投入到工作中,而较为底层的人则面临着忙于生计和无暇照料儿童的窘境——如此一来,社会阶层分化在其中被再次强化了。

其次,在现实生活中,基础设施生产端对女性的边缘化必然导致一系列消极的结果,使一些社会群体难以使用基础设施或者与基础设施相关的日常生活体验较差,从而处于直接的基础设施暴力中。研究发现,基础设施投资对贫民窟居民,特别是女性的福祉紧密相关,同时,基础设施与女性受教育程度提高、增加收入、降低健康成本等要素都高度相关[70]。因此,对基础设施进行性别方面的考虑是十分有必要的。女性作为参与社会生产的重要角色,她们的社会活动不是像交通规划者所说的那样“呆在家里”,而是通过大众交通系统在公共空间中发生[71]。在女性主义地理学中,公共空间的使用是其核心议题之一[72],许多研究发现,公园等“社会基础设施”在许多欠发达国家仍由男性主导,而女性则依赖私密或半私密空间作为社会基础设施[49]。这种男性文化主导的公共空间显然广泛存在,也包括城市交通基础设施所涉及的日常生活[73]。如在公共交通等场所中,女性特别是孕妇常常会对充满男性气质的车厢感到不适,尤其是在她们带有小孩时,往往希望“更有尊严地出行”[71]

基于性别视角对城市基础设施的研究也讨论了许多值得关注的细节,如对于较低社会阶层、经济状况较差的女性来说,相较于充满现代气息、被“完美”规划、等级森严的基础设施,她们更喜欢看起来是破败的、“影响市容”的一些低等级设施,因为这样,她们可以放心地让自己的孩子自主地上下学以节省自己的时间,从而将更多精力投入到解决生计问题中[71];再如,细致的城市纹理和可进入的小商店会增加女性上街的安全感[74]。这些案例更加让我们意识到,基础设施生产端一些宏大而不落地的设想往往会导致大部分建筑是为“理想中的人”而设,基础设施在使用端与实际情况的脱节、女性等少数群体的合理诉求的遗漏就在情理之中了。值得注意的是,直接基础设施暴力也和一些结构性因素有关,尤其是在一些欠发达国家和少数族裔社区,女性的地位较为低下,性别不平等的情况更加明显和严重[75]

最后,基础设施在使用端对人类社会空间产生的影响不仅表现在上述一些结构性或者微观层面的基础设施暴力,也表现在其作为中央与地方(个人)交互的重要媒介时对地方主体产生的复杂影响[76]。在宏大的国家叙事中,基础设施往往被视为具有社会福祉性的赋权媒介,因此,对于边远地区而言,基础设施干预往往被认为能够实现对人民(尤其是女性人群)的赋权。例如,随着基础设施的介入,旅游业在边远地区能使女性自主发挥自身能力,提高家庭收入中的女性占比,以换取更平等的家庭和社会地位[77]。但是需要注意的是,在这一家庭性别藩篱看似松动的过程中,女性可能面临更加劳累的生活风险,因为她们一边需要保证家庭的日常起居照料,一边面临着“在外”的劳累[78]。正如Cook等[79]在巴基斯坦北部山村的研究发现,基础设施在农村边远地区的介入事实上进一步加剧了该地区女性的弱势地位。因此,如果要通过基础设施赋予女性权力,就必须理解和解决当地的结构性性别问题。忽视这些挑战,意味着基础设施项目即使是专门为了赋予女性权力,也可能只会进一步加重女性的负担,并强化和延续不平等的性别模式。此外,大坝等大型基础设施建设往往是最大的流离失所媒介,在此过程中,基础设施建设引起的原住民社区流离失所和重新安置也涉及许多性别议题,例如在流离失所和重新安置居住地中,男性重新构建与协商新的男性形象和性别社会关系,以保留男性优越和女性从属的陈规定型观念等[80],这些女性主义话题同样也值得我们在研究基础设施其社会影响时对其进行关注。

3 女性主义地理学视角下基础设施研究的核心议题

从前文的梳理来看,女性主义地理学视角下的基础设施研究涉及几个关键概念——“地理学”“基础设施”和“女性主义”。其中,“地理学”的本质是人地关系,即人类社会系统和环境系统之间的互动,以及在人地互动的过程中人类赖以生存和生活的空间如何进行重组;“基础设施”则为讨论人地互动提供了具体的研究对象,即通过基础设施活动反映人类如何对于环境进行改造和利用及其对人类社会空间的再生产产生的作用;而“女性主义”则考量了人类社会系统内部的复杂性,即不同性别人群之间的差异,以及其所体现出的核心—边缘社会关系反映出的异质性。上述这些概念构成了理解女性主义基础设施地理学研究的3个最基本的向量(图1)。根据对这些核心概念的界定,地理学以及其他相关学科对这几个概念相互之间的交叉进行了拓展性的研究,形成了3个不同却又相互嵌套在一起的与女性主义基础设施地理学研究紧密相关的研究领域和方向(图1),这里,我们将其定义为“面”,主要包括:

(1) A面:基础设施地理学研究,即地理学研究中以基础设施作为其核心研究对象,对基础设施活动所涉及的以“人地关系”为主线的地理学话题的讨论;

(2) B面:女性主义地理学研究,即从性别差异以及由此衍生而来的核心—边缘关系等社会异质性出发,关注性别等社会差异与空间是如何相互影响和相互转化的;

(3) C面:基础设施研究中的性别视角,即对基础设施活动过程中涉及的性别以及其他核心—边缘关系的讨论,仅从此面所涵盖的内容来看,多为社会学中女性研究所关注和讨论的话题。

图1

图1   女性主义基础设施地理学研究的核心议题

Fig.1   The core themes of feminist infrastructure geography studies


本文1.1小节对基础设施地理学研究(A面)进行了简要介绍。概而言之,聚焦基础设施而展开的地理学研究主要围绕基础设施活动对人类社会空间结构产生的深刻影响来进行讨论,例如对在全球范围内、国家内部区域间、城市等不同空间尺度上基础设施活动如何提升空间资源配置的效率等议题进行了大量的经验研究。此外,一部分地理学文献中也呈现出“社会文化转向”的趋势,对基础设施的社会、文化、生态和政治等功能属性以外的维度所产生的影响展开了丰富的讨论。尽管如此,本文发现,性别依然是基础设施地理学研究中被忽视的一个方向。换言之,基础设施的地理学文献中(A面)并没有在“女性主义”这个向量方向进行深入的拓展。

本文1.2小节对女性主义地理学视角(B面)进行了简要介绍,并对其在基础设施研究中潜在的价值进行了展望。具体而言,女性主义地理学主要关注了性别和空间生产之间紧密而又容易被忽视的联系,讨论了性别区分以及其他核心—边缘关系是如何渗透到人类社会空间结构的重组过程中来,其根本目的在于通过性别以及其他核心—边缘等不平等的空间关系来重新审视人类社会空间重构过程中的空间正义问题。但是,比较遗憾的是,在女性主义地理学研究中,基础设施作为人类社会一种典型的空间重构方式并没有广受关注。也就是说,从女性主义地理学(B面)向基础设施这个向量进行拓展的研究是现有文献中非常缺乏的一个方向。

本文第2节介绍了基础设施研究中的性别视角(C面)。考虑到基础设施是一项长期活动,涉及规划、投资、建设和运营等很长的周期,其中各个环节都存在可能的性别差异,现有基础设施研究中的性别视角主要关注了基础设施在生产端和使用端的性别差异,讨论了基础设施活动在不同环节造成的社会不公等。尽管这些研究或多或少涉及一些地理学话题,例如国家权力、城市规划和乡村交通等不同空间维度上基础设施活动对人类社会空间正义所产生的性别化影响等。但是,在这些研究中,地理更大程度上被理解为一种空间背景,而性别和基础设施活动如何作为人类社会空间生产的方式对社会空间结构产生影响这一核心地理学问题并没有在这一领域的研究中被概念化。鉴于此,这些基于基础设施生产端和使用端性别差异而展开的女性主义基础设施研究只能称为社会学研究,而非地理学问题。因此,要开展女性主义基础设施“地理学”研究,需要从基于性别视角的基础设施研究(C面)在地理学这个向量方向进行进一步的拓展。

综上,本文发现,尽管地理学以及其他相关学科已经开始触及女性主义基础设施地理学的研究议题,也提供了丰富的案例研究,但依然缺乏对其核心议题的概念性总结以及由此展开的核心分析框架。鉴于此,本文在现有文献的基础上,搭建了一个女性主义基础设施地理学的核心概念框架和研究思路(图1)。在这个框架中,本文建议可以以A、B、C任何一面作为研究的出发点,拓展其在与该面垂直的向量维度上的研究深度。这就要求我们:① 在基础设施地理学研究中,可以通过性别以及其他核心—边缘关系作为审视人类社会内部异质性的一个重要依据,来探讨基础设施活动对社会空间再生产产生的关键作用。现有文献已经呈现出“社会文化转向”的趋势,对基础设施的社会、文化和政治等维度产生的影响展开了大量的讨论,其中我们可以进一步将性别作为一个更加细致的维度进行考量,如将女性在基础设施生产和使用端的边缘化这种现象引入现有的讨论中来。② 在女性主义地理学研究中,可以将基础设施这一看起来主要由工程、科学和管理等学科主导的研究对象纳入其研究范畴中来。简言之,女性主义地理学为反思性别等社会差异与空间生产之间的关系提供了绝佳的理论和分析视角,但目前女性主义地理学文献对基础设施这个研究对象似乎没有展示出足够的兴趣。这对本文的重要启示就是需要在女性主义研究中拓展其有关基础设施的研究对象,例如讨论中国海外基础设施活动中的性别议题等。③ 可以在基础设施研究中性别视角的基础上,进一步强化地理学及其独特的学科思维在理解基础设施活动如何改变人类社会空间结构方面所起到的关键作用。目前基础设施研究中的性别讨论更像是社会学研究,仅仅聚焦于性别差异,缺乏从空间视角来讨论社会性别差异如何参与到基础设施活动对人类社会空间进行再生产。这归根结底在于在现有文献中缺乏对地理学理论和思维(尤其是空间生产理论)的引入。这意味着,在女性主义基础设施地理学研究中,我们不仅需要讨论性别以及其他核心—边缘差异在基础设施活动各个环节是如何发挥作用的,也需要深入去讨论这些差异是如何参与到人地系统重构以及人类社会空间结构的再生产等过程中来的,例如讨论基础设施在生产端和使用端的性别差异如何对区域、城市和社区等不同尺度上的人类社会空间的重构产生影响等。正是这些拓展,使得女性主义基础设施地理学不再局限于某些向量(概念)、面(研究方向),而是构成了一个概念框架和分析框架都立体的重要研究领域。

4 结论与展望

本文探讨了女性主义基础设施地理学的研究脉络及其核心议题。研究发现,尽管地理学以及其他许多相关学科已经开始触及女性主义基础设施地理学的研究议题,也提供了丰富的经验研究,但是依然缺乏对其核心议题的总结和提供核心分析框架。鉴于此,本文搭建了一个女性主义基础设施地理学的核心概念框架以及分析思路,其中强调了这个领域的研究不仅需要讨论性别及其他核心—边缘差异在人类基础设施活动各个阶段是如何发挥作用,也需要深入去讨论这些差异是如何参与到人地系统重构以及人类社会空间结构的再生产过程中来的。

随着全球化的不断深入,地球表面掀起了“基础设施建设浪潮”,尤其是中国,不仅成为全球体量最大的基建承包商,也在国内建立起最先进、最高密度的基础设施网络。在过去的几十年里,各个尺度的基础设施建设都突飞猛进,如三峡水利枢纽工程、城际快速铁路、城市内的公共交通网络与公园绿地等,对全国社会、经济、文化各个方面都产生了深远的影响。中国的人文地理学者在探讨基础设施在经济社会空间系统构建中所扮演的角色方面已经积累了丰富的成果。然而,基础设施研究的“社会文化转向”和女性主义视角提醒我们,基础设施除了是一个技术网络之外,还对社会中的不同群体与个体产生着切身、深刻的异质性影响。当然,值得注意的是,中国女性主义地理学起步较晚,这也造成了学界普遍缺乏对女性及其空间问题产生的社会文化思想根源的全盘分析[81]。因此,本文认为基础设施可以成为女性主义地理学在中国发展的重要阵地。当然,中国的女性主义兴起与西方的社会背景不尽相同,而且中国在社会经济和文化领域取得了长足的进步后,所经历的“基础设施建设浪潮”与社会经济文化背景也与现今大部分基础设施研究的实证案例地(尤其是其他发展中国家)不可同日而语,因此,我们不可一昧盲目地拿已有的研究结论来套用。中国的女性主义(基础设施)地理学该如何开展?本文通过大量的文献梳理工作尝试给出了答案。

随着社会的发展,越来越多的女性走出家庭,参与社会公共生活,在经济日益富足的今天,女性等边缘群体愈发渴望平等的权利,由此也引发了许多激烈的社会讨论。女性主义地理学下的基础设施研究有望提供给我们一个研究视角,通过考察社会空间中女性基于一系列基础设施的真实处境与日常生活细节,更深入理解“男造环境”从何而来,以及在此影响之下,基础设施作为包揽现在社会生活方方面面的结构如何产生、强化社会性别不平等;还有我们如何识别、思考其中的问题,进而助力于改善我们生活的性别歧视现状。如在一些大型商场、机场等公共场所已几乎随处可见的哺乳室、母婴室等女性友好设施是否真的“女性友好”等一系列如何让不同女性在性别化的现代空间中找到“容身之所”的话题,都是值得深入探讨的内容。同时,当下中国依然面临着社会的转型和结构性调整,社会空间的再生产依然依赖女性化的保育和照料基础设施,这也提醒我们要更多关注女性权益、社会供养系统等方面的议题。基础设施作为国家保障地方权力的重要手段及人民生活的基础保证,能为女性的日常生活及发展提供制度和硬件保证。此外,本文的目的不仅在于系统讨论女性主义地理学中的基础设施研究议题,也在于通过对其中“核心—边缘”关系的反思以呼吁对现代社会基础设施中被忽视的弱势群体的关注。

总的来说,就基础设施地理学而言,女性主义提供的多方面、多尺度的批判性研究思维能使学科体系更为完整、研究视角更为全面。而女性主义地理学虽经过40年的蓬勃发展,已经有了较为完善的研究体系,但在国内,女性主义地理学还只是人文地理学中很渺小的一个分支。从这个意义来说,基础设施地理学的发展也为女性主义学者提供了在更大、更宽范围内进行跨学科对话的机会。

致谢

感谢北京大学建筑与景观设计学院章佳茵同学在女性主义基础设施地理学研究的核心议题框架归纳及其成图方面对于本文的帮助。

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缩小区域经济差距是实现共同富裕的应有之义。 基于劳动力流动视角, 本文以 “高铁开通” 和 “智慧城市建设” 分别作为传统、 新型基础设施升级的准自然实验, 利用 2003 - 2019 年中国 275 个地级及以上城市的面板数据, 运用双重差分模型考察基础设施升级对区域经济差距的影响。 研究发现: (1) 基础设施升级 (高铁开通和智慧城市建设) 可以显著缩小区域经济差距, 其中智慧城市建设对区域经济差距的缩小作用更大, 在缓解内生性及进行一系列稳健性检验之后, 这一结论依然成立; (2) 进一步分析发现, 基础设施升级引致的劳动力流动会缩小区域经济差距, 且智慧城市建设的作用更为有效; (3) 异质性分析表明, 相较于中西部城市, 基础设施升级会显著缩小东部城市的区域经济差距。 上述结论为如何推动基础设施升级实现区域协调发展具有一定的启示意义。

[Chen Mingsheng, Zheng Yulu, Yao Di.

Infrastructure upgrading, labor mobility and regional economic gap: Evidence from high-speed railway and smart city construction

Inquiry into Economic Issues, 2022(5): 109-122.]

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The history of Apartheid in South Africa presented the new democratic South Africa with numerous challenges such as poverty, inequality and inadequate access to basic services. These challenges are more prevalent in rural areas, leading to the need for rural development strategies aimed at poverty alleviation and the empowerment of rural societies. Limited access to social and economic opportunities is a common challenge faced by rural dwellers due to inadequate rural road infrastructure. Empirical evidence suggests that poverty is directly linked to isolation, inaccessibility and poor infrastructural development. Hence, the need for the development of adequate rural roads. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the perceptions of rural communities regarding the role of roads as a poverty alleviation strategy. This study explored the influence of rural roads on the socio-economic conditions of rural communities. In addition, the research examined the impacts associated with inadequate rural road infrastructure on the access needs of rural dwellers. Thus, the study attempts to analyse issues relating to rural road infrastructure and its impact on poverty alleviation. Research was undertaken in two rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal: Ntshaseni and Njane. The study employed a mixed-method approach, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research techniques. The findings from the study revealed that there was a relationship between the presence of adequate rural road infrastructure and improved access to basic services. The research findings revealed that there are differences in socio-economic conditions between a community with better access (Njane community) and a community that is isolated (Ntshasheni community) due to inadequate road infrastructure. In addition, research findings revealed that inadequate road infrastructure is an indication of the insufficient access the poor have to basic services such as healthcare and education.

王姣娥, 王涵, 焦敬娟.

“一带一路”与中国对外航空运输联系

[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(5): 554-562.

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.05.003      [本文引用: 2]

基础设施互联互通是降低贸易成本、增强国际联系、构建“一带一路”的基本条件。建设国际航空网络与陆路运输通道、海上航运通道,共同组成“一带一路”交通基础设施互联互通的基础。基于2014年的OAG计划数据,本文重点分析了中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的国际航空运输联系空间格局,并运用枢纽度模型识别国际航空枢纽。研究表明:①中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的航空客运联系广度和强度均高于货运,其中国际客运联系集中在泰国、俄罗斯和新加坡等国,而国际货运联系则主要集中在俄罗斯;②中国对外航空网络格局总体上表现为“轴—辐”与“点—点”模式并存;③上海、北京和广州为中国面向“一带一路”沿线国家的国际航空客运枢纽机场,上海同时还是国际航空货运枢纽。

[Wang Jiao'e, Wang Han, Jiao Jingjuan.

China's international aviation transport to the Belt and Road Initiative area

Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(5): 554-562.]

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.05.003      [本文引用: 2]

The Belt and Road Initiative aims to promote the connectivity of Asian, European, and African continents and adjacent seas and establish and strengthen partnerships among the countries along the Belt and Road Initiative area. The construction of international air transport network and land transport and maritime shipping corridors constitutes the three basic parts of transportation infrastructure and connectivity. This article employs the OAG (formerly Official Airline Guide) flight schedule data of 2014 to first analyze the spatial pattern of international air linkages between China and the other 64 countries in the Belt and Road Initiative area, and then identify China's international hub airports and sub-regional hubs based on the graph theory model. The results indicate that: (1) the coverage and intensity of international air passenger linkages is broader and higher than that of air cargo linkages. China's international air passenger linkages mainly focus on Thailand, Russia, and Singapore; while cargo linkages are primarily with Russia; (2) both the international air and cargo linkages show the "hub-spoke" and "point to point" patterns; (3) among the domestic airports, international air linkages are concentrated in only a few. Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou are identified as the international air passenger hubs and Shanghai as the international cargo hub to the Belt and Road Initiative area.

文嫮, 韩旭.

高铁对中国城市可达性和区域经济空间格局的影响

[J]. 人文地理, 2017, 32(1): 99-108.

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[Wen Hu, Han Xu.

The impacts of high-speed rails on the accessibility and the spatial pattern of regional economic development in China

Human Geography, 2017, 32(1): 99-108.]

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[Wu Jiannan, Cao Youhui, Yao Shimou, et al.

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王姣娥.

公交导向型城市开发机理及模式构建

[J]. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(10): 1470-1478.

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.10.005      [本文引用: 1]

城市交通、土地利用和城市空间结构的相互关系一直是城市地理学、城市规划学和交通地理学研究的核心问题。大容量公共交通、混合型土地开发、宜人的步行环境和高质量的公交服务是公交导向型开发(TOD)模式的主要特点。本文分析了TOD对城市土地利用和城市空间结构的作用机理发现:土地开发强度、土地利用结构以及土地价值是TOD影响城市土地利用的3 个主要方面,而TOD对路网结构、城市规模和城市空间布局的作用进一步影响城市空间结构及其演化。进一步研究发现:大容量公共交通的建设使得城市竞租曲线和开发密度具有多波峰的特点,遵循"随着时间的变化从城市中心向外围递减"的规律。基于中外城市发展背景差异,本文从宏观、中观和微观3 个层面提出建立以大容量公共交通为主轴、以TOD站点为枢纽的轴辐网络状城市空间结构,并提出了TOD站点开发的距离、级差密度、多样性和设计的4Ds原则。

[Wang Jiao'e.

Development mechanism and model construction of TOD for Chinese cities

Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(10): 1470-1478.]

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.10.005      [本文引用: 1]

The relationships among urban transportation, land use and urban spatial structure are always the key topics in the studies of urban geography, urban planning and urban transportation. With the emergence of the issues such as urban sprawl, low efficiency of land use and traffic jam, it has become more and more important to study how to coordinate land use and urban transport in the planning of city development. As we all know, public transportation is not only one of the elements of urban lives, but also a driving force of urban spatial devolvement. TOD (Transit Oriented Development) is an urban development model under the guidance of New Urbanism, which emphasize the innovation of transport technology and the recognition of humans themselves. TOD integrates a mass transit system into the urban spatial structure, i.e., residential areas and commercial areas, at the macro-level, and neighborhoods develop around the transit stations or stops at the micro-level. TOD encourages high density development in an appropriate scale, mixed land use, comfortable environment for pedestrians and a good public transit system, to harmonize land use and transport, and finally enables the urban spatial structure to develop compactly and orderly. This paper analyzes TOD's mechanism on urban land use and urban spatial structure, and has found that TOD plays an important role in urban land use by influencing land use density, land use structure, and land value. Meanwhile, TOD influences the urban spatial structure by unique road structures, urban scale and urban spatial distribution. Further study indicates that the construction of mass transit makes the curves of urban rental and land development density show "multi-peaks" characteristics, following the principle of "decreasing from the city center with the increase of travel time". Although there are differences between China and other countries in urban population density, mixed land use, land property and public transport service, this paper attempts to build a suitable TOD model for the cities in China. The TOD model is built in three parts (steps): gross urban development, urban spatial structure and design of TOD unit, which results in a hub-and-spoke urban structure, with mass transit routes as corridors and the TOD node as a hub. Based on the types of public transportations, a TOD can be classified as a BRT-oriented TOD or a Rail-oriented TOD. Each city can choose the type suitable to its urban population, GDP, financial capacity and traffics along the transit lines. Design of TOD units should consider land use principles including distance, density, diversity and design, and adopts a special land use strategy. Finally, this paper puts forward a series of measures, policies and suggestions to ensure a successful TOD implementation, with time and location as two major impacting factors. Generally speaking, when a city is developing and expanding its urban areas rapidly, construction of mass transit will greatly influence its spatial distribution; conversely, when a city is developing slowly or has already reached its mature period, the effect of mass transit on land use is relatively small. In a word, TOD emphasizes the integration of local efficiency and overall efficiency and is a suitable model for urban development in China.

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[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2004, 14(4): 70-74.

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王伯礼, 张小雷.

新疆公路交通基础设施建设对经济增长的贡献分析

[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(12): 1522-1533.

DOI:10.11821/xb201012008      [本文引用: 1]

投入产出分析与ESDA结合可能对拓宽投入产出分析的发展领域具有重要意义。试将投入产出分析与ESDA相结合,就1997-2008 年新疆公路交通基础设施建设(以下简称新疆交通建设) 对经济增长的贡献进行分析,主要结论为:① 新疆交通建设促进经济增长的机理主要在于:以相对较小的劳动力消耗实现较大的后向波及部门商品价值转移,并由此产生更大比重的前向波及作用、消费波及作用,乘数效应是新疆交通建设促进经济增长、拉动内需的重要枢纽;② 在新疆区域经济极化—扩散过程的大背景下、大尺度中,各地州市域交通建设对经济增长贡献空间相关性逐步增强,呈明显的扩散效应,各地州市域交通建设经济贡献率呈空间正相关性,空间上的反极化效应显著;③ 新疆交通建设对经济增长贡献既满足了中心区域的极化需要,也通过三级垂直波及作用模式的横向扩散促进了外围区域经济社会发展,使外围区域各族群众通过直接或间接参与交通建设活动而首先分享到了改革与发展的部分成果。研究表明,将投入产出分析与ESDA相结合,对初步揭示交通建设促进经济增长的作用机理及空间分异、空间相互作用具有一定作用。

[Wang Boli, Zhang Xiaolei.

The contribution of highway traffic infrastructure construction to economic growth in Xinjiang based on I-O and ESDA

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(12): 1522-1533.]

DOI:10.11821/xb201012008      [本文引用: 1]

Combination of I-O with ESDA is of possibly important significance for expanding the I-O development field. A case study is carried out on the contribution of highway traffic infrastructure construction to economic growth in Xinjiang of China during the period from 1997 to 2008 using I-O and ESDA. The conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) The mechanism of highway traffic building industry in promoting economic growth in Xinjiang was mainly to achieve a significant value transfer of related goods of backward spreading effect industries with relatively low labor consumption, thus the forward spreading effect and consumption wave effect with higher proportions emerged, and the multiplier effect was an important pivot of highway traffic building industry in promoting economic growth in Xinjiang. (2) Based on contributions of highway traffic construction to economic growth, spatial correlation was gradually increased and diffusion effect was significant between all the prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities of Xinjiang. Meanwhile, based on contribution rates of highway traffic construction to economic growth, there was a spatial positive correlation between all the prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities of Xinjiang, and contra-polarization effect was also significant. (3) Contribution of highway traffic infrastructure construction to economic growth could not only meet the polarization demand in the central areas, but also promote greatly the social and economic development in the peripheral regions through the lateral diffusion of three-level vertical wave effect mode, and some reform and development benefits were primarily shared by all the people in the peripheral regions through participating in the highway traffic infrastructure construction directly or indirectly. The results show that the combination of I-O and ESDA plays a certain role in preliminarily revealing the effect mechanism, spatial differentiation and spatial interaction of the contribution of highway traffic infrastructure construction to economic growth.

陆大道.

关于“点—轴”空间结构系统的形成机理分析

[J]. 地理科学, 2002, 22(1): 1-6.

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[Lu Dadao.

A formation and dynamics of the "pole-axis" spatial system

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2002, 22(1): 1-6.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2002.01.1      [本文引用: 1]

In this paper, the author first clarifies that the theory of pole-axis spatial system is based on the well known central place theory, however, the two theories are different in terms of theoretical components and application objectives. The author analyzes the formation and dynamics of pole-axis spatial system mainly through the perspective of spatial agglomeration and diffusion effect, and compares pole-axis spatial system theory with growth pole theory and networked development model. Then the author elaborates on the rationality and effectiveness of the theory of pole-axis spatial system to China′s territorial development and regional development in the past decades.

战金艳, 鲁奇.

中国基础设施与城乡一体化的关联发展

[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58(4): 611-619.

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[Zhan Jinyan, Lu Qi.

Assessment and empirical study on the relationship between infrastructure construction and urban-rural development

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(4): 611-619.]

DOI:10.11821/xb200304017      [本文引用: 1]

Urban-rural development has always been illustrated as the interdependent and interaction relationship, represented by the free flow of population, commodities, capital and information between urban and rural areas, which, in some sense, guarantees the effective and efficient uses of resources in urban and rural areas. It is self-evident that the construction of regional infrastructure is a precondition for regional urbanization.The improvement of public infrastructure shortens the "spatial distance" between urban and rural areas, widens the built-up areas, pushes outside the urban fringe and forms, in some time, a new form of spatial complexity in which urban and rural areas are intensely mixed or "interlocked". The joint development of urban and rural areas depends on the increase of capital investment for infrastructures mainly cover transportation, telecommunication, education, medical facilities and welfare. We can safely come to a conclusion that regional infrastructure is indispensable to the development of urban and rural areas and lays the foundation for the relationship generation between regional infrastructure and urban-rural development. On the other hand, the strong interaction between urban and rural areas will promote the construction and improvement of regional infrastructure. Many scholars have paid much attention to the relationship between regional infrastructure and urban-rural development now. It has important implications for the construction of infrastructure and improvement of social and economic benefits to find out and assess the relationship between regional infrastructure and urban-rural development.

何金廖, 彭珏, 胡浩.

设计创意人才的空间集聚及其影响机理研究: 基于城市舒适性视角

[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(9): 1525-1535.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.09.004      [本文引用: 1]

从城市舒适性理论出发,系统梳理了创意人才及其空间集聚过程的相关文献,构建了驱动中国设计创意人才空间集聚的城市舒适性指标体系,通过大数据方法从国内设计师社交平台站酷网获取设计创意人才的属性数据,运用地理集中指数、区位熵、负二项回归方法,深入剖析了中国设计创意人才的空间集聚特征与机理。研究表明:① 中国设计创意人才及其创作在空间上呈现出显著的集聚现象,以北京为主的一线城市最为集中,但杭州、长沙、武汉、郑州这些新兴城市也表现良好,甚至超过部分一线城市;② 城市舒适性理论在解释中国设计创意人才空间集聚时具有很强的解释力,其中文化环境、教育环境和自然环境是影响设计创意人才空间集聚的核心因素;③ 证实了西方创意阶层理论的部分结论,发现文化基础设施、文化遗产、文化旅游、高素质人力资本、温暖的气候与良好的空气质量是提升城市对创意人才吸引力的重要因子,同时发现科研投入对设计创意人才集聚具有明显挤出效应,并且西方学者普遍强调的生活环境舒适性因子对设计创意人才影响有限。为深入理解创意人才的空间过程及其影响机理提供了详实的实证案例,为地方政府改善城市创意环境提供了参考依据。

[He Jinliao, Peng Jue, Hu Hao.

Spatial agglomeration of design creative talents and its driving factors: Based on the perspective of urban amenities

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2021, 41(9): 1525-1535.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.09.004      [本文引用: 1]

Creative talents are the new dynamics to urban and regional economic development. However, limited attention was paid to the spatial agglomeration mechanism and driving factors of creative talents. Based on the theory of urban amenities, the paper establishes an index system of urban amenities to the spatial agglomeration of creative talents in design sectors in China. An extensive dataset with over 3 million designers registered in the online platform zcool.com was adopted as the sample for this study. It aims to examine the spatiality of China’s creative talents and its association with urban amenities for cultural production. Using the quantitative methods such as location quotient, geographic concentration index, and the negative binomial regression method, we investigate the characteristics and mechanism of the spatial concentration of Chinese creative designers. The results suggest that: First, the distribution of creative designers shows a significant spatial agglomeration. First-tier cities like Beijing are the most dominated, but emerging cities such as Hangzhou, Changsha, Wuhan, and Zhengzhou are also well-performed, even better than some first-tier cities. Second, amenity-based approach has a strong explanatory power in explaining the agglomeration of Chinese design creative talents. The cultural environment, educational environment, and natural environment are the core factors that affect the agglomeration of design creative talents. Third, this study echoes with some conclusions of the creative class theory. Cultural infrastructures, cultural heritages, cultural tourism, high-quality human capital, warm climate, and good air quality were essential to enhance the city’s attractiveness to creative talents. Simultaneously, it is found that scientific research investment has a significant crowding-out effect on the accumulation of creative talents. The amenity factors of the living environment that were emphasized by Western scholars have a limited impact on agglomeration of creative talents. In conclusion, this research adopted a more inclusive urban amenity theory, and proved that urban amenities matter in the process of concertation of creative designers. It also provides a reference for local governments to promote their brain gain policy for creative talents.

李伊祺, 余建辉, 张文忠.

机场设施邻避效应对北京市住宅价格空间影响研究: 以北京首都国际机场为例

[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(7): 1993-2004.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210092      [本文引用: 1]

城市发展过程中,大型公共基础设施的建设运营与居民居住空间品质的优化提升之间的矛盾日益突出。随着城市更新的不断深入,实现规划用地高效合理利用与人民生活宜居和谐的双赢目标成为城市规划建设的重中之重。由于机场设施存在较为明显的负向外部性,其邻避效应对周围住宅价格产生影响。本研究对首都国际机场运用特征价格模型分析“同邻避设施的距离”对住宅价格的影响,表征了在不同要素影响下邻避设施空间效应的量度,同时分析得出其对住宅价格的影响范围半径。主要研究结论如下:① 首都机场设施对周边住宅价格存在负面影响。在一定范围内,到机场设施的距离每减少1%,住宅价格平均降低0.586%。不同要素的影响力也存在差异。② 机场设施对住宅价格的空间影响范围为10 km,其空间效应随“同机场风险源距离”的增加而表现出减弱的趋势。此外,影响范围内的小区有149个,83.2%的小区分布在顺义区,受影响的户数约为13万。③ 机场设施的邻避效应空间影响存在方向异性,位于机场西部和南部的区域对周边住宅价格的影响范围整体大于位于机场北部和东部的区域。

[Li Yiqi, Yu Jianhui, Zhang Wenzhong.

Spatial impact of airport facilities' NIMBY effect on residential prices: A case study of Beijing Capital International Airport

Geographical Research, 2021, 40(7): 1993-2004.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210092      [本文引用: 1]

In the process of urban development, the contradiction between the construction and operation of large-scale public infrastructure and the optimization and improvement of residential space quality has become increasingly prominent. With the continuous urban renewal, it has become the top priority of urban planning and construction to realize the win-win goal of efficient and rational use of planned land and livable and harmonious life of the people. The Beijing Capital International Airport has negative effects on surrounding residents due to its electromagnetic radiation, noise and solid pollution. As a result, it has been subject to constant complaints from residents and long-term petitions for decision. Due to the obvious negative externalities of airport facilities, its NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) has an impact on the prices of surrounding houses. This research uses the Hedonic Price Model (HPM) to analyze the impact of "distance from NIMBY facilities "on the housing price of Beijing Capital International Airport, characterizes the measurement of the spatial effects of NIMBY facilities under the influence of different factors, and analyzes the range of influence on residential prices of Beijing Capital International Airport radius. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) The capital airport facilities have a negative impact on the price of surrounding houses. Within a certain range, for every 1% decrease in the distance to airport facilities, the price of residential houses will decrease by 0.586% on average. The influence of different factors is also different. Among them, the noise level also has a greater influence on the price of housing, with an influence coefficient of 2.145. The distance between the residence and the subway station and bus station also has a greater impact on its own price. (2) The spatial impact of airport facilities on residential prices is 10 km, and its spatial effects show a weakening trend as the "distance from the airport risk source" increases. In addition, there are 149 communities within the affected area, 83.2% of which are located in Shunyi District, and the number of affected households is approximately 130,000. (3) The spatial influence of airport facilities on NIMBY effect has different directions. The areas located to the west and south of the airport have an overall greater impact on surrounding residential prices than the areas located to the north and east of the airport.

代鹏飞, 孙泽宇, 翟俊.

基于景观基础设施的水都市模式初探: 以苏州吴江盛泽为例

[J]. 城市规划, 2021, 45(8): 96-106.

[本文引用: 1]

[Dai Pengfei, Sun Zeyu, Zhai Jun.

An exploration on water city model based on landscape infrastructure: Taking Shengze Town in Wujiang District of Suzhou City as an example

City Planning Review, 2021, 45(8): 96-106.]

[本文引用: 1]

陈沛然, 王成金, 刘卫东.

中国海外港口投资格局的空间演化及其机理

[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(7): 973-987.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.07.003      [本文引用: 1]

伴随着2000年“走出去”写入国家战略和2013年“一带一路”合作倡议提出,中国正在不断加快海外港口投资的步伐。论文构建了中国企业海外港口投资案例的数据库,分析了1978年至今中国海外港口投资格局在全球范围的空间演化过程,并从地域结构、参与主体、股权变化等多个方面阐明了中国企业进入海外港口的特征与路径,总结了企业进入海外港口的主要模式,进一步探索了进入模式之间的内在关系,最后基于为什么“走出去”、为什么在这里布局、为什么选择这种模式3个递进的过程探讨了中国海外港口投资的发展机理。研究表明:中国海外港口投资的空间格局经历了零星分布、就近布局、全球扩散、局部集聚和总体稳定5个发展阶段,总体上集中布局于西北欧和地中海航区,投资主体包括大型航运企业、码头运营商和基建企业,海外港口投资的目标从参股转为控股。海外港口进入模式包括基础设施项目承建、港口经营权转让、港口股权收购和码头管理输出4种,进入模式具有交错演化的特点。中国企业进入海外港口的内在动因可以总结为国家经济发展环境、重大对外开放战略、全球航运格局和地理替代性和企业自身发展需求。

[Chen Peiran, Wang Chengjin, Liu Weidong.

Spatial change of China's investment pattern for overseas ports and its mechanism

Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(7): 973-987.]

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.07.003      [本文引用: 1]

Along with the global strategy written into national strategy in 2000 and the Belt and Road Initiative proposed in 2013, China is accelerating the pace of investment for overseas ports. This study constructed a data base of examples of overseas ports investment by Chinese enterprises from 1978 to date, analyzed the spatial change of investment pattern on a global level, and clarified the features and pathway for Chinese enterprises entering overseas ports from the aspects of regional structure, participants, ownership change, and so on. It also examined the main entry patterns of overseas ports, internal relationship between different entry patterns, and correlation and shift between different patterns. Finally this article discussed the development mechanism of China's overseas port investment based on, in progression, why Chinese enterprises went global, why these enterprises invested where they did, and why these enterprises chose certain pattern. The results show that: The process of Chinese investment for overseas pworts can be divided into five development stages—before 2000, these overseas ports scarcely distributed in North Africa; from 2000 to 2008 China's investment for overseas ports tended to distribute in its surrounding areas; from 2009 to 2012 ports distribution turned to a global spread; from 2013 to 2016 overseas ports tended to concentrate as guided by the opening strategy; since 2007 ports distribution has remained overall stable. The changing process of distribution reflects three features: 1) Country distribution is dispersed, while these ports assemble significantly in Northwest European and Mediterranean at the navigation area scale. 2) The investors include large shipping enterprises, wharf operators, and infrastructure enterprises, among which the core enterprises for overseas ports' stock acquisition include China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company and China Merchants Steamship Company, and the core enterprise for overseas ports' infrastructure construction is China Harbour Engineering. 3) The number of overseas ports invested through stock acquisition began to increase rapidly since 2013 and as the investment process constantly deepening, overseas ports investment changed from equity participation to holding. Overseas ports entry patterns include infrastructure project construction, transfer of port managerial authority, acquisition of port's stock, and port management export. The influencing factors for overseas ports investment can be summarized as national economic development context, key opening-up strategy, global shipping pattern, spatial substitution, and enterprise self-development demand. Leading factors and their functions changed at different spatial scales and stages of development.

王姣娥, 杜方叶, 刘卫东.

制度与文化对嵌入式技术海外转移的影响: 以蒙内铁路为例

[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(6): 1147-1158.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006004      [本文引用: 1]

中国与东道国之间制度与文化上的差异,已经成为中国企业“走出去”关注的重点,也是推动“一带一路”建设向高质量发展转变必须考虑的重要因素。现代化铁路项目具有“自然垄断”、投资大、涉及地域广的特点,其建设对运营制度与文化的依赖性强,属于一种典型的变革性项目和嵌入式技术转移。“一带一路”沿线国家制度建设相对薄弱,与中国文化差异较大,且往往不具备铁路运营技术与能力,因此中国铁路在“走出去”的过程中,必须从设计—建设—运营乃至投融资进行全链条考虑,并将铁路项目作为“技术—制度—文化”复合体进行培育,即通过制度保障、文化相互适应以及技术标准、管理模式、产业链条的属地化管理,来保障项目的成功运营。蒙内铁路是中国铁路“走出去”较为成功的案例,本文通过实地调研,总结了“技术—制度—文化”复合体海外发展模式,从而为推动海外项目建设与运营成功、“一带一路”建设向高质量发展提供借鉴意义。

[Wang Jiao'e, Du Fangye, Liu Weidong.

Embedded technology transfer from an institutional and cultural perspective: A case study of Mombasa-Nairobi standard gauge railway

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(6): 1147-1158.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006004      [本文引用: 1]

Since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was proposed, the pace of projects investment and construction has been accelerated, which accumulated much experience in the going-out strategy in the context of BRI. Modern railway projects are characterized by "natural monopoly", as well as huge investment and extensive geographical coverage. Moreover, their construction is a typical transformative project, which embedded the necessary institution and culture. The countries along the Silk Road are characterized by weak institutional construction, lack of regulatory system, and underdeveloped industrial civilization, therefore they cannot operate and manage the railway system. In this context, all links, including financing, design, construction, and operation, should be considered in the going-out process of China's railway system. The transfer subject is the technology-institution-culture nexus which takes railway technology as the core. In other words, to achieve railway technology transfer successfully, the host countries should offer rational institutional guarantee and cultural adaptation. Besides, the technical standard of railway construction, management mode, and industry chain in the process of railway operation and maintenance need to be localized. Mombasa-Nairobi standard gauge railway is a successful going-out case of China's railway technology. Learning from the case, this paper proposed the concept of "embedded technology transfer" and constructed the theoretical model of technology-institution-culture nexus transfer. The results can provide references for the transfer of transformative projects or technologies between countries with different institutions and cultures.

王成金, 谢永顺, 陈沛然, .

铁路技术跨越式转移的制度—经济—文化适应性: 基于亚吉铁路的实证分析

[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(6): 1170-1184.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006006      [本文引用: 1]

国家在制度、经济、文化、技术等要素之间组成相互支撑、制衡、嵌套的平衡系统,而技术的跨越式转移将会引起系统的失衡,造成“技术—环境”摩擦效应。本文试图构建技术与制度、经济、文化平衡系统概念模型,进而凝练铁路—制度—经济—文化平衡系统模型,并以亚吉铁路为例,分析铁路技术跨越式转移与属地国制度—经济—文化系统的适应性。研究表明,埃塞俄比亚和吉布提仍处于农牧业阶段,而亚吉铁路作为电气化铁路技术,属于“跨越式”的技术转移,脱离了属地国的既有发展基础,造成铁路技术与制度、经济、文化的不适应性。本文的研究结论可以为中国企业在全球尤其是欠发达国家承担铁路建设运维与推广中国铁路技术标准提供理论指导。

[Wang Chengjin, Xie Yongshun, Chen Peiran, et al.

Institutional-economic-cultural adaptability of overseas railway construction: A case study of Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(6): 1170-1184.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006006      [本文引用: 1]

The development of a country at a certain stage is an outcome of a long-term historical accumulation process, which forms a mutually adaptive state of development among the main national factors such as institution, economic, cultural and technological systems. And the technology transfer breaking through the original level will cause a disorder among the institutional-economic-cultural-technological systems (IECT system), and produce the frictional effect of technology-environment. This paper constructed a conceptual model on the complex system among the institution, economy, culture and technology, and analyzed its major features. Then, we simplified the above model into railway-institution-economic-cultural model (RIEC system) and probed the adaptive mechanism between railway and institutional-economic-cultural system. Furthermore, we explored the institutional-economic-cultural adaptability of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway. This article insists that Ethiopia and Djibouti had not experienced the large-scale industrialization. As an electrified railway, the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway is a "spanning transfer" of the technology and there is a misplacement between this railway and the developing stage of Ethiopia and Djibouti. And the construction and operation of this railway brought out an obvious challenge for the institutional-economic-cultural development of these two countries, which resulted in the inadaptability of local institutional, economic and cultural system, and the unbalance of RIEC system. This study can provide a scientific guidance for China's enterprises to construct railways and spread China's railway standard in the world especially in the less-developed countries.

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Through ethnographic contact with the working lives of male autorickshaw drivers in contemporary Kolkata, India, this article unravels the gendered politics of co-presence in shared movement systems in the city. In doing so, it makes a feminist intervention in the literature on urban infrastructures by revealing precisely how ideas of masculinity operate as an invisible structuring principle of everyday mobility. The discussion foregrounds conflict, cooperation and disappointment as the key experiential axes along which male transport workers inhabit infrastructural space in the city. It argues that urban infrastructures are experienced by working-class men as a reminder of their struggle to accomplish the norm of respectable breadwinner masculinity, even as they function as a terrain which allows other expressions of masculinity – such as risk-taking, mastery over space, camaraderie – to be enacted and affirmed. Using a micro-sociological approach to understanding interactions in the spaces of commuting, this article brings into view the interface between cultures of masculinity and the social life of transport infrastructures through which gendered spatial inequalities are lived in the city.

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论文从本体论、认识论和方法论3个层面讨论了女性主义地理学观的建构,并说明了女性主义地理学对更新地理学观的意义,以及对当代主流人文地理学思潮的潜在影响。在本体论层面上,女性主义地理学一直直面西方传统社会文化思想中的等级制性别化二元论,建构了主张女性和男性在建构社会及社会空间中具有交互性关系的本体论。在认识论和方法论层面上,女性主义地理学证明了女性及其空间在西方社会中处于弱势的认识论和方法论根源,动摇了实证主义地理学认识论和方法论中永恒性、普遍性、客观性的预设,阐释了地理学认知过程中情感等主观因素的可靠性,并建构了“去中心化”的认识论和方法论框架。无论在本体论还是在认识论和方法论层面上,当前的女性主义地理学主流思潮都有一定的中和性色彩,这一倾向使女性主义地理学在地理学观演进,以及以人文地理学思想为代表的地理学思想演进中,都具有重要的位置。西方女性主义地理学的兴盛,与其直面西方的社会文化思想根源问题不无关联。在中国女性主义地理学开始发展的当下,注重分析中国女性及其空间问题产生的社会文化思想根源,将有助于中国女性主义地理学的发展,并提升其潜在的价值。

[Sun Jun, Tang Maolin, Pan Yujun, et al.

Feminist views on geography and its role in disciplinary intellectual history

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Since the 1970s, the issue of gender has overlapped with the flowering of humanistic/Marxist/structuralist geographies and subsequent post-colonial/post-human/post-humanistic geographies. Furthermore, it has been increasingly foregrounded in geography. This article traces the connections between gender, discipline, and intellective history from a critical perspective. It discusses how critical and multiple voices in geography have not only developed critical discourses that made women visible as "objects" within and beyond geography, but also shared a commitment to situating knowledge, highlighted the myth of objective and value-free research, and emphasized the partial, context-specific, and interpretive nature of knowledge production in geography. Because of these, feminist geographies should not be seen solely as a separate sub-discipline, but as a critical perspective useful to all sub-disciplines in geography. "Women" was placed in the transitional zone of simultaneously gendered and hierarchical dualisms from nature/matter sensibility to spirit/culture reason in mainstream social thoughts. Thus, critical reflections on ontology, epistemology, and methodology from a gender perspective make feminist geographies visible to many post-modern approaches in (human) geography, and post-human/ethnical/indigenous/post-humanistic/post-colonial geographies were some of the sub-disciplines that chose to engage with feminist geographies. Finally, western feminist geographies help illuminate that, if feminist geographies in China can enhance their role within and beyond geography, they must be used in Chinese historical and current social and cultural contexts. These contexts must be examined from a gender perspective, preferably at present.

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