面向快速城镇化进程中乡村地域日益复杂的人地关系,乡村重构成为地理学研究的重要前沿课题。乡村重构即行为主体通过优化配置和有效管理影响乡村发展的物质和非物质要素,重构乡村社会经济形态和优化地域空间格局的过程。本文在已有研究基础上,基于乡村地域系统的“要素—结构—功能”视角,从乡村重构的行为主体、价值取向和目标定位等方面进一步阐释了乡村重构的概念内涵,剖析了由诱发机制、支撑机制、约束/促进机制、引导机制、引擎机制构成的乡村重构作用机制框架。最后,基于政府行为对推动城乡资源要素优化配置和乡村重构的引领作用,认为有必要重构乡村社会经济的政府干预框架,并对未来中国乡村重构需进一步重点关注的研究内容展开探讨。

With its focus on the increasingly complicated human-environment relationship under the background of rapid urbanization, rural restructuring study has become an important frontier research area of geography. Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping the socioeconomic forms and spatial patterns in rural areas in respond to the changes of factors both internal and external of the system, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements of rural development. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structures and improving the functions within rural territorial systems as well as realizing the structural coordination and functional complementation between urban and rural territorial system. Based on the perspective of "elements-structure-function" of rural territorial system, this article first elaborated the concept of rural restructuring from the aspects of behavioral mainstream, value system, and targets. Then, a framework of rural restructuring mechanism was analyzed, which consisted of inducing mechanism, supporting mechanism, constraining/promoting mechanism, guiding mechanism, and driving mechanism. Furthermore, in view of the guiding role of governments in optimal allocation of critical resources and rural restructuring, this article argued that it is necessary to restructure the contours of state intervention in rural societies and economies. Finally, the research contents of rural restructuring in the future were prospected.

实施乡村振兴战略是坚持农业农村优先发展、实现农业农村现代化总体目标、建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制和政策体系的重要途径。论文系统回顾了乡村发展的历程,将1949年以来中国乡村发展分为：人民公社为主体的城乡二元结构阶段、小农经济为主体的家庭联产承包责任制阶段、城市反哺农村的城乡统筹发展阶段、城乡融合发展与乡村振兴阶段4个发展时段。从时间序列深入刻画了乡村振兴的主体分化、产业演变、环境整治、文化重构、乡村治理5个振兴主题及乡村规划的演化过程与研究趋势。最后,着眼于新时代乡村振兴战略需求与研究热点,从学科交叉融合的理论与实践研究、城乡一体化与城乡融合发展研究、乡村产业融合发展与提质增效研究、乡村“三生”空间融合发展研究、乡村跨区域协作与联动研究5个方面对乡村振兴未来研究趋势展开了讨论。

20世纪80年代以来,乡村重构与转型成为西方国家乡村地理学研究的重要前沿课题。在揭示西方国家乡村重构过程、梳理转型特征、探析驱动因素的基础上,聚焦于乡村发展的系统总结及其提供的经验借鉴与启示。西方国家乡村重构经历了从“资本、土地、产权”主导的经济维度重构到“话语、他者、建构”主导的社会维度重构、再到“主体、文化、网络”主导的综合维度重构阶段;乡村转型特征可凝聚为生产性乡村-消费性乡村-多功能乡村-全球化乡村的逻辑主线;后工业化、逆城市化、全球化是推动西方国家乡村重构与转型的主要因素。中国乡村发展具有迥异于西方国家的背景和特征,但相关经验及认识仍然能够为理解中国乡村实践发展、推动相关理论建设提供启示,并从“要素/重构/过程”-“功能/转型/结果”视角对当代中国乡村重构与转型进行了系统思考。

城乡融合与乡村可持续发展,既是中国现代化建设的重要战略主题,也是地理学乡村系统研究的主要前沿课题。面对快速城镇化进程中城乡分隔、人地分离和日趋严峻的乡村病问题,加快推进城乡融合与乡村振兴上升为国家战略。本文简要分析了新时代乡村振兴的经济社会背景及其重要意义,指出深度探究人地系统耦合、城乡发展融合、村镇功能契合重大理论与科学途径,成为现代地理学面向国家战略、服务乡村振兴的重要责任。重点介绍了乡村振兴战略提出一周年来国内相关研究进展及本专辑论文的主要内容与特点。最后,着眼于发挥地理学优势和特色,阐释了新时代乡村振兴科学研究的前沿问题及科技需求,提出了进一步深化中国乡村科学与乡村振兴地理学研究的初步思考和建议。

Urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development are not only the important strategic themes of China's modernization, but also the main frontier topics of rural regional system research in geography. Facing the problems of urban-rural segregation, human-land segregation and increasingly severe rural diseases in the process of rapid urbanization in China, urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are accelerated to be the national strategies. This research briefly analyses the economic and social background of rural revitalization and its significance in the new era. It is pointed out that the important responsibility of modern geography to face the national strategy and serve the rural revitalization is to deeply explore the major theories and scientific approaches of the coupling of man-land system, the integration of urban-rural development and the fit of the functions of villages-towns, while this paper focuses on the domestic research progress of rural revitalization strategy since it has been proposed for one year and the main contents and characteristics of this special issue. Finally, focusing on giving full play to the advantages and characteristics of geography, this paper expounds the theoretical frontiers and scientific and technological needs of the scientific research on rural revitalization in the new era. The ten frontier issues mainly include the differentiation and integration mechanism of urban and rural regional system; the transformation mechanism and scientific approach of rural regional system; the interaction principle and planning governance of agriculture, farmers and rural areas; the mutual feedback mechanism of rural natural-social-technical system; the coupling process and scenario simulation of rural man-land system; the suitability and carrying capacity of rural spatial reconstruction; and rural transformation developing endogenous power and synergy mechanism; new subjectivity and farmers' organization of rural revitalization; efficiency and transmission mechanism of scientific and technological innovation of rural revitalization; disaster and risk control mechanism of rural regional system. And we put forward some preliminary thoughts and suggestions for deepening the research of rural science and geography on rural revitalization in China.

探索专业村镇的地域分异格局特征及其影响因素,对实施农业转型升级与乡村振兴战略具有重要参考价值。本文基于农业农村部“一村一品”示范村镇资料揭示了中国专业村镇的空间格局,运用地理探测器模型从全国和农业区尺度分析了地形特征、资源禀赋和区位条件等村域环境因素,以及市场需求和经济基础等区域环境因素对专业村镇分布的影响。研究发现:① 中国专业村镇主要分布在胡焕庸线东南半壁,占83.64%,呈现中心集聚和由华北平原—长江下游平原向南、再向西北梯度递减特征;② 主导产业细分门类以水果、蔬菜为主,占59.45%,主要分布在黄淮海平原、关中平原、长江中下游平原、四川盆地等,且多以省会城市为中心,呈圈带状分布;③ 专业村镇空间分布受区域环境因素的影响强于村域环境因素,市场需求和经济基础因素的解释力值分别为0.30和0.19,村域环境因素中地形特征因素影响相对较大,其解释力值为0.15;④ 影响因素存在明显的区域差异,北方平原—丘陵区主要受到市场需求因素影响,农牧交错—高原区主要受到地形特征和资源禀赋因素的影响,西北—青藏高原区主要受市场需求、经济基础和区位条件的影响,而南方丘陵—高原区解释力较弱。研究可为提高农业生产专业化水平、识别和培育专业村镇和乡村振兴极、推进乡村振兴战略实施提供科学参考。

随着城镇化的快速推进,中国乡村经历着剧烈的转型与重构,乡村地区的建筑民居、生态景观、文化遗产等物质与非物质空间要素的潜在价值逐步显化,乡村空间商品化的态势逐渐显现。论文以苏州市吴中区西巷自然村为案例,采用田野调查、非结构化访谈等方式,开展发达地区乡村空间商品化的过程与机制研究。研究发现：乡村空间商品化是在市场经济条件下,乡村空间本身逐渐成为商品被“销售”,进而获取一定利润的过程,该过程的空间内涵体现在空间表征与空间实践2个层面。从空间表征来看,西巷村空间商品化由乡村空间中农产品的商品化扩展到乡村空间本身的商品化,并且伴随着由单一的农业生产空间向生产与消费相结合的多功能空间转变,更加注重营销空间品质与体验等非实体产品。从空间实践来看,基于行动者网络理论视角,西巷村空间商品化是由村庄内外部多元异质主体的一系列实践推动,各行动者能获取共同利益是其得以联结形成网络的基础条件,网络中非人类行动者的主体性与能动性需要得到充分重视。

Due to the rapid urbanization, rural areas in China is undergoing drastic transformation and reconstruction, showing a diverse scene of rural spatial differentiation. With the transformation of rural areas from agricultural production space to multifunctional space such as production, living, and ecological, the potential value of spatial elements such as human settlements, natural landscapes, history, and culture in rural areas is gradually emerging. Examining the research theme of the commodification of rural space can meet the requirements of theoretical development and practice. There exist only a few studies on the commodification of rural space conducted by the Chinese human geography community, which is still in its infancy, and the discussions on the formation mechanism of rural space commodification lack depth. Using field surveys and unstructured interviews, this study took Xixiang Village of Suzhou City as a study case to examine the process and mechanism of rural space commodification in developed areas. Field surveys conducted in Xixiang Village in September and October 2019 investigated the village building layout, industries, and residents' lifestyles. Seventeen respondents were interviewed on issues concerning the development and change of the village, production and daily life, and tourism development. The results show that the commodification of rural space is a process in which rural space itself gradually becomes a kind of commodity under market economy conditions that can obtain profit. The spatial connotation of this process embodies in space representation and space practice. From the perspective of space representation, the commodification of Xixiang Village space expanded from the commodification of agricultural products in the rural space to the commodification of the rural space itself, which was accompanied by the transformation from a single agricultural production space to a multifunctional space combining production and consumption. From the perspective of space practice, based on the actor-network theory, the commodification of space in Xixiang Village is driven by the connection of various heterogeneous actors inside and outside. Common interests of all actors are the basis of the network development, and the subjectivity and agency of non-human actors must be given full attention.

村域是中国农村社会经济活动的基本单元,开展村域发展综合研究具有重要的理论和实践价值。本文基于对黄淮海平原3 个典型县区内5 个代表性村域在过去30 年的发展历程及影响因素的系统考察,探讨传统农区农业型村域转型发展的过程特征与内在机理。研究发现:① 在经济基础、人力资本和社会资本等内源性影响因素以及制度安排、市场需求和专业技术等外源性影响因素的综合作用下,案例村域大致经历了缓慢发展、逐渐起步、转型发展3 个阶段。② 案例村域转型发展过程的共性特征包括:重视民众参与;以能人为关键主体,着力实现内发动力与外发动力的统筹协调;日益重视抢占产业价值链的高附加值环节;创新是村域发展的力量源泉;战略、规划及行动力是村域发展的重要支撑;村域发展是一个自组织、网络化的动态过程。③ 其内在机理可归纳为:村民是村域发展的主体,能人是村域发展的核心因素,能人基于对村域自身资源禀赋、发展意愿、市场供需、政策导向、外域经验的洞察,着力激发内部动力、整合外部动力,共同构建协作组织、开展学习创新、制定发展战略、发展社会分工、参与市场竞争,切实推进村域自然—生态结构、技术—经济结构、制度—社会结构的优化,进而促进村域转型发展。在工业化、城镇化快速推进的新时期,为加速传统农区的村域转型发展和城乡一体化,应注重村域生产体系和城镇生产体系的要素融通、信息互享、产业融合、功能互补。

China's agriculture and rural development have made great achievements since the reform and open-door policy was initiated. However, it can be seen clearly that agricultural foundation of China is still weak, rural development is still lagging behind, and the increase of farmers' incomes is still unstable. Village is definitely the main battlefield of solving problems related to farmers, agriculture and rural areas (so called "San Nong Wen Ti" in Chinese) and building new countryside, so it is of great theoretical and practical value to carry out studies on the evolutionary process and dynamic mechanism of village development. This study aims to explore the evolutionary processes, common features and general mechanism of village development in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a representative of China's traditional agricultural regions, based on systematic analysis of development history and mechanism of five villages in three counties with different types of rural development. The main contents and results were summed up as follows: (1) Factors that influence village development. Geographical location, economic basis, resource and environment endowments, social capital and human capital are internal influencing factors; macroeconomic environment, institutional arrangement, market demand, professional techniques and government support are external ones; accidental factors from interior or exterior village may catalyze, lubricate or block village development. (2) Common features of village development. Grassroots participation is the core concept and basic principles that should be adhered to during the course of village development; the integration of internal and external motivation is the objective needs of village development and rural elites play an important role during the process, in particular, they are usually the key actors of motivating and integrating the desire of internal and external participants; to seize high value-added part of value chain is the strategic orientation of village industrial development; innovation is one of the most important engines driving village development; strategy, planning and executive force are also vital supports for village development; and overall, village development is a dynamic process of self-organizing and network forming. (3) General mechanism of village development. Local villagers are the main body of village development, and rural elites are the core element. Based on a systematic insight into the local resources endowment, development willingness, market demand, government's policy orientation, external experiences and so on, the rural elites exert themselves to stimulate the internal motivation and integrate the external motivation, and then these actors jointly build the collaborative organization, learn for innovation, formulate development strategy, carry out division of labor and participate in market competition, so as to accelerate the optimization of local village's bio-physical structure, techno-economic structure and institutional-social structure, and as such the village may realize a transitional development. These findings may contribute to the theorizing of village transformation development in contemporary China and benefit local democratic decision-making, land consolidation and the development of high-benefit industrial agriculture in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

传统的乡村现代化发展范式和地理学关于乡村的区域差异研究之间存在缝隙,不足以为快速演化分异的乡村地域发展提供直接理论支撑。本文引入西方近20年来逐渐兴起的多功能农业与多功能乡村理论,从新的视角观察思考中国乡村多元化发展的目标、路径及对策。首先从经济、社会和环境三个方面反思中国乡村现代化的基本历程与得失,以及西方国家乡村现代化产生的问题,指出传统的农业农村现代化发展在很大程度是以牺牲乡村环境和乡村社会机理脆弱化为代价的,也造成了乡村经济对外部支持的过度依赖,仅仅强调“现代化”发展范式显然是不够的;然后简要介绍了国外多功能农业与多功能乡村理论;在此基础上,从功能角度提出中国农业农村发展的多元目标,推演探讨农业农村发展的区域差异化路径及对策。

There is a big gap between general rural modernization paradigm and huge empirical rural geography studies. This gap results in impotent development strategies on regionally differentiated countryside. Based on multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory which emerged in Western World as a new paradigm, this paper discusses the multiple objectives, differentiated pathways and policies of agriculture and rural development in China. Firstly, this paper reflects the problems and challenges caused by modernization paradigm in rural China on economic, social, and environmental aspects, as well as that of western developed countries. It can be concluded that conventional agricultural and rural modernization is developed largely at the expense of rural environment, social fabric and economic viabilities. Obviously, "modernization development paradigm" alone is not enough for healthy agricultural and rural development in such booming economy as China. A better paradigm should be developed which takes economic development, social justice and environmental sustainability into account at the same time. After a brief review of multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory overseas, the multiple objectives of agriculture and rural development in China are put forward. These multiple objectives, however, should not and could not be a burden on rural space indiscriminatingly due to the enormous differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. Thus, the final but main part of this paper envisions the differentiated pathways and policy portfolios of agricultural and rural development in China from the perspective of territorial division.

以复杂适应系统理论为基础,从基本特征、结构构成和适应机制等视角分析了传统村落人居环境的系统特征。传统村落人居环境系统由自然生态环境系统、社会文化环境系统、地域空间环境系统和多元主体系统等4个子系统构成,与复杂适应系统特征非常契合。以张谷英村为例,研究了其人居环境演化过程,结果显示：① 在徘徊阶段（1978-1988年）,村民自组织发展是张谷英村人居环境演变的主导力量,主体适应性行为和人居效应的作用强度均有限,人居环境系统演变处于量变的积累阶段;② 在过渡阶段（1989-2001年）,政府的强势介入是张谷英村人居环境演变的主导力量,导致了利益关联的复杂性、流要素转化的高速性以及系统演化的不确定性,人居环境系统演变处于质变的关键阶段;③ 在剧变阶段（2002年至今）,多元主体的交互作用是张谷英村人居环境演变的主导力量,各主体之间、主体与环境之间的作用强度和复杂程度增强,加速了人居环境功能转型和系统结构质的跃升。为了促进张谷英村人居环境系统的有序升华,从提升自适应能力、重视自组织反应、优化主导调控和引入社会治理等视角构建了系统调控机制。

Severe crisis such as architectural landscape destruction, cultural gene loss, settlement space conflict and ecological environment deterioration have aroused widespread concern on transformation of traditional villages' human settlement. Based on complex adaptive system theory, this paper analyzes the systematic characteristics of human settlement from the perspectives of the systematic basic features, structural composition and adaptive mechanism. Composed of natural ecology, social culture, regional space and multi-agent systems, the rural human settlement environment system is a huge open complex system. Compromising multiple objectives, multiple subjects and multiple sub-systems, the system is compatible with complex adaptive system features. With the case of Zhangguying village human settlement evolution studied, the conclusions are shown as follows: (1) At the wavering stage (1978-1988), the villagers' self-organizing development was the leading force of the human settlement evolution. The subject adaptive behavior and the effect of human settlement were both limited. The human settlement evolution of Zhangguying village was still on the accumulative stage of quantitative change. (2) At the transitional stage (1989-2001), strong government intervention was the leading force. This intervention resulted in the complexity of interest relation, high speed transformation of flow elements and uncertainty of systematic evolution. The human settlement evolution of Zhangguying village was on the key stage of qualitative change. (3) At the revulsion stage (2002-till now), interaction of multiple subjects has been the leading force. The intensity and complexity between subjects or between subjects and environment have both increased. Continuous tourism input has led to the dramatic change of the human settlement environment. The transformation of human settlement has been realized. The structure and level of the system have undergone a qualitative leap. In order to promote the orderly development of the traditional villages' human settlement, the paper constructs systematic regulation mechanism from the perspectives of promoting self-adaptive capacity, emphasizing self-organizing reaction, optimizing dominant regulation and introducing social governance. Using complex adaptive system theory to study science of human settlements is still at a groping stage, and it needs to be further improved, which provides innovation space for future research.

乡村重构是实施推进乡村振兴战略的重要手段,一个完整的乡村重构过程通常由初始期、发展期、趋稳期、稳成期等不同阶段组成。本文在构建乡村重构过程分析的理论框架基础上,探索引入乡村发展指数、乡村重构强度指数和乡村重构贡献率的概念,选取大都市郊区和平原农区典型村域开展乡村重构过程的定量研究和驱动因素的对比分析。研究表明：① 20世纪90年代以来,伴随产业结构由传统农业向工业采矿业、旅游服务业转型,黄山店村社会经济形态和地域空间结构发生了剧烈重构,乡村重构过程依次经历了初始阶段、发展阶段,目前处于趋稳阶段;杨桥村产业发展经历了传统农业主导、农业兼业化生产阶段,自2000年以来开始出现社会经济重构迹象,近年来在地方政府推动下生活空间发生重构,但经济形态尚未发生明显改观,目前村域整体上仍处于低水平发展阶段。② 黄山店村快速的乡村重构是市场需求牵引、政府宏观政策引导等外源性因素及资源环境、区位条件、行为主体、经济基础、文化特质等内源性因素综合作用的结果;杨桥村的重构历程主要受城镇化、工业化、技术进步等社会经济发展进程以及“新农村建设”“增减挂钩”等外源性政策因素主导,缺乏内生发展动力是导致其重构速度相对缓慢的根源。

Rural restructuring is an important means of implementing and pushing forward the strategy of rural vitalization. A complete process of rural restructuring usually consists of different stages, including initial period, development period, stabilizing period and stable period. Based on the established theoretical framework of analyzing the process of rural restructuring, by introducing the concepts of rural development index, the intensity of rural restructuring and the contribution rate of rural restructuring, the quantitative research and comparative analysis of the driving factors of rural restructuring process at village scale were carried out in the typical villages in metropolitan suburbs and plain farming areas. The results show that: (1) Since the 1990s, along with the transformation of industrial structure from traditional agriculture to industrial mining and tourism service industry, the socio-economic forms and territorial spatial structure of Huangshandian Village have undergone drastic restructuring, and the process of rural restructuring has experienced the initial stage and the development stage successively, and in a stabilizing stage now. The industrial development of Yangqiao Village has experienced the stages of traditional agricultural leading and concurrent farming production. Since 2000, it has taken on a sign of socio-economic restructuring. Recently, the living space has been reconstructed under the promotion of local governments, but the economic form has not changed significantly. At present, the village is still at a low level of development as a whole. (2) The rapid rural restructuring in Huangshandian Village is the results of combined action of exogenous and endogenous factors. The exogenous factors include market requirement pull, government macro-policy guidance, and so on. The endogenous factors include resources and environment, location conditions, behavioral agent, economic foundation, cultural trait, and so on. The restructuring process of Yangqiao Village is mainly dominated by socio-economic development course including urbanization, industrialization and technological progress as well as some exogenous policies such as "building new countryside" and "increasing vs. decreasing balance" land-use policy. The root cause for its relatively slow restructuring speed is lacking of endogenous development impetus.

在厘清供给侧结构性改革提出的背景、内涵基础上,运用实地观察法和深度访谈法,探讨如何通过开展土地整治助推乡村重构等问题,并以湖北省潜江的“华山模式”作为实证。结果表明：①需要构建“背景—手段—路径—目标”的土地整治供给侧结构性改革体系;②土地整治供给侧结构性改革从调结构、去库存、补短板、降成本、促融合五个方面着手,核心在于实现“劳动力、土地、资本、制度、产业、技术”六大要素的合理配置;③“华山模式”实现了土地流转—虾稻共作—镇企共建—市场引导—多方共赢的目标,是土地整治供给侧结构性改革助推乡村重构的成功样板。建议在实施土地整治时,应贯彻绿色理念、注意全域规划、依托科技支撑、因地制宜发展当地产业、加强制度供给等,确保土地整治助推乡村重构的有效性和持续性。

On the basis of clarifying the background and connotation of structural reform on the supply side, field observations and in-depth interviews were conducted to examine how land consolidation was used to promote the restructuring of rural areas, and the Huashan Model of Hubei Province was taken as an example. The results show that: (1) It is necessary to carry out the structural reform on the supply side of land consolidation on the basis of background-means-path-objectives; (2) The structural reform on the supply side of land consolidation include structural adjustments, reducing inventories, removing bottlenecks, reducing costs, and facilitating integration. The starting point is to realize the rational allocation of labor, land, capital, institution, industry, and technology factors; (3) The Huashan Model realizes land circulation-shrimp and rice co-production-township enterprise cooperation-market guidance-win win situation for multiple stakeholders, and has become a success case of structural reform on the supply side of land consolidation for rural restructuring. It is suggested that in the process of implementing land consolidation, it is necessary to adopt green development concepts, pay attention to regional planning, rely on scientific and technological supports, develop local industries according to the local conditions, and strengthen institutional supply, so as to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of land consolidation to promote rural restructuring.

以湖北省十堰市郧西县下营村为例,利用半结构式访谈、问卷调查并结合遥感影像解译与GIS可视化表达等方法对电子商务驱动下乡村经济、社会及空间重构进行刻画。研究表明：① 下营村由传统的农业主导转变为一、二、三产业融合发展的多元结构,并显露出生态化转向。② 社会空间趋向于就业高度非农化、治理主体多元化、公共服务健全化、生活方式现代化及交往空间虚拟化。③ 农业生产空间逐步压缩,非农生产空间逐步扩张,生产-生态复合空间增加,居住空间呈现多功能化、集约化。④ 产业基础、电商平台、物流设施、乡村精英、资源禀赋和政府支持为其转型与发展提供了初始引擎、资源支撑和外部支持。

In recent years, the boom of rural e-commerce in China has produced obvious effect on the morphology of economy, society and space in rural areas. Attempting to reveal the process and mechanism of rural restructuring driven by e-commerce, we applied semi-structural interview to depict and analyze the characteristics of this transition from the dimensions of economy, society and ecology. Moreover, we synthesized participatory rural appraisal and GIS techniques to map and quantitatively illustrate the spatial changes. Ultimately, the influential factors and characteristics of this pioneering undertaking were analyzed. The results showed dramatic changes in socio-economic morphology of Xiaying Village. Firstly, as for industrial mode, the pattern dominated by traditional agriculture has been transformed to that with a combination of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The industrial chain that integrates production, processing and selling has gradually formed, so that the industrial structure tends to be comprehensive and presents an ecological transition. Secondly, a growing number of young people who have become the mainstream of rural development get employed in non-agricultural industry, which indicates that rural e-commerce is an effective path for realizing situ urbanization. Rural e-commerce complicates the interest relationship among villagers and awakens their subject consciousness, thereby causing the increasing diversification of governance mainstream. In response, the trend of public service perfection, lifestyle modernization and social communication visualization becomes prominently. Thirdly, the element flows and their inherent physical movement resulted in the changes of their space carrier, concretely embodies in the gradual compression of agricultural production space and the intensive expansion of non-agricultural production space. Production-ecological compound space has experienced a sharp increase, and living space tends to be multifunctional and intensive. Fourthly, the industrial foundation of kallaite exploitation and processing plays a pivotal role in the process of rural restructuring in Xiaying Viallge. Besides, the e-commerce platform, logistics infrastructure, rural elites, resource endowments, as well as government support also function as the initial engine, resource support and external power. Finally, we analyzed the obstacles of rural restructuring and proposed some targeted countermeasures. Moreover, challenges and opportunities created by e-commerce for rural areas of inland and coastal areas were discussed, respectively.

对于多数农村地区而言,贫困是制约乡村发展的重要因素,为摆脱对农业的过度依赖和单一生产功能,乡村多功能逐步进入人们的视野并日渐受到关注,在很大程度上多功能路径有助于减少贫困发生率,并提高农村社区和家庭面对生存压力的能力。论文立足于乡村振兴的时代背景,在阐释乡村多功能概念内涵的基础上,采用实地调研和半结构式访谈等方法,基于多功能视角剖析贫困村域乡村发展的演变特征及驱动因素,总结提炼其创新发展模式,在此基础上进一步探讨贫困村域乡村振兴的路径选择。结果表明：① 在内外部驱动力的作用下,海南省什寒村实现了从弱势的贫困农村向产品多样化的多功能乡村转变;② 乡村农业生产、就业与社会保障、生态保育及文化传承等多项功能的协调发展,对于提高农村社会经济发展水平、增强乡村弹性具有积极意义;③ 驱动乡村多功能演化的因素包含政策支持、市场需求、自然本底、资金技术、行为主体和文化特质等多个方面;④ 针对贫困村域乡村发展存在的制约因素,提出从宏观层面提供乡村振兴外援力、从中观层面促进乡村振兴交互力、从微观层面激发乡村振兴内生力,通过总体谋划、各个击破以实现乡村振兴。最后从多功能视角,对乡村振兴发展的困境与出路进行了探讨。

For most regions in rural China, poverty is an important factor restricting rural development. In order to reduce excessive dependence on agriculture and single production function, rural multifunctionality is receiving increasing more attention. Multifunctional rural development is to a great extent conducive to reducing the incidence of poverty and improving the ability of rural communities and families to face the pressure of survival. Under the background of rural revitalization in China, this study used field investigation and semistructured interview results to analyze the characteristics of change and driving factors of rural development in poor villages from the perspective of multifunctionality. Based on the development model of Zahan Village, we further explored alternative pathways for vitalizing poor rural villages. The results show that: 1) Under the influence of "policy opportunity geography", Zahan Village has experienced a transition from a vulnerable poor rural village to a village with diversified functions. 2) The coordinated development of agricultural production, social security, ecological conservation, and cultural heritage protection in rural areas has positive implications for improving the level of rural socioeconomic development and enhancing rural resilience. 3) Factors driving rural multifunctional transition include policy support, market demand, natural environment, capital and technology, stakeholders, and cultural traits. 4) In view of the constraints of rural development in poor villages, it is proposed to provide external support for rural vitalization from the macro level, promote synergistic interaction from the meso level, stimulate endogenous forces from the micro level, and achieve rural vitalization through overall planning and various breakthroughs. Finally, based on the multifunctional rural development theory, the dilemmas and prospect of rural vitalization and development were discussed.

乡村地域系统是由人文、经济、资源与环境相互联系、相互作用下构成的、具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的乡村空间体系,是一个由城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体等组成的地域多体系统。以乡村地域系统为对象,服务支撑国家乡村振兴战略,为新时期地理学创新研究提供了新机遇和新挑战。乡村振兴地理学研究,亟需以问题为导向、战略为指向,以人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学为指导,致力于地表人地系统交互作用下乡村地域系统结构、转型过程、演变机理、分异格局、地域功能,以及乡村振兴途径与模式综合研究,科学把握乡村地域系统类型及其分异规律。本文以全国39164个乡镇为基本单元,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,诊断识别了制约中国乡村地域系统可持续发展的主导因子,划分了中国乡村地域系统类型,揭示了乡村地域系统分异格局,探明了不同类型区乡村振兴科学途径。结果表明：① 地理环境、村镇化水平、资源禀赋、人口流动程度和老龄化水平等是乡村地域系统分异的主导因子,反映了乡村发展自然本底特征以及外援动力、内生动力的大小。② 通过主导要素聚类和空间叠加分析,将中国乡村地域系统划分为12个一级区、43个二级区。一级区采用“地理区位+主导要素驱动力/约束力”的方法命名,二级区采用“地域范围+主导要素驱动力/约束力+乡村经济发展水平”命名。③ 不同类型区乡村振兴地域模式和路径不同,乡村振兴战略与规划的落地要因地制宜、分类施策。

Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem.

在梳理乡村性研究成果基础上,探索微观尺度乡村性评价方法,并对江苏省金坛市分村域土地利用指数、人口聚落指数、产业结构指数、城乡联系指数以及乡村性综合指数进行评价研究。结果表明,金坛市乡村地域的土地利用、人口聚落、产业结构以及城乡联系特征均呈现显著的空间集聚特征,且彼此差异明显;乡村性综合发展水平则呈现出显著的西部山丘地区高、东部城市周边地区低的空间分异特征。在此基础上,进一步揭示乡村性与乡村发展之间的逻辑关系,提炼出乡村发展的3种模式：资源置换型、特色发展型、城乡融合型。

Rurality is an important geographical concept that represents territorial type in rural areas. The result of rurality evaluation could identify effectively the type of rural region, and also is an indispensable basis for revealing the current situation of rural development and guiding rural transformation development and smart management. First, this paper systematically sorted out the viewpoints of the studies of rurality evaluation at home and abroad in the past half a century, and then the analytical results indicated that rurality evaluation was impacted deeply by regional scale, and showing a significant trend of microcosmic and applied research in recent years. Second, this paper explored the method of rurality evaluation at village scale, built the evaluation index system of rurality, and further evaluated and graded the indexes of land use, population and settlement, industrial structure, urban-rural linkage and comprehensive rurality, using the well-developed Jintan city located in the south of Jiangsu province as a case. Third, the result showed that the indexes of comprehensive rurality ranged from 0.16 to 0.76, and rurality indexes of most villages were below 0.50, which indicating rural urbanization phenomenon had become more and more obvious in Jintan city. Then the spatial differentiation characters of rurality of each spatial unit had been identified in Jintan city. More specifically, several conclusions were followed: 1) The rurality indexes of land use were high in the north-central and south-central Jintan city, low in the areas around the city and townships. 2) The rurality indexes of population and settlements were high in Xuebu town, low in the middle and east of Jintan city. 3) Primary industry-oriented areas were mainly distributed in the central regions, such as Zhixi town, Zhulin town, Zhiqian town; and the eastern areas showed the opposite trend. 4) The rurality indexes of urban-rural relation were high in the western remote areas, low in the regions with convenient communications and vantage points. 5) The comprehensive rurality indexes showed the significant features of spatial agglomeration, and the spatial agglomeration degrees were high in the west, low in the eastern part of Jintan city. Fourth, the logical relationship between rurality and rural development had been further identified, in short, rurality was the important representation of rural development, and rural development was the ontology of rurality mapping. Under the guidance of this logic, this paper summed up three rural development models: 1) The main driving force of rural development came from the exchange of urban-rural elements in some region, that was, trading agricultural products for urban goods and services; 2) Some villages had advantages on local characteristic resources, and those were helpful to rural prosperity; 3)There were close connections between the city and the villages in some region, where rural development would benefit from the urban economic diffusion. Then this article further proposed several development strategies corresponding to those models. In conclusion, this paper provided a scientific reference for identifying rural development situation, improving policy measures of spatial development control, and promoting rural sustainable development; meanwhile, it was a meaningful supplement for the quantitative evaluation on rurality at village scale in China.