城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

以具有国家粮食基地和老工业基地的经济功能与特征的辽宁省为例,通过构建乡村地域多功能评价指标体系,采用ArcGIS自然间断点分级法和全局空间自相关分析农业生产、非农生产、居住生活和生态保障四类功能的空间格局特征,采用Spearman等级相关系数定量分析功能间交互作用,识别各区县优势功能类型,并提出未来发展的政策建议。结果表明：① 从省域层面看,乡村地域功能空间格局的空间差异性和空间集聚特征显著;② 根据乡村地域功能间的相关关系和功能间的互动实际,得出各功能间的交互作用类型,从而为功能调控提供指导;③ 基于功能状态和功能间的交互作用,将辽宁省78个区县划分为8种乡村地域功能类型,并根据类型提出科学谋划辽宁乡村未来发展的初步建议,为促进乡村转型与城乡统筹提供参考。

In the new era, China is promoting integrated urban and rural areas. Rural territory is in the process of transformation, development and reconstruction. The features of rural territorial function diversification and multi-functionality have become more and more obvious. This paper takes Liaoning province, which is one of the national grain producing bases and old industrial bases in China, as the research area. It constructs an evaluation index system of rural territorial multifunctions from the following four aspects: agricultural production function, non-agricultural production function, dwelling and living function, and ecological service function. Jenks and Global Spatial Autocorrelation are used to explore the spatial pattern and spatial correlation of rural territorial functions. The Spearman's rho is used to analyze the interactions among rural territorial functions. This paper identifies the dominant function types of different counties in Liaoning province, and puts forward policy recommendations for their future development. The results of the study are reflected in the following three aspects: (1) The spatial distribution of rural territorial functions has obvious spatial heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration characteristics in Liaoning province. The highest and higher values of agricultural production function concentrate in the Liaohe River Plain. Non-agricultural production function decreases from the core urban areas, the highest, and higher values areas to the outside. The highest, higher, and middle values of dwelling and living function concentrate in municipal districts. The highest and higher values of ecological service function are observed in the mountainous areas. (2) According to the correlation among rural territorial functions and the actual interaction among functions, the types of interaction among functions have been clearly identified, which can provide guidance for the regulation of functions. (3) Based on the status and interactions of different functions, eight types of rural territorial functions have been identified. According to the types, preliminary proposals are put forward for the future development of rural areas in Liaoning province, which would provide references for the promotion of the rural transformation and the balanced urban and rural development.

乡村振兴战略背景下,探索乡村振兴的差异化路径成为研究热点。乡村地域功能具有空间的差异性,明晰乡村地域功能的空间格局对于准确定位乡村发展模式、实施差异化的乡村振兴路径具有重要意义。本文以江苏省为例,采用定量评价方法,构建了包含生产发展、生活保障和生态保育为核心的乡村地域多维功能评价指标体系,以县级尺度识别了乡村地域功能的空间格局和地域类型,在此基础上探索各类型区差异化的乡村振兴路径。结果表明：江苏省乡村生产发展功能尚需完善、空间集聚程度低;生活保障功能空间格局和社会经济发展的地带性规律基本一致,呈现由苏南向苏北渐进衰退的趋势;生态保育功能高值区的区县数量较少,大部分区县的生态保育功能还有待加强;乡村地域总体功能由苏南向苏北呈现先行发展区、优化升级区、转型提升区和滞后欠发达区四种地域类型。此外,根据乡村地域总体功能呈现的差异化地域类型分别提出了相应的乡村振兴路径。

Detecting a pathway towards rural vitalization has drawn considerable attentions from both governments and scholars in China within the context of rural restructuring. Given that territorial functions of rural areas varies cross the country, it is essential to clarify the spatial pattern of territorial functions for demystifying the model and pathway of rural development. Taking Jiangsu - one of the most developed provinces in eastern China - as an example, this paper proposes an indicator system for rural territorial function covering triple dimensions of economic development, life support, and ecological conservation. Thereafter, we conduct an empirical study at the county and district level followed by a discussion about potential pathways towards the vitalization of villages in different zones. The findings imply that: 1) the function of economic development in rural Jiangsu is not as good as expected, and the degree of spatial agglomeration is relatively low. Coincidently, the pattern of life support is consistent with that of economic development, which is regarded as a trend of gradual decline from south to north. Few districts or counties can be detected with high values of ecological conservation, which suggests an urgent demand for sustainable development in rural Jiangsu. 2) Taking the spatial heterogeneity of rural areas in respect of their overall functions into consideration, we further divide the province into four zones, namely primarily developed zone, optimized developing zone, transformation zone, and lagging underdeveloped zone. Finally, we put forward some suggestions for rural vitalization in the aforementioned functional zones, and argue that rural revitalization is a long-term project that cannot be done overnight.

乡村振兴战略的实施亟需提炼不同乡村地域类型的发展路径。论文构建了乡村地域生产、生活、生态功能测度指标体系,刻画江汉平原乡村地域功能演化特征;基于空间计量模型探析了江汉平原乡村地域功能演变的影响因素及作用机理。研究结果发现：① 江汉平原各县域乡村地域功能指数均呈现出不同程度的增长趋势,生产、生活、生态功能指数分别增长78.26%、34.25%、9.68%;生产功能增长主导和生活功能增长主导是乡村地域综合功能提升的主要类型。② 江汉平原乡村地域功能存在显著的空间非均衡分布格局,生态功能主导型县域主要分布于北部边缘地区,生活功能主导型县域集中分布于中部和南部地区,生产功能主导型县域分布相对零散;生态功能和生活功能主导江汉平原乡村地域功能的空间变化。③ 外源驱动对江汉平原乡村地域功能变化主要表现为负向作用,内生响应主要表现为正向作用;乡村生产功能受外源驱动和内生响应的影响程度最高,乡村地域综合功能被影响程度次于乡村生产和生活功能;乡村地域综合功能和生产、生活功能具有正向的空间溢出效应。探寻农产品主产区乡村地域功能演变的影响因素及作用机理,有助于识别差异化的乡村发展路径,为乡村振兴战略实施提供参考依据。

The identification of rural territorial functions of major agricultural areas can provide an important support for rural revitalization and food security. The Jianghan Plain is one of the main agricultural areas in China and is undergoing a rapid rural transformation and reconstruction. From the perspective of ecological, production, and living spaces, this study constructed an indicator system for the assessment of production, living, and ecological functions of rural areas. Using the entropy weight method to determine the weights of indicators, we examined the pattern of change of rural territorial functions in the rural areas of the Jianghan Plain from 2000 to 2015. The influencing mechanism of change was analyzed by applying spatial econometric models. The results show that: 1) The total index value of rural territorial functions of the rural area in the Jianghan Plain increased notably. Values of the three sub-index of production, living, and ecological functions increased by 78.26%, 34.25%, and 9.69%. Growths in the production function and living function were the two main ways of rural function improvement in the Jianghan Plain. 2) The rural function index values of the Jianghan Plain showed prominent spatial differentiation, with an overall east-west divide. Specifically, counties dominated by ecological function mostly aggregated on the northern fringe of the Jianghan Plain, while those dominated by living function aggregated on the central and southern part of the Jianghan Plain, and those dominated by production function showed a random spatial distribution. Ecological function and living function played a major part in the change of rural functions in the Jianghan Plain. 3) We argue that the factors that affect rural development can be divided into two types, namely exogenous driving forces and endogenous responses. The results of the spatial econometric models indicate that both types have an impact on the change in rural territorial functions in the Jianghan Plain. More specifically, the exogenous factors showed a positive influence on the change of rural function in the Jianghan Plain, while the endogenous factors showed a negative effect. The greatest impacts of both the exogenous and the endogenous factors were on production function, followed by living function and total function. The marketization response had spatial spillover effects on the change of rural territorial functions of the Jianghan Plain. Our findings indicate that developing multifunctional agriculture in the Jianghan Plain is a rational choice. In practice, exploring change and influencing mechanism of rural territorial functions for major agricultural areas, on the one hand will be helpful for identifying different patterns of rural development and providing guidance for the implementation of rural revitalization. On the other hand, research on functional types of rural areas could have a broad impact on rural development and urban and rural coordination. Due to the differences in major territorial functions and external conditions, we suggest that the applicability of the evaluation index system and influencing mechanism should vary along with the territorial types.

农户生计方式的改变对研究黄土高原乡村转型发展具有重要意义。以黄土高原苹果优生区的彬县、长武县和旬邑县为研究区,从体制转换的视角出发,基于模糊层次分析、地理探测器和多元线性回归等算法,模拟乡村体制演化的路径,甄别影响乡村转型发展的微观要素,进一步揭示农户家庭体制转换与乡村转型发展之间的互馈机理。研究发现：① 在研究区内抽样选择的130个乡村中,传统农业体制型乡村共有27个,主要分布于黄土梁地貌类型区,新型农业体制型乡村共有96个,主要分布于黄土塬地貌类型区,非农体制型乡村共有7个,主要分布于河谷地貌类型区;② 当乡村地域系统由传统农业型体制向新型农业型体制转变,再至非农型体制的演化路径中,乡村转型发展度在三维空间坐标系中为倒“U”型变化趋势,乡村人口发展度在二维坐标系中表现为下凸递增趋势,乡村经济发展度在二维坐标系中表现为上凸递增趋势,农业经济发展度在二维坐标系中表现为倒“U”型发展趋势;③ 生计方式成为衔接农户家庭体制转换与乡村转型发展的控制性因素,在农户尺度上,由人力资本与自然资本决定,并直接影响到金融资本和物质资本,在村域尺度上,通过与乡村地域系统的人口、经济和农业等3个维度的响应,引导乡村转型发展过程。

It is important to study rural transformation and development from the perspective of farmers' livelihood regime changes on the Loess Plateau. We selected cunties of Binxian, Changwu and Xunyi located in the apple growing area of the Loess Plateau, as a case study to construct the evolutionary path of rural regime, identify the micro factors that affect rural transformation and development, and reveal the mutual feedback mechanism between farmers' household regime and rural transformation. In doing so we adopted a regime change perspective, and applied the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method, geodetector, and multiple linear regression. We obtained the following three findings. First, 27 of 130 selected samples, distributed mainly in areas with loess girder topography, belonged to the traditional agricultural regime. Meanwhile, 96 samples, distributed mainly in areas with loess tableland topography, belonged to the new agricultural regime. Another 7 samples, mainly distributed in valley areas, belonged to the non-agricultural regime. Second, when rural transformation sees the traditional agricultural regime replaced by the new agricultural regime, and finally the non-agricultural regime, the overall performance of rural development follows an inverted U-type development trend in a 3D space coordinate system. Simultaneously, rural population development follows an upward convex development trend in a 2D space coordinate system. Meanwhile, rural economic development follows an upward concave development trend, and agricultural production development follows an inverted U-type development trend, both in 2D space coordinate systems. Third, means of livelihood is the control variable that connects family system transformation and rural transformation development, which are determined by human and natural capital and directly affect financial and material capital at the farmer level. These aspects of transformation development are guided by the response process at the village level of three dimensions, namely population, economy and agriculture, and lead the process of rural transformation and development.

在阐述多维贫困和空间贫困概念内涵及其指标基础上,提出了集中连片特殊困难地区村域空间贫困测度指标体系构建的基本原则,即强调科学性和主导性原则、重视数据的可获得性和测度的可操作性、体现减贫与反贫困的新要求、突出区域性和空间刻画能力。据此,构建了包括经济、社会、环境和政策4个维度,收入和消费、市场连通性、人口状况、学有所教、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、劳有所得、地貌要素、自然灾害、生态安全、农业生态、粮食安全和政策的实效性共13个指标组,27个原始指标或生成指标构成的集中连片特殊困难地区村域空间贫困测度指标体系。进一步讨论了空间贫困测度指标的检验、获取方法和空间化等关键问题。

On the basis of the exposition about concept connotations and indexes between multidimensional poverty and spatial poverty, basic principles contributing to constructing index system of spatial poverty to monitor in concentrated contiguous areas with particular difficulties were put forward, which are, scientific and dominant principles, the availability of data and the operability of the measurement, embodiment of new requirements on poverty and anti-poverty, emphasis on regional characters and ability of characterizing space. Furthermore, index system of spatial poverty to monitor in concentrated contiguous areas with particular difficulties which is consisting of four dimensions (economy, society, environment and policy), thirteen index groups, for example, income and consumption, market connectivity, demographic situation, education, employment, medical services, a sense of security, housing condition, geomorphic elements, natural hazards, ecological security, agro-ecology, food security, policy effectiveness, was constructed according to the principles above. The index system was totally comprised of twenty-seven initial or generated indicators. Moreover, the key issues such as verification, acquisition methods, spatialization of spatial poverty index system and so on were discussed then.

乡村振兴战略是新时期我国推进城乡融合发展的重要举措。贫困地区既是脱贫攻坚的主战场,又是乡村振兴的重点区域。如何科学识别村落类型,分类推进典型区域乡村振兴发展,对于破解农村发展不平衡不充分问题具有重要的现实意义。本文解析了乡村地域系统发展理论,阐释了城乡融合发展理论,剖析了村域空间结构格局演变和城乡要素结构功能优化重组;构建了西北干旱贫困地区乡村振兴村落类型识别体系,从乡村主体、产业发展、人居环境、资源禀赋4个子系统进行逐级分类判断,识别乡村主导类型,结合专家征询分析与村落特征,将乡村振兴村落类型识别为集聚提升类、三产融合类、城郊融合类、特色保护类、搬迁撤并类,结合不同乡村振兴模式提出了相应地发展路径,以期为乡村振兴提供理论依据与决策参考。

The rural revitalization strategy is an undertaking in China to advance urban and rural integration. China is an agricultural country with a large but poor rural population. At the village level, the rural revitalization strategy has the potential to alleviate poverty and affect millions of citizens. Poverty-stricken areas are a composite of fragile ecological environments and rural impoverished communities. Beyond that, they are also major battlefields for poverty elimination as well as crucial regions for rural revitalization. How to scientifically identify the different types of rural areas and promote rural revitalization of typical areas will be of significant importance for resolving problems such as unbalanced, inadequate rural development. This study features Tongxin, which is a poverty-stricken county located in northwest China, and relies on an approach including a comprehensive evaluation method to measure rural development level, using technology to identify village type as well as expert consultation method analysis. At the same time, this paper proposes a theory of a rural regional system, elaborates on the urban-rural integrative development theory, and analyzes the structural framework evolution of rural spaces as well as the reconstruction and optimization of the structural function of urban and rural areas. It formulates an identification system for the rural poverty-stricken areas in northwest China, which are to be revitalized; to do so, it makes classifications and determinations through four sub-systems (rural subject, industry development, living environment, and resources) so as to identify the rural type. In combination with consultation and analysis from experts, as well as consideration of the rural features, the rural areas to be revitalized are classified into different types: agglomeration for improvement, mixing three industries, urban-suburban integration, protection due to its special nature, relocation and merging. In combination with different modes of rural revitalization, corresponding development methods are proposed accordingly, so as to provide theoretical evidence and decision references for new urbanization and urban-rural integration strategies in addition to the rural revitalization strategy.

乡村是城市功能扩散与转移的重要承接地,乡村功能的时空演变及影响因素分析对实现城乡统筹发展与可持续发展具有重要意义。综合运用熵值法、冷热点分析和地理探测器等方法,以湖南省102个县市为研究对象,对湖南省乡村功能的时空演变、空间分异及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：① 1997―2017年县域乡村生产和生活功能整体上呈现出上升的发展态势,而乡村生态功能整体上呈减弱的趋势。② 1997―2017年湖南省乡村功能热点区由长株潭地区向外扩张,而冷点区呈先收缩后扩张的发展态势；20 a间,在长株潭地区形成稳定的热点区,在湘西地区形成稳定的冷点区。③ 湖南省乡村功能空间分异是农业现代化、乡村就业主体、县域经济基础、城镇化、工业化等综合作用的结果,其影响力大小与方向存在显著的差异性,其中农业现代化水平、乡村就业主体对湖南省及5个地区乡村功能空间分异有重要的驱动作用。

Rural function refers to the sum of various services provided by the village to meet the various needs of rural residents, involving ecological, economic, social, cultural and other aspects. China is in a critical period of urbanization development. The expansion of urban and rural construction land has restricted rural production space, fragmented living space, and unbalanced ecological space. However, the development of economy and technology and the proposal of rural revitalization strategies have prompted the reintegration of various elements of the rural regional system. The village has entered a period of rapid transformation. Under the effects of both rural revitalization and urbanization, important changes have taken place in rural employment structure, consumption patterns, and urban-rural relations. Rural functions have gradually extended from primitive residential and agricultural production functions to industrial production functions, life support functions, and eco-tourism. Traditional agricultural areas are the main producing areas of agricultural products and agricultural and sideline products, and shoulder the important task of national food security. The occupation of cultivated land by industrialization and urbanization has affected the development of traditional agricultural areas in the country. The priority development of China’s economic efficiency has neglected the protection of rural culture and ecology, which has caused serious degradation of rural traditional functions. The village is an important bearing of the diffusion and transfer of urban functions. The analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of rural functions and its influencing factors is of great significance for the realization of urban and rural integrated development and sustainable development. A comprehensive application of the entropy method, cold and hot spot analysis, and geo-detector methods, taking 102 counties and cities in Hunan Province as the study area, the spatial-temporal evolution, spatial differentiation, and driving forces of rural functions in Hunan Province are studied by the paper. The results show that: 1) On the whole, from 1997 to 2017, the production and living functions of rural areas in the county area showed an upward trend, while changes in rural ecological functions showed a weakening development trend. 2) From 1997 to 2017, Hunan’s rural functional hotspot area expanded from Changzhutan area to the periphery, while the cold spot area expanded first and then expanded. In these 20 years, a stable hotspot area was formed in Changzhutan area, while On the west side, a stable cold spot area is formed. 3) The spatial differentiation of rural functions in Hunan Province is the result of the combined effect of county background factors and external driving factors, and their roles are significantly different in direction and direction. The two indicators of agricultural modernization level and the main body of rural employment have a significant impact on rural functions.

经过5000年文化积淀的中国乡村,除早已生成各自独特稳定的人居环境、社会结构、风俗习惯和运行机制外,更蕴藏了人—地和谐的生态智慧、特殊的地方性知识和丰富的地方遗产资源。作为复杂多元的地域综合系统,乡村遗产的现代化过程不仅包括土地、建筑等空间要素的嬗变,更反映了伴随“人”的生计方式与日常生活的地方实践所产生的乡土社会全系统变迁。实现乡村遗产传统与现代的共生、古典与时尚的互融、传承与创新的契合,需要打破城乡二元体制壁垒、搭建城乡内循环的桥梁,促进以“人、地、业”为核心的资源要素的流动、交互和均衡配置是乡村遗产地实现乡村振兴的核心要义。共生理论是研究乡村各系统内部关系的重要理论,利用该理论可解析乡村遗产地“人—地—业”3个子系统协同发展路径。论文以河北易县听松文化社区为例,基于共生视角阐释了返乡精英带动下人口、土地和产业3个子系统协同动态演化的过程,并提出乡村遗产地共生发展的价值逻辑：① 构建乡村社区共生体;② 促进地域循环共生圈;③ 培育横向产业共生链。以期实现乡村遗产地的人、地、业要素融合与科学重构,为保护和传承乡愁遗产地的文化资源、推动乡村振兴和建设美好乡村提供可能的理论启示与经验借鉴。

Many rural heritage sites in China are rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. The co-creation of landscape resources, co-ownership of territorial space, and diverse ethnicities and rural social relationship provide the basis and conditions for the symbiosis development of tourism. In addition, as an open system with comprehensive multidimensional and dynamic evolution, rural heritage sites are formed by the interaction of various elements. Population, land, and industry are the core elements of rural development. Symbiosis theory is an important theory for studying the internal relationships of rural systems, which can be used to analyze the coordinated development paths of human-land-industry subsystems in rural heritage sites. Taking Tingsong cultural community in Yi County, Hebei Province as an example, this study examined the collaborative dynamic evolution process of the three subsystems of population, land, and industry driven by the returning elite from the perspective of symbiosis, and put forward the symbiotic paths of rural development: 1) Building the symbiont of rural community. 2) Promoting the regional circular economic and ecological sphere. 3) Cultivating the horizontal symbiotic chain of industries. The results of this study may provide some reference for the comprehensive revitalization of population, land, and industry in rural heritage sites.

乡村重构是实施推进乡村振兴战略的重要手段,系统开展典型地区乡村发展与重构的格局特征及问题识别研究,是新阶段面向乡村振兴战略需求科学施策的基础。以广西为案例地,基于熵值法支持下的TOPSIS模型,分时段综合评价全区乡村发展水平和乡村重构强度的格局特征,识别乡村发展与重构的问题区域,探讨实现乡村振兴的调控路径。结果表明：研究期内广西乡村发展水平快速提升,乡村地域正在由相对均质走向异质发展态势;各研究时段经济、社会、空间重构强度均值逐渐增大,经济重构愈发加快,空间重构后来居上但仍相对滞后;经济—社会—空间重构耦合度和协调度均值逐渐提升,但当前协调水平仍然不高。基于上述研究,识别出乡村发展与重构存在若干问题的7类计37个县域,问题区域的形成折射着地理环境影响的痕迹,是社会经济要素变化背景下地形地貌、区位条件、资源条件、经济基础、行为主体、区域政策多种因素综合作用的结果。乡村地域的健康发展有赖于经济—社会—空间的协调耦合,乡村振兴的实现既需要从宏观层面统筹谋划乡村重构的区域路径,还需要针对问题区域及其关键领域研制促进乡村社会经济发展和空间优化的调控措施。

Rural restructuring is an important means of implementing and pushing forward the strategy of rural vitalization. Systematic research on the characteristics and problems of rural development and restructuring in typical areas is the basis of developing scientific policies facing the strategic needs of rural vitalization in the new era. Taking Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as a case, based on the TOPSIS model supported by entropy method, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal pattern of rural development level and restructuring intensity, identifies the problem regions of rural development and restructuring, and explores the regional path of rural vitalization. The results show that, during the research period, the level of rural development in Guangxi has been rapidly improved, and the development of rural territory is moving from relative homogeneity towards heterogeneity. The average intensity of economic, social and spatial restructuring increases gradually in each research period, and economic restructuring is accelerating, while spatial restructuring is still lagging behind. The average coupling and coordination degree of economic, social and spatial restructuring has gradually improved, but the current level of coordination is still not high. Based on the above research, 37 counties in 7 categories are identified with problems in rural development and restructuring. The formation of problem regions reflects the impact of geographical environment, and is the result of the interaction of various factors such as terrain conditions, location conditions, natural resources, economic foundation, population quality and regional policies under the background of changes in socio-economic elements. The sustainable development in rural areas depends on the economic-social-spatial coordination, and the implementation of rural vitalization strategy in Guangxi requires not only the overall planning of the regional path of rural restructuring from the macro level, but also the regulatory measures to promote rural socio-economic development and spatial restructuring for problem regions.

<p>The relief degree of land surface (RDLS) is an important factor in describing the landform macroscopically. Under the new proposed concept, based on the macro-scale digital elevation model data, by using ARC/INFO software, the RDLS of 10km&times;10km grid size is extracted and mapped in China. Then this paper systemically depicts the distribution rules of RDLS in China and its correlation with population distribution by analyzing the ratio structure, spatial distribution and altitudinal characteristics of the RDLS. The distribution rule is elaborately expatiated in three separate ways: the ratio structure, the accumulative frequency, and the change along with the longitude and latitude, which clearly reflects the regional topographic framework of China. The result shows that the majority of the RDLS is low in China, for more than 63% of the area in China with the RDLS lower than 1 (relative altitude &le; 500 m). As for the spatial distribution, in general, the RDLS of the west is higher than that of the east and so is the south than the north. Specifically, the Hengduan Mountains and the Tianshan Mountains regions have the highest RDLS, while the Northeast China Plain, the North China Plain and the Tarim Basin have the lowest ones. The RDLS of 28^oN, 35o^oN and 42^oN as well as of 85^oE, 102^oE and 115oE accords well with the three topographic steps in China. The RDLS of China decreases with the increase of longitude and the change clearly illustrates the landform characteristics that most of the mountains are located in the west and most plains in the east of China. The RDLS of China decreases with the increase of latitude as well and the trend shows that there are more mountains and hills in South China and more plains and plateaus in North China. In the vertical direction, the ratio of high RDLS increases with the increase of altitude. Finally, this paper analyzes the correlation between the RDLS and population distribution in China and the result shows that the RDLS is an important factor affecting the distribution of population and most people in China live in low RDLS areas. To be more specifically, where the RDLS is zero, the population amounts for 0.83% of the total; where the RDLS is less than 1 (relative altitude &le; 500 m), the population reaches 20.83%; where the RDLS is less than 2, the population amounts for 97.58% of the total; and where the RDLS is bigger than 3, the population only amounts for 0.57%. That is to say, more than 85% of the population in China lives in areas where the RDLS is less than 1 and less than 1% of the population lives in areas where the RDLS is bigger than 3. The correlations between the RDLS and population distribution of eight regions in China are different. The correlation is obvious in northeast, north, central and south China, while it is nearly nonexistent in Inner Mongolia and the Qinghai-Tibet region.</p>

Based on matrix raster data covering the whole space,this paper calculates spatial accessibility of all counties (city,urban district) in China using cost weighted distance method and ArcGIS 9.2 as platforms.Then we discuss the relation of traffic accessibility and population aggregation under the background of China\'s rapid urbanization.This is not only a practical test of the western population theory in China,but also a discovery of the phenomenon of transportation guiding population aggregation in China.The result shows that:(1) The cost weighted distance method can realize accurate conversion of spatial accessibility from qualitative description to quantitative calculation.(2) County accessibility in China has mainly low values and a distribution structure of circle layer and reverse-to-natural gradient,where "Heihe-Tengchong" line is the demarcation line.(3) According to accessibility,Chinese mainland can be divided into 3 parts:High Value Region (HVR),Intermediate Value Region (IVR) and Low Value Region (LVR).The HVR is in eastern coastal area of China;IVR is situated on the periphery of HVR,which can be further divided into Southeast Provinces Subregion (SEPSR),Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Shanxi Subregion (SGNSSR) and Jilin Subregion (JLSR);LVR can be divided into Yunnan-Sichuan-Chongqing Subregion (YSCSR),Inner Mongolia-Heilongjiang Subregion (IMHSR),Xinjiang Subregion (XJSR) and Qinghai-Tibet Subregion (QTSR).(4) County accessibility is closely related with population density in China.The 2.5-hour circle is the limited distance for the effects of Chinese accessibility on population aggregation.As the accessibility of a region goes higher,the circle of population aggregation affected by accessibility becomes bigger.As the accessibility of a region goes higher,the circle of population aggregation affected by accessibility becomes bigger.Meanwhile,the correlation between accessibility and population becomes smaller.The result shows that the effect of transportation conditions on population aggregation in less developed areas is far larger than that in developed areas.It also indicates that the HVR,SGNSSR,JLSR,YSCSR,and XJSR should develop their transportation systems with equalization.The SEPSR and QTSR should focus on the inner-county transportation,and IMHSR should fully implement regional transportation system construction.

设计城市多维剥夺度量方法和提高剥夺地理识别的精度,是近年来城市社会地理研究的重要内容,也是城市政府高效建成和谐舒适的人居环境所面临的关键问题。根据居住小区规划标准和15分钟社区生活圈建设要求,从与居民日常生活密切相关的设施邻近入手构建城市居住环境评价框架与识别方法,对郑州居住环境剥夺开展街道尺度的地理识别,并对识别出的街道按照消除剥夺政策措施的相似性进行类型划分。结果表明：① 多维居住环境剥夺指数低的街道呈现“十”字型分布格局,剥夺指数值由“十”字型的中心向外逐渐增加,并且任何两个环境剥夺维度间相互作用对解释多维居住环境剥夺指数的空间分异有非线性增强作用;② 单一维度的剥夺指数值呈现显著空间集聚特征,但不同环境维度的空间变化呈现不同形态;③ 32个街道被识别为多维环境剥夺区,根据剥夺维度将其划分为噪音环境剥夺型、教育医疗剥夺型、生活出行剥夺型、品质生活剥夺型、居住条件缺乏型五种类型。依据不同剥夺类型提出有针对性的措施,以改善街道居住环境的适宜性和增强其街道活力。

The design of multidimensional deprivation measurement and the improvement of geographical identification accuracy are important contents of urban social geography research in recent years, being also the key problems faced by the city government in building a harmonious and comfortable residential environment. According to the requirements of the residential planning and the 15 minutes community life circle, based on the accessibility of the nearby facilities related to the daily life, this paper constructs the evaluation framework of city residential environment and identification methods, carries out the geographical identification of residential environment in Zhengzhou on the sub-district scale, and brings forward some measures to eliminate the environmental deprivation according to the similarity of the types of policies. The results show that the sub-districts with a low value of multidimensional deprivation index represents a "ten" distribution pattern and increases gradually from the center to the periphery, and the interaction between any two dimensions has a nonlinear enhancement to explain the spatial differentiation of the multidimensional deprivation index. The single dimension deprivation index shows significant spatial clustering characteristics, but the spatial variation of different environmental dimensions presents different morphological characteristics. This paper identifies 32 sub-districts as the multidimensional deprivation area, and can be divided into the five types including the noise deprivation, the medical and education deprivation, the life and travel deprivation, the quality and life deprivation, and the living deficiency based on the deprivation dimension. According to the different types of deprivation, this paper puts forward the targeted measures to improve the suitability of the residential environment and enhance the vitality of the sub-district.