赵文武
, 刘月
ZHAO Wenwu, LIU Yue
收稿日期: 2018-01-11
修回日期: 2018-01-19
网络出版日期: 2018-01-28
版权声明: 2018 地理科学进展 《地理科学进展》杂志 版权所有
基金资助:
作者简介:
作者简介：赵文武(1976-),男,山东曹县人,教授,主要从事自然地理与景观生态研究,E-mail: zhaoww@bnu.edu.cn。
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摘要
生态系统服务是连接自然环境与人类福祉的桥梁,是人地系统耦合研究的核心内容。本文在构建生态系统服务与人地系统耦合研究框架的基础上,系统梳理了生态系统服务评估、生态系统服务权衡、生态系统服务影响因素、生态系统服务供给流动与需求等研究前沿,提出了未来生态系统服务研究的重点领域。主要研究结论认为：①国际生态系统服务模型发展迅速,SAORES模型是中国生态系统服务模型优化与参数本地化的突出代表;②生态系统服务权衡具有相对复杂的时空尺度,权衡分析的前提是辨析不同尺度生态系统结构—过程—功能—服务的作用机制;③自然因素是生态系统服务时空分布的基础,土地利用能改变生态系统结构、功能与生态系统服务变化,社会经济因素会导致生态系统服务权衡的差异;④为明晰生态系统服务供给与需求耦合关系,需进一步识别生态系统服务流的运移路径;⑤未来生态系统服务研究需加强生态系统服务对全球变化的响应特征和机制分析、面向可持续发展目标的生态系统服务供给流动与需求研究、生态系统服务的动态评价集成与优化、生态系统服务与人地系统耦合、生态系统服务与大数据集成等。
关键词：
Abstract
Ecosystem services bridge the natural environment and human well-being, and are the key content of coupled human-environment system research. This article puts forward a framework of research on ecosystem services for coupled human-environment systems, and systematically reviews the research hotspots of ecosystem services evaluation, ecosystem services trade-offs, ecosystem services driving factors, ecosystem supply-flow-demand, and identifies the key areas for future ecosystem services research. This article argues that: (1) international research on ecosystem services models have experienced a rapid development, and SAORES model is the outstanding representative of ecosystem service evaluation model in China; (2) ecosystem service trade-off analyses are relatively complex, and its mechanism depends on distinguish the relationships among ecosystem structure-process-function-service at multiple spatial and temporal scales; (3) natural factors are the basis of ecosystem services distribution, land use change can modify ecosystem structure, function, and services, and social and economic factors can lead to differences in ecosystem services trade-off and demand; (4) in order to clarify the coupling relationship between ecosystem service supply and demand, it is urgently needed to further identify the pathes of ecosystem service flowes; (5) future research of ecosystem services should include strengthening the analyses on the response of ecosystem services to global change, ecosystem services supply and demand flow focusing on the sustainable development aspect, integration and optimization of the dynamic evaluation of ecosystem services, the coupling of ecosystem services and human-environment systems, and the integration of ecosystem services and big data.
Keywords：
作为连接自然环境与人类福祉间的桥梁,生态系统服务研究正经历着迅速发展,已成为当前地理学、生态学等领域研究的热点领域和重点方向(欧阳志云等, 2000; Sutherland et al, 2006; 傅伯杰等, 2009, 2014; 李文华等, 2009; Costanza et al, 2017)。人地系统是地理学研究的核心内容,生态系统服务作为耦合自然过程与社会过程的桥梁与纽带,为人地系统耦合研究提供了新的理论支撑。以生态系统服务为核心,近年来学者们在探讨景观格局与生态过程作用机制、辨析生态系统服务权衡协同机制及其与景观可持续性互馈关系中,逐渐形成了“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”的研究范式 (赵文武等, 2016)。将该研究范式应用到人地系统耦合研究过程中,其基本内容可以表述为：针对某一区域,探讨地理格局与过程作用机制,进行生态系统服务权衡与协同分析,辨析生态系统服务动态变化与人类福祉、可持续性的互动机制,进而有效链接自然生态系统和人类社会系统,为区域土地利用规划与生态系统服务优化调控提供科学依据(图1)。在这一研究范式中,生态系统服务是人地系统耦合的核心研究内容。目前,生态系统服务研究往往是在多元数据集成和复杂环境系统模拟的基础上,聚焦如下问题：从自然生态系统角度出发的生态系统服务评估与机制分析、考虑生态系统服务变化对人类福祉影响的生态系统服务效应分析,以及面向生态系统管理的生态系统服务调控,其具体研究内容可分解为：服务评估、权衡及影响因素分析、供需分析、情景预测和优化调控6个方面(图1)。其中,生态系统服务评估、生态系统服务权衡、生态系统服务影响因素、生态系统服务供需分析是近年来生态系统服务研究的热点和前沿问题。基于此,本文结合已有文献,重点针对上述4方面研究内容,系统梳理了近年来生态系统服务的相关研究进展,探讨了生态系统服务未来研究的重点领域和方向,以期服务于地理学等相关学科的发展。
图1 生态系统服务与人地系统耦合
Fig.1 Ecosystem services and the coupled human-environment system
现有生态系统服务评估往往是针对生态系统所能提供的服务开展的评估,也称为生态系统潜在服务能力评估或称为生态系统服务供给能力评估。生态系统评估方法和模型是生态系统服务研究的前提和基础。
常见生态系统服务评估方法包括价值量评估法、物质量评估法和能值评估法(Daily, 1997)。其中,价值量评估法通过货币衡量生态系统服务价值(Costanza et al, 1997; de Groot et al, 2002),分为直接市场评价法、揭示偏好法与陈述偏好法(Vermaat et al, 2016);物质量评估法直接用物质量大小来衡量生态系统服务水平;能值评估法则用能值来衡量生态系统服务大小(Odum, 1986; Watanabe et al, 2014)。这些方法中,价值量评估法便于各项生态系统服务之间比较,评估结果可纳入国民经济核算体系,进而为不同区域或类型生态系统的生态效益核算与生态补偿模式提供支撑(李文华等, 2006; 欧阳志云等, 2016)。如全球1997年和2011年生态系统服务价值评估结果,可以为国际合作和政府决策提供科学参考(Costanza et al, 1997, 2014)。中国也有学者评估全国范围内不同生态系统所提供服务的经济价值(欧阳志云等, 1999; 谢高地等, 2001),并将其与社会经济价值比较,体现生态系统服务价值的稀缺性(谢高地等, 2015)。但是该方法在评估过程中往往存在主观性强、结果具有不确定性的问题。物质量评估法得到的结果客观、稳定,不随人们偏好与生态系统服务稀缺性而发生剧烈变化(de Groot et al, 2010);如2000-2010年中国粮食生产、碳固定、土壤保持、沙尘暴防治、水分涵养、防洪和生物多样性栖息地保护等生态系统服务的物质量评估(Ouyang et al, 2016)。但是,该方法所评估的不同服务之间量纲并不相同,往往不易于比较,也不易于为大众所熟知。能值评估法将生态系统服务转化为能值单位,有助于反映生态系统服务的真实价值,便于对比分析;但是部分生态系统服务与能值关系弱,且能值转换率不易确定(Ulgiati et al, 2009)。在上述不同方法中,物质量评估法因其连接生态系统结构与功能,能够揭示生态系统服务的作用机理(Feng et al, 2017),将在未来较长时期的生态系统服务评估中发挥积极的作用。
生态系统服务模型可实现多种类型生态系统服务的价值量化、空间叠置分析,以及生态系统服务价值变化、权衡/协同关系和总体效益的定量模拟等(Liu et al, 2010)。目前,国际上涌现了多个生态系统服务模型,其中常见模型有InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)、ARIES(Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services)、MIMES(Multi-Scale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services)、SolVES(Social Values for Ecosystem Services)和EcoAIM(Ecosystem services Asset, Inventory and Management)、ESValue(Valuing Ecosystem Services)等。其中,应用最为广泛的是InVEST模型(Kareiva et al, 2011),它是一种生态生产过程评估和生态系统服务权衡的综合模型,可借助土地利用、环境因子、社会经济等数据评估包括生物多样性、碳储存、土壤保持等多种生态系统服务的物质量和价值量。目前,该模型在美国、中国、澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、非洲等多个国家和地区得到了广泛应用。ARIES(Villa et al, 2011)模型可以进行生态系统服务空间流动过程分析,识别生态系统服务供需矛盾。目前,该模型处于进一步完善和发展中,仅适用于美国和墨西哥部分地区。MIMES模型(Boumans et al, 2015)将地球分为人类圈、生物圈、大气圈、水圈和岩石圈五个部分,并据此对生态系统服务的价值进行评估,但软件结构复杂,依赖参数众多,目前应用较少。SolVES、EcoAIM和ESValue模型的可推广性目前也相对较弱。
总体而言,目前流行的生态系统服务工具,更侧重于基于独立的生态系统服务评估模型,以实现某些生态系统服务的供给或流向流量的定量化评估;但是,在情景分析、关联关系挖掘、决策优化等环节比较薄弱(Bagstad et al, 2013),生态系统结构—过程模拟算法和服务评估结果的不确定性分析也有待提高(戴尔阜等, 2016)。目前,生态系统服务的集成评估、权衡分析及优化管理决策方面的实质性定量化研究相对较少,难以满足学科发展需求。因此,生态系统服务模型除了细化生态系统结构、过程对生态系统系统服务供给的影响外,还必须考虑不同土地利用方式和管理措施之下,上述几者之间的动态反馈;同时结合多目标优化方法,为决策者提供最佳管理方案(Liu et al, 2010)。这也是将生态系统服务应用于规划管理和决策制定中的关键点和最大的挑战(de Groot et al, 2010)。
在生态系统服务模型的应用与发展中,模型的应用和本土化是生态系统服务“量化—权衡—决策”的重要环节(戴尔阜等, 2016),为此,需加强中国生态系统服务本土化模型的开发与应用。同时,生态系统服务评估以及与之相联系的生态系统管理决策支持工具,也必须从独立的生态系统服务评估走向多种生态系统服务的集成评估,更重要的是能基于评估结果,提供可视化的优化方案,服务于决策制定(Volk, 2015)。
针对这些需求,中国科学院生态环境研究中心傅伯杰院士研究组于2015年提出了基于GIS、生态系统模型和多目标优化算法的区域生态系统服务空间评估与优化工具(Spatial Assessment and Optimization Tool for Regional Ecosystem Services,SAORES)(Hu et al, 2015)。该模型是中国科学家自主研发的第一个生态系统服务评价模型。SAORES模型主要是为探索中国黄土高原生态修复的政策影响和优化而设计,涉及到的生态系统服务类型包括水源涵养、土壤保持、碳固定、粮食生产等,系统主要包括环境数据库与情景数据库、情景构建模块、生态系统服务模型库、综合评估与优化模块等几部分。该模型以多目标优化算法NSGA-II为基本框架,通过优化土地利用格局实现区域关键生态系统服务的最大化,进而实现自适应的生态系统管理(Hu et al, 2015)。与传统的生态系统服务工具相比,SAORES模型主要在3个方面进行了加强：生态系统管理策略模拟和景观动态过程的情景构建;不同生态系统管理条件下多种生态系统服务的权衡和集成分析;基于生态系统服务的规划和管理决策优化方法。该模型的研究成果发表后,由于其实现了情景分析、生态系统服务量化评估以及多目标优化等多功能集成,得到了国际同行的积极评价,并认为该模型可为植树造林等生态修复项目提供科学依据(Barnett et al, 2016)。
生态系统服务之间往往表现为相互交织、复杂的非线性关系(Bennett et al, 2009),进而出现生态系统服务之间此消彼长或彼此增益的权衡/协同关系(戴尔阜等, 2015; 傅伯杰等, 2016)。同时,由于生态系统服务种类多样、分布不均(谢高地等, 2006),加之人类需求各异(李双成等, 2014),使得人们对生态系统服务的选择也存在不同的偏好。生态系统服务权衡分析是辨析生态系统服务作用机制、遴选与优化生态系统服务类型,进而进行决策与调控的重要依据。
生态系统服务权衡为认识生态系统服务之间关系,提供了一种更加综合而辩证的途径(Lu et al, 2014)。由于生态系统服务权衡包含了诸多服务类型及利益相关者的时空关系,使其成为规划与政策制定的重要手段(Gissi et al, 2016; 彭建等, 2017; Vogdrup-Schmidt et al, 2017)。国内外已将权衡研究成果应用于农业生产(Lautenbach et al, 2013)、渔业生产(Oken et al, 2016)、海洋空间规划(White et al, 2012)、能源管理(Gissi et al, 2016)、森林经营管理(Vauhkonen et al, 2017)等诸多方面。
在生态系统服务权衡分类中,根据生态系统服务固有的时空尺度特征与其可逆与否,将生态系统服务权衡划分为：空间权衡、时间权衡和可逆性权衡(Tilman et al, 2002; Rodríguez et al, 2006);根据生态系统服务之间动态关系,归纳为：无相互关联、直接权衡、凸权衡、凹权衡、非单调凹权衡以及倒“S”型权衡等(Lester et al, 2013)。尽管权衡关系类型多样,但其形成方式相对简单,即多种服务受共同驱动因子影响而发生变化或某一服务发生改变进而影响其他服务(Bennett et al, 2009)。难点在于权衡形成过程中,如何识别相关生态系统服务驱动因子,如何科学刻画不同尺度生态系统结构—过程—功能—服务变化的相互作用机制。
生态系统服务权衡研究一般基于数学统计、空间制图、情景模拟、多目标决策和服务流动性分析等多种方法和模型,进而开展不同时空尺度下供给、调节、文化、支持四种类型服务(Raudsepp-Hearne et al, 2010; MartínLópez et al, 2012; Su et al, 2012)及其亚类服务(Bai et al, 2013; Frank et al, 2014; Zheng et al, 2016)之间权衡/协同关系的探究。有研究表明,生态系统服务权衡相关案例在一定程度上可影响政府决策(Macdonald et al, 2014),是区域规划和生态建设的重要依据。然而,已有研究多关注区域当下生态系统服务评估与权衡/协同关系判定,较少涉及不同因素干扰下生态系统服务之间的作用机制转变,及其随时空尺度变化所表现出的权衡/协同关系的变化。基于数学关系的统计分析,可有效评估一段时间内各类生态系统服务静态供给能力的增衰与差异。在实际应用中,理解生态系统服务之间相互作用机制是判断其权衡/协同关系的理论基础,尤其在不同自然和人文因素干扰情况下,生态系统格局—过程—功能—服务的变化也会进一步影响服务之间作用机制,进而导致权衡/协同关系的转变。因此,深刻理解因子—生态过程—服务三者相互关系,探究因子触发的生态系统服务之间非线性动力特征改变,是辨析生态系统服务权衡机制的关键。
总体而言,生态系统服务权衡既存在于同一生态系统的内部,也发生在不同生态系统之间;既包括当前生态系统服务的权衡,也涵盖当下与未来生态系统服务的关系冲突(Rodríguez et al, 2006)。由此可见,生态系统服务权衡具有相对复杂的时空尺度,要求学者必须从不同角度充分阐明不同尺度生态系统结构—过程—功能—服务的作用机制,探讨生态系统服务权衡关系的时空动态及其影响因素,辨识其内在机制和可能发生的关系转变,以期探索促进自然生态、社会经济与人类福祉协调发展的适宜途径。
影响生态系统服务的因素来自自然生态系统和社会经济系统,涵盖地形、土壤、生物、气候、土地利用、社会经济等多个方面。其中,自然因素是决定生态系统服务时空分布的基础;土地利用变化能通过改变生态系统结构与功能,影响生态系统服务变化;其他社会经济因素的区域分布不均与多元化发展导致人类对不同类型的生态系统服务存在着选择偏好,进而导致生态系统服务权衡与需求差异。
地形、土壤、生物和气候因素是生态系统和地理单元的基本组成要素。生态系统结构与地理空间格局影响生态过程,进而决定着生态系统服务的时空分布。
地形因素控制中小尺度空间的水热资源分配,影响实际太阳辐射量、温度、土壤矿化速率、植被分布等众多环境条件与生态过程,直接决定生态系统服务的供给与维持。例如,不同地形位置具有不同的养分条件与地球化学循环特征(Stewart et al, 2014),湖泊、沙丘等地形变迁能引起不同物种的消长变化(Marshall, 2014),坡度坡长直接影响径流冲刷和侵蚀泥沙运移(Biesemans et al, 2000)。但是,地形对不同生态系统服务类型的正负作用并不一致。如坡面尺度淡水供给服务一般随坡度增加而增加,但粮食供给服务却相反。通过梯田建设等地形改造工程措施,可提高涵养水源、保持土壤、提供美学价值等多项生态系统服务(Wei et al, 2016)。
土壤理化性质及土壤生物多样性与生态系统服务关系密切。例如,土壤有机碳的保持与增加有利于生态系统服务提升(Milne et al, 2015),如促进土壤团聚体的形成、提高土壤抗蚀性、增加生态系统初级生产力(Sauer et al, 2011),保证粮食供给服务(Lal, 2011)。土壤水分是连接地表水与地下水的纽带,具有调节水分运移的重要功能(Wang et al, 2013)。土壤为土壤生物提供生境并维持其多样性(Rutgers et al, 2012; Sandifer et al, 2015),但是土壤生物多样性与地上部分生产力及多样性的联系尚不明晰(Fierer et al, 2012)。人口增长给土壤带来巨大压力,农业生态学试图通过改变耕作方式(少耕、免耕)与管理措施实现生态系统供给服务与其他服务的“双赢”(Fedoroff et al, 2010; Power, 2010)。目前,在政策决策中需要注重考虑常常被忽略的土壤因素(Bouma, 2014),而连接土壤与生态系统服务的研究框架(Adhikari et al, 2016)则为加强土壤在生态系统服务中的研究提供了可能。
生物多样性与生态系统服务之间关系比较复杂,一般来说生物多样性对大多数生态系统服务具有积极影响。如在草地(Zavaleta et al, 2010)、森林(Gamfeldt et al, 2013)与农业生态系统(Iverson et al, 2015)中,较高的生物多样性均有利于提高系统生产力、优化养分循环过程、提高系统稳定性。而生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系的建立(傅伯杰等,2017)将有助于推动生物因素与生态系统服务关系研究。然而,生态系统服务与生物多样性的定量关系尚不清楚(Balvanera et al, 2006),可能原因是目前生物多样性评估多基于物种多样性度量,而物种多样性并不能客观体现生态系统功能。已有研究发现,功能多样性是生态系统服务最有力的预测者(Mouillot et al, 2011),对其展开相关研究可实现生物因素与生态系统服务的科学连接。
气候因素特别是水热条件决定着生态系统的结构与功能,同时生态系统与气候之间存在复杂的反馈关系。对农业生态系统来说,二氧化碳浓度升高总体上能增加作物产量,但不同作物响应程度有所差异(Xiong et al, 2012)。气候变化影响物种与生态系统的分布,有助于中国森林生态系统净初级生产力整体增加(Fang et al, 2003),但是暖干化趋势也增加了森林火灾的风险。不同生态系统服务对气候因素的响应并不相同,往往需要将气候变化预测与政策管理情景相结合,通过制定科学政策以应对气候变化对生态系统服务的不利影响(Mina et al, 2017)。
土地利用变化直接改变生态系统的结构与功能,进而影响生态系统服务变化(肖玉等, 2012; 傅伯杰等, 2014)。土地利用变化是生物多样性降低的直接或间接原因(Tscharntke et al, 2010),如毁林开荒与围湖造田等活动短期内提高了粮食与原材料供给服务,但损害了长期的支持与调节服务;土地利用变化影响生态系统调节服务(Su et al, 2013),如森林的径流调节能力远远高于建设用地;土地利用变化对支持服务同样存在深刻影响,如城市化降低生态系统碳储量,改变地球化学循环(李锋等, 2014)。不同土地利用类型生态系统服务的供给差异是权衡产生的主要原因,如耕地具有较高的供给服务提供能力,但调节、支持与文化服务能力较弱;森林和草地的调节服务与支持服务能力最强,但供给服务能力较弱(傅伯杰等, 2014)。因此,土地利用变化能改变生态系统服务相互关系,表现出不同的变化类型。已有研究表明,通过有效的土地利用管理策略能实现各项生态系统服务的“双赢”(Goldstein et al, 2012),情景分析与多目标优化则是制定管理决策的重要手段。
人口、教育、社会阶层、政策法规、宗教文化、城市化、经济水平等社会经济因素的区域分布不均与多元化发展,导致人类对不同类型的生态系统服务存在着选择偏好,进而导致生态系统服务权衡与需求差异。如经济与人口增长带来资源需求,人们对供给服务的偏好往往高于调节、文化与支持服务,进而引起生态系统服务权衡(Rodríguez et al, 2006)。游客因其文化背景、思想意识与教育水平的差异,对生态系统服务的感知也表现出明显的不同(Zoderer et al, 2016)。政策与法律因素直接反映社会对生态系统服务的需求与管理。例如,天然林保护工程与退耕还林(草)工程是中国乃至世界范围内最大的为生态系统服务付费的政策项目,是调节生态系统服务的重要政策手段。这些工程措施所带来的生态效应总体是有益的,但由于生态效应存在时滞,未来的长期影响或将与当前效益的有所不同(Liu et al, 2008)。
生态系统服务作为连接生物物理过程(自然生态系统)和人类福祉(社会经济系统)的桥梁,其研究应包括自然和经济社会两方面：既关注服务产生的生态系统服务供给,同时重视人类从自然中获得惠益的生态系统服务需求(Boerema et al, 2017)。生态系统服务流是实现生态系统服务供给与需求耦合的中间环节。
生态系统服务供给取决于生态系统结构、过程和功能,其客观存在而不以人的意志为转移,可称其为生态系统提供服务的潜在能力,相应英文表述为ecosystem service capacity (Schröter et al, 2014)、ecosystem service potential (Bagstad et al, 2014)、ecosystem service supply (Jones et al, 2016) 或ecosystem service provision。当这种生态系统服务供给被人类使用消费,用于满足人类需求和带来一系列惠益时,这种潜在的生态系统供给即变为生态系统为人类提供的实际生态系统服务,相应英文表述为actual ecosystem service或 realized ecosystem service(Burkhard et al, 2014)。因此,生态系统服务的研究需从供给、需求及其相互联系开展。在这种理念的影响下,区别于传统的“结构—功能—服务—惠益—价值”生态系统服务级联评估框架,学者们提出了“景观服务能力—景观服务流—景观服务需求”的研究框架(Fang et al, 2015)、连接生态系统与社会经济系统的供需评估研究框架(Boerema et al, 2017)等(图2)。该类框架通过从概念和评估框架两方面区分了生态系统提供服务的能力和生态系统服务实际的需求,表明人类需求在生态系统服务研究中的必要性,指出须同时关注人类社会经济发展阶段和生态系统演替的动态变化造成的生态系统服务供给和需求变化(Locatelli et al, 2014)。在此基础上,可从生态系统服务产生、传输到使用的不同环节,开展生态系统服务与景观可持续性评价(Fang et al, 2015)。
图2 生态系统服务供需评估框架(
Fig.2 A framework for assessing the supply and demand of ecosystem services (
近年来,许多研究开始关注并强调生态系统服务需求,针对不同的服务类型尝试对受益人的位置及需求量进行分析。供给类服务的需求可用研究区实际消耗的能源、水和食物的数量表示(杨莉等, 2012);对调节服务来说,可通过缺少服务后遭受损失区域来识别受益人的位置,然后以满足人类所需环境状况的调节量来确定需求总量(Stürck et al, 2014)。文化服务可通过体验服务的人口数量来表示服务需求,如景观区内接待的游客数量(Schirpke et al, 2014)。由于目前有关生态系统服务需求的定量分析研究较少,具体指标选择还处于探讨阶段。就评价方法而言,主要是基于土地利用和社会经济调查数据对生态系统服务需求进行空间化,在大尺度分析中,也可利用遥感数据反演夜间灯光分布进而提取人口密度等指标来反映人类需求(Ayanu et al,2012)。与此同时,许多研究开始将生态系统服务供给与需求的空间特征相联系并对分析其平衡状况,通常采用的方法是基于土地利用、社会经济调查数据或模型模拟分别对供给和需求进行空间化,然后再叠加分析。如在生物能源供给需求分析中,将耕地、森林作为燃料作物的供给区域,将城市、工业等用地类型作为需求区域,然后综合分析其供需空间格局特征(Kroll et al, 2012)。在研究全球授粉服务时,也可以将昆虫栖息地作为服务供给区域,将种植区作为服务的需求区域(Serna-Chavez et al, 2014),以需求区面积大小来衡量需求强度。
在生态系统服务供给和需求分析中,需对生态系统服务从产生到使用的传输过程进行研究,明确生态系统服务从哪里产生和在哪里被使用,即生态系统服务流的研究。生态系统服务流是供给区产生的生态系统服务,依靠某种载体,在自然因素或人为因素的驱动下,沿着一定的方向与路径传递到使用区的时空过程(刘慧敏等, 2016)。理解生态系统供给和效益实现的空间关系是研究生态系统服务流动的基础,根据服务供给与使用的空间特征关系可将生态系统服务分为全球非临近、局部邻近、流动方向性、原位性和使用者迁移性等5种类型(Costanza, 2008; 马琳等, 2017)。相应地,生态系统服务流分为原位服务流、全向服务流和定向服务流3种类型(Fisher et al, 2009; 肖玉等, 2016)。土壤形成所产生的支持服务,其生态系统服务供给和使用在同一位置或区域内,属于原位服务流;空气净化、碳汇等调节服务往往是在某一位置发生,但是可从不同方向传输到使用该服务的区域,属于全向服务流;而上游地区生态系统控制土壤侵蚀,进而为下游提供的侵蚀控制服务,只能沿着水系从上游到下游这一固定方向进行传输,属于定向服务流。生态系统服务传输通常是要借助某种生物或者非生物的媒介,这种媒介可能是某种物质、信息或者能量。例如,水源供给服务需要通过河流向人类提供服务,旅游文化服务则是通过公路、铁路等交通使人类获得服务(Bagstad et al, 2013)。在生态系统/景观服务供给—流动—需求研究中,一般包括以下几个步骤：①确定服务供给区域与受益人群的空间位置;②确定生态系统服务传输的媒介;③刻画生态系统服务随媒介流向人类的过程与机理,并且通过过程分析,识别影响生态系统服务流的限制因素;④在明确机理与过程的基础上对生态系统服务流进行定量化与制图;⑤通过对生态系统服务实际流向人类的量与生态服务供给能力进行比较从而测算生态系统服务的传输效率(Fang et al, 2015)。学者们利用框架分析(Bagstad et al, 2014)、模型模拟(Serna-Chavez et al, 2014)等方法,从不同角度对生态系统服务流进行了量化和制图,但由于生态系统服务从供给区到受益区流动的复杂性和动态特征,定量评价其流动过程中的消耗转移量以及描述其确切的流动路径成为该领域研究中的困难和挑战(马琳等, 2017)。
在全球环境变化与可持续发展的宏观背景下,生态系统服务研究需要深化作用机制、供需动态与情景趋势分析,发展生态系统服务集成模型,有待在如下领域取得新的发展与突破。
(1) 生态系统服务对全球变化的响应特征和机制分析。以往研究注重不同空间尺度下的生态系统结构与过程,但辨析生态过程对生态系统服务的作用机制以及生态系统服务间权衡关系时空动态的研究有待于深化,尤其需要加强耦合气候变化与生态系统服务、人类活动与生态系统服务动态分析,亟待明确全球变化背景下,生态系统结构、过程对生态系统服务时空格局的影响机制与演变趋势,进而提出适应全球变化的生态系统可持续管理对策。
(2) 面向可持续发展目标的生态系统服务供给、流动与需求研究。生态系统服务研究的最终目的是通过合理的生态系统管理利用,提高人类福祉,进而实现可持续发展。目前,联合国已经提出了新的17项全球可持续发展目标。在未来的研究中,基于17项全球可持续发展目标,探讨全球不同区域对生态系统服务需求的空间差异;在此基础上,分析不同类型生态系统服务供给与可持续发展目标间的关系,明确实现可持续发展目标所需要的生态系统服务供给和生态系统流动机理,探讨生态系统服务供给和需求变化的动态特征及驱动因素,建立生态系统服务供给和人类福祉之间的动态互馈机制,进而指导生态系统的科学管理并逐步推进可持续发展目标的实现。
(3) 生态系统服务的动态评价、集成与优化。目前生态系统服务的研究多聚焦于局地尺度,对于宏观尺度生态系统服务时空异质性评估有待进一步加强,生态系统负服务的评价研究尚未得到足够重视,需要加强生态系统服务多尺度集成研究。同时,生态系统服务模型经历了从统计模型向过程模型的深化转变,逐步实现了多元驱动因子的整合、多重空间要素的耦合以及多重时空尺度的衔接。在未来的研究中,有待于通过完善生态系统服务评估指标与评估方法,进一步发展生态系统服务多元耦合机理模型,集成气候和土地利用变化情景,模拟和预测气候变化对生态系统服务的影响,进行多目标优化设计,不仅为全球和区域可持续发展多目标调控方案的制定提供理论基础,并可应用于土地利用规划和生态系统管理决策的不同阶段。
(4) 生态系统服务与人地系统耦合。人地关系是地理学研究的核心,人地系统耦合是地理学研究的前沿领域。生态系统服务研究作为连接自然生态系统与社会经济系统的桥梁,为研究人地系统耦合提供了重要研究思路和方法。在未来人地系统耦合研究中,有待于以景观格局、生态过程与生态系统服务、可持续性研究为纽带,耦合陆地表层系统的自然过程与人为过程,开展不同尺度的监测调查、模型模拟、情景分析和优化调控,推动地理学研究范式从格局与过程耦合,向复杂人地系统模拟预测转变(傅伯杰, 2017)。
(5) 生态系统服务与大数据集成。遥感、GIS技术的发展以及多源数据可利用性的提升,有效地推动了生态系统服务研究的深化,然而多源异构数据同化能力的不足导致了生态系统服务评估数据源仍存在明显的不确定性,制约了对生态系统服务演变机制的客观揭示。模型模拟和预测一方面极大地促进了生态系统服务的评估和动态变化研究,另一方面又容易在不准确的数据源输入下得出误导性结论,对未来的可持续生态系统管理造成不利影响。依托日益提升的地理空间大数据信息挖掘技术,整合多尺度下生态系统服务局地供给、生态系统服务区域需求、生态系统服务管理目标等多要素、多过程参数信息,研发基于大数据集成的生态系统服务权衡分析模型和多目标优化系统,为全球、国家和区域生态系统服务可持续管理提供更加精准可靠的决策支持。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Summary 1 Evidence-based policy requires researchers to provide the answers to ecological questions that are of interest to policy makers. To find out what those questions are in the UK, representatives from 28 organizations involved in policy, together with scientists from 10 academic institutions, were asked to generate a list of questions from their organizations. 2 During a 2-day workshop the initial list of 1003 questions generated from consulting at least 654 policy makers and academics was used as a basis for generating a short list of 100 questions of significant policy relevance. Short-listing was decided on the basis of the preferences of the representatives from the policy-led organizations. 3 The areas covered included most major issues of environmental concern in the UK, including agriculture, marine fisheries, climate change, ecosystem function and land management. 4 The most striking outcome was the preference for general questions rather than narrow ones. The reason is that policy is driven by broad issues rather than specific ones. In contrast, scientists are frequently best equipped to answer specific questions. This means that it may be necessary to extract the underpinning specific question before researchers can proceed. 5 Synthesis and applications. Greater communication between policy makers and scientists is required in order to ensure that applied ecologists are dealing with issues in a way that can feed into policy. It is particularly important that applied ecologists emphasize the generic value of their work wherever possible.
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Abstract A doubling in global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses huge challenges for the sustainability both of food production and of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Agriculturalists are the principal managers of global usable lands and will shape, perhaps irreversibly, the surface of the Earth in the coming decades. New incentives and policies for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be crucial if we are to meet the demands of improving yields without compromising environmental integrity or public health.
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Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Understanding the negative and positive effects of agricultural land use for the conservation of biodiversity, and its relation to ecosystem services, needs a landscape perspective. Agriculture can contribute to the conservation of high-diversity systems, which may provide important ecosystem services such as pollination and biological control via complementarity and sampling effects. Land-use management is often focused on few species and local processes, but in dynamic, agricultural landscapes, only a diversity of insurance species may guarantee resilience (the capacity to reorganize after disturbance). Interacting species experience their surrounding landscape at different spatial scales, which influences trophic interactions. Structurally complex landscapes enhance local diversity in agroecosystems, which may compensate for local high-intensity management. Organisms with high-dispersal abilities appear to drive these biodiversity patterns and ecosystem services, because of their recolonization ability and larger resources experienced. Agri-environment schemes (incentives for farmers to benefit the environment) need to broaden their perspective and to take the different responses to schemes in simple (high impact) and complex (low impact) agricultural landscapes into account. In simple landscapes, local allocation of habitat is more important than in complex landscapes, which are in total at risk. However, little knowledge of the relative importance of local and landscape management for biodiversity and its relation to ecosystem services make reliable recommendations difficult.
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Emergy and ecosystem complexity [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.05.028 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Assessing the provisioning potential of ecosystem services in a Scandinavian boreal forest: Suitability and tradeoff analyses on grid-based wall-to-wall forest inventory data [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Determining optimal forest management to provide multiple goods and services, also referred to as Ecosystem Services (ESs), requires operational-scale information on the suitability of the forest for the provisioning of various ESs. Remote sensing allows wall-to-wall assessments and provides pixel data for a flexible composition of the management units. The purpose of this study was to incorporate models of ES provisioning potential in a spatial prioritization framework and to assess the pixel-level allocation of the land use. We tessellated the forested area in a landscape of altogether 750002ha to 27,59502pixels of 4802×024802m 2 and modeled the potential of each pixel to provide biodiversity, timber, carbon storage, and recreational amenities as indicators of supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural ESs, respectively. We analyzed spatial overlaps between the individual ESs, the potential to provide multiple ESs, and tradeoffs due to production constraints in a fraction of the landscape. The pixels considered most important for the individual ESs overlapped as much as 78% between carbon storage and timber production and up to 52.5% between the other ESs. The potential for multiple ESs could be largely explained in terms of forest structure as being emphasized to sparsely populated, spruce-dominated old forests with large average tree size. Constraining the production of the ESs in the landscape based on the priority maps, however, resulted in sub-optimal choices compared to an optimized production. Even though the land-use planning cannot be completed without involving the stakeholders' preferences, we conclude that the workflow described in this paper produced valuable information on the overlaps and tradeoffs of the ESs for the related decision support.
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| [94] |
Assessing the societal benefits of river restoration using the ecosystem services approach [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2482-z URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The success of river restoration was estimated using the ecosystem services approach. In eight pairs of restored–unrestored reaches and floodplains across Europe, we quantified provisioning (agricultural products, wood, reed for thatching, infiltrated drinking water), regulating (flooding and drainage, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration) and cultural (recreational hunting and fishing, kayaking, biodiversity conservation, appreciation of scenic landscapes) services for separate habitats within each reach, and summed these to annual economic value normalized per reach area. We used locally available data and literature, did surveys among inhabitants and visitors, and used a range of economic methods (market value, shadow price, replacement cost, avoided damage, willingness-to-pay survey, choice experiment) to provide final monetary service estimates. Total ecosystem service value was significantly increased in the restored reaches (difference 1400 ± 600 ha611 year611; 2500 61 1100, p = 0.03, paired t test). Removal of one extreme case did not affect this outcome. We analysed the relation between services delivered and with floodplain and catchment characteristics after reducing these 23 variables to four principal components explaining 80% of the variance. Cultural and regulating services correlated positively with human population density, cattle density and agricultural N surplus in the catchment, but not with the fraction of arable land or forest, floodplain slope, mean river discharge or GDP. Our interpretation is that landscape appreciation and flood risk alleviation are a function of human population density, but not wealth, in areas where dairy farming is the prime form of agriculture.
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| [1] |
生态系统服务权衡/协同研究进展与趋势展望 [J].https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.11.1250 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务之间存在的此消彼长的权衡或彼此增益的协同关系,是生态系统服务管理研究的重要内容。科学理解生态系统服务权衡/协同的作用特征、表现形式、驱动机制和尺度效应,对于提升人类福祉和实现人类社会和生态系统的“双赢”有重要意义,也是当前生态经济学、环境经济学、地理学等众多学科的研究热点和前沿。在综合分析国内外相关文献的基础上,总结了生态系统服务权衡/协同研究的理论基础,评述了生态系统服务权衡/协同表现形式、驱动机制和尺度效应的国内外研究进展和不足,并进一步探讨和展望了未来生态系统服务权衡/协同研究的重要内容,包括生态系统服务分类和评估优化,服务之间相互作用的量化模型、与自然—人文复合系统之间的反馈机制和尺度效应。
Progress and perspective on ecosystem services trade-offs [J].https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.11.1250 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务之间存在的此消彼长的权衡或彼此增益的协同关系,是生态系统服务管理研究的重要内容。科学理解生态系统服务权衡/协同的作用特征、表现形式、驱动机制和尺度效应,对于提升人类福祉和实现人类社会和生态系统的“双赢”有重要意义,也是当前生态经济学、环境经济学、地理学等众多学科的研究热点和前沿。在综合分析国内外相关文献的基础上,总结了生态系统服务权衡/协同研究的理论基础,评述了生态系统服务权衡/协同表现形式、驱动机制和尺度效应的国内外研究进展和不足,并进一步探讨和展望了未来生态系统服务权衡/协同研究的重要内容,包括生态系统服务分类和评估优化,服务之间相互作用的量化模型、与自然—人文复合系统之间的反馈机制和尺度效应。
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| [95] |
Scientific instruments for climate change adaptation: Estimating and optimizing the efficiency of ecosystem service provision [J].https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2011.01.04 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Adaptation to the consequences of climate change can depend on efficient use of ecosys tem services (ES), i.e. a better use of natural services through management of the way in which they are delivered to society. While much discussion focuses on reducing consumption and increasing production of services, a lack of scientific instruments has so far prevented other mechanisms to improve ecosystem services efficiency from being addressed systematically as an adaptation strategy. This paper describes new methodologies for assessing ecosystem services and quantifying their values to humans, highlighting the role of ecosystem service flow analysis in optimizing the efficiency of ES provision.
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| [96] |
Trade-off analysis of ecosystem service provision in nature networks [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.12.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
We propose a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis approach as a value-focused decision support tool for evaluating land use change decisions affecting multiple ecosystem services. In an empirical case study concerned with creating a robust and interconnected network of natural areas in a Danish municipality, we first conduct a biophysical and economic baseline mapping of ecosystem services. We then construct a spatially explicit multi-criteria decision analysis model which is utilized to identify candidate areas for inclusion in the network. We define a base scenario for future land use in the area, where all criteria have equal weight, and assess the outcome in terms of welfare economic benefits of ecosystem services and opportunity cost of reducing forest and agricultural production. As weights in multi-criteria analysis is innately a subjective task, we conduct a sensitivity analysis using four corner solution scenarios. The analyses illustrate the possible range of impacts and highlight the specific trade-offs between different ecosystem services. We argue that a multi-criteria decision analysis approach will help inform decision makers in a structured and informative way when considering future land use changes.
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Modelling ecosystem services: Current approaches, challenges and perspectives [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.05.002 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.10.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In arid and semiarid regions that have deep soils, plant root systems can extract soil water to a depth of 20 m or more. An accurate evaluation of soil water conditions in such regions is essential in order to improve the understanding of the role of soils as a water pool and to design scientifically based water management strategies. However, the vertical distribution of soil water and its storage in deeper layers are unclear due to the shortage of field data. In this study, soil water content (SWC) and related soil (i.e., soil organic carbon, soil particle composition) and plant (i.e., root depth, root mass) properties were determined to a depth of 21 mat 11 sites across the Loess Plateau of China. Soil water storage (SWS) and available soil water storage (AWS) were calculated for each 1-m thick soil layer in the profile as well as for the whole profile. Mean values for SWC, SWS, and AWS in the soil layers had a similar distribution pattern down the profile, which could be divided into three statistically significant different sub-layers where the parameter decreased (0-2.5 m), then increased (2.5-5 m), and increased with fluctuations (5-21 m). The amount of SWS and AWS in the 21-m profiles varied from 1639 mm to 5669 mm and from 831 mm to 2953 mm, respectively. In the root zone, the vertical distribution and quantity of soil water were significantly influenced by land use and plant characteristics (i.e., root mass); while below the root zone, soil texture became a more important factor. Compared with the upper soil layers, the deeper soil layers provided a larger water pool and thus potentially had a stronger buffering capacity, which could mitigate the effects of seasonal or inter-annual drought on plants. Understanding this information is important to regional water budgets, sustainable land management and the restoration of the ecological environment on the Loess Plateau and possibly in other water-limited ecosystems around the world. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| [2] |
生态系统服务权衡: 方法、模型与研究框架 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201606001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系或彼此增益的协同关系,科学理解和权衡这些作用关系有利于指导生态系统管理实践,也对实现社会经济发展和生态保护的"双赢"目标具有重要意义。系统梳理了国内外现有的生态系统服务权衡研究工作,归纳总结了权衡研究的主要方法:统计学、空间分析、情景模拟和服务流动性分析方法;对权衡研究中常用的生态系统服务权衡模型进行了机理介绍和应用分析;进一步提出了权衡研究的理论框架和重要切入点,即生态系统服务的时空尺度特征、相互作用、效益和驱动机制。对生态系统服务权衡未来的进一步深化研究进行了展望,旨在为国内相关研究提供启迪和参考。
Methods, tools and research framework of ecosystem service trade-offs [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201606001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系或彼此增益的协同关系,科学理解和权衡这些作用关系有利于指导生态系统管理实践,也对实现社会经济发展和生态保护的"双赢"目标具有重要意义。系统梳理了国内外现有的生态系统服务权衡研究工作,归纳总结了权衡研究的主要方法:统计学、空间分析、情景模拟和服务流动性分析方法;对权衡研究中常用的生态系统服务权衡模型进行了机理介绍和应用分析;进一步提出了权衡研究的理论框架和重要切入点,即生态系统服务的时空尺度特征、相互作用、效益和驱动机制。对生态系统服务权衡未来的进一步深化研究进行了展望,旨在为国内相关研究提供启迪和参考。
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| [3] |
生态系统服务权衡与集成方法 [J].https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.01.01 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务是人类从生态系统中所获得的各种的惠益,自20世纪90年代提出后在国际上迅速成为生态学、地理学和环境科学等领域的研究前沿热点。联合国大会于2012年正式批准生物多样性与生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）建设,制定概念框架,确定近期研究主要任务包括三项快速的评估和两项政策决策性的评估。本文探索了生态系统服务权衡及区域集成方法,并以黄土高原地区为例进行了应用。研究结果表明,土地利用变化与土壤保持、碳固定具有正效应,与产水量间存在负效应;粮食生产能力与农业生产条件改善、人工投入增加和技术进步密切相关。生态系统服务之间的消长和权衡具有尺度依赖性,植被恢复的区域适宜性评价及水分效应方面还需要进一步研究。
Trade-off analyses and synthetic integrated method of multiple ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.01.01 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务是人类从生态系统中所获得的各种的惠益,自20世纪90年代提出后在国际上迅速成为生态学、地理学和环境科学等领域的研究前沿热点。联合国大会于2012年正式批准生物多样性与生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）建设,制定概念框架,确定近期研究主要任务包括三项快速的评估和两项政策决策性的评估。本文探索了生态系统服务权衡及区域集成方法,并以黄土高原地区为例进行了应用。研究结果表明,土地利用变化与土壤保持、碳固定具有正效应,与产水量间存在负效应;粮食生产能力与农业生产条件改善、人工投入增加和技术进步密切相关。生态系统服务之间的消长和权衡具有尺度依赖性,植被恢复的区域适宜性评价及水分效应方面还需要进一步研究。
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| [99] |
Dynamic emergy accounting of water and carbon ecosystem services: A model to simulate the impacts of land-use change [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Expansion of agriculture over ecosystem areas is widely recognized as one of the most significant human alterations to the global environment over the last century. Although food and fiber production are essential ecosystem services (ES) to humankind, the clearing of forests for agricultural use is associated with changes in land cover which affect a wide range of ES at local, regional and global scales. Considering the importance of climate change, freshwater scarcity, soil erosion and other environmental issues, this paper aims to simulate the impact of land-use change on the ecosystem services related to water and carbon biogeochemical processes. The system under study is the Taquarizinho river basin, located in the eastern region of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, inserted in the upland borders of one of the largest wetland systems of the world, the Pantanal. Formerly occupied by Brazilian savannah (Cerrado), more than half of Taquarizinho watershed was converted both to agriculture and pasture lands since the 1960s. In order to quantify the impact of land-use change on ES provided by Taquarizinho over the years, this paper introduces the hydro-carbon model, which dynamically represents ecosystem services related to water and carbon cycles, such as canal discharge, groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, biomass carbon sequestration, litter carbon sequestration, and soil carbon sequestration. The hydro-carbon model uses emergy for estimating the monetary value of ecosystem services provided by the river basin under different land-use scenarios. In this paper, extreme scenarios represent typical land-use types in Taquarizinho basin: native savanna (NS), agroforestry systems (AF), conventional tillage agriculture (CT), no-tillage multiple cropping agriculture (NT), degraded pastures (DP), and pastures under improved management (IP). Results in this paper reveal a hierarchy related to water and carbon ES provision, in descending order: native savanna (247EM$ha611y611), agroforestry system (204EM$ha611y611), pastures under improved management (180EM$ha611y611), no-tillage multiple cropping agriculture (160EM$ha611y611), degraded pastures (104EM$ha611y611) and conventional tillage agriculture (75EM$ha611y611).
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| [100] |
Global synthesis of the classifications, distributions, benefits and issues of terracing [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.010 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
For thousands of years, humans have created different types of terraces in different sloping conditions, meant to mitigate flood risks, reduce soil erosion and conserve water. These anthropogenic landscapes can be found in tropical and subtropical rainforests, deserts, and arid and semiarid mountains across the globe. Despite the long history, the roles of and the mechanisms by which terracing improves ecosystem services (ESs) remain poorly understood. Using literature synthesis and quantitative analysis, the worldwide types, distributions, major benefits and issues of terracing are presented in this review. A key terracing indicator, defined as the ratio of different ESs under terraced and non-terraced slopes ( δ ), was used to quantify the role of terracing in providing ESs. Our results indicated that ESs provided by terracing was generally positive because the mean values of δ were mostly greater than one. The most prominent role of terracing was found in erosion control (11.4602±022.34), followed by runoff reduction (2.6002±021.79), biomass accumulation (1.9402±020.59), soil water recharge (1.2002±020.23), and nutrient enhancement (1.2002±020.48). Terracing, to a lesser extent, could also enhance the survival rates of plant seedlings, promote ecosystem restoration, and increase crop yields. While slopes experiencing severe human disturbance (e.g., overgrazing and deforestation) can generally become more stable after terracing, negative effects of terracing may occur in poorly-designed or poorly-managed terraces. Among the reasons are the lack of environmental legislation, changes in traditional concepts and lifestyles of local people, as well as price decreases for agricultural products. All of these can accelerate terrace abandonment and degradation. In light of these findings, possible solutions regarding socio-economic changes and techniques to improve already degraded terraces are discussed.
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| [4] |
中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系 [J].An indicator system for biodiversity and ecosystem services evaluation in China [J]. |
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Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114215109 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Untangling relative contributions of recent climate and CO2 trends to national cereal production in China [J].
There is increasing evidence of crop yield response to recent global warming, yet there is poor understanding of the relative contributions of different climatic variables to changes in crop production. Using a spatially calibrated crop model with cultivars and crop inputs held constant for the year 2000, we simulate idealized national cereal production during the period 1961-2010 under different combinations of observed climate and COforcings. With increasing COand all climate forcings, production shows a slight and insignificant change (-0.9% between 1961 and 2010); however, without COthe combined climate forcings decrease production (-8.6%). Changing one climate variable at a time, whilst holding the other variables constant at 1961 values, observed warming has virtually no overall effect on production (0.01%), precipitation decreases it by 1.2% and radiation decreases it by 7.0%. The effects are management and crop dependent, with decreasing radiation responsible for reduced irrigated crop production, and precipitation for variability in rain-fed crop production. Rice is the most sensitive crop, with the largest decline (-12.4%) in simulated production. Wheat shows reduced yield (-9.7%) owing to climate factors, whilst offset by COfertilization (overall change 0.9%). Maize shows insignificant change (-1.2%) and moderate increase in production (2.6%), respectively. These model results suggest that decreasing radiation due to increasing aerosol concentration and other atmospheric pollutants has had a greater effect on crop production than warming trends in China. This underscores the need for crop-climate studies to resolve better the effects of radiation on crop yield and examine climate model projections of radiation in greater detail.
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| [5] |
土地利用变化与生态系统服务: 概念、方法与进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 3] 摘要
生态系统服务作为生态学与地理学的研究前沿和热点，受到众多学者与研究组织的关注。土地利用变化通过对生态系统格局与过程的影响，改变着生态系统产品与服务的提供能力。本文对土地利用变化与生态系统服务相关研究背景和概念进行了介绍，总结了生态系统服务评估方法的特点，对目前研究中存在的问题进行了分析，展望了未来的研究趋势。加强土地利用变化驱动下生态系统过程与服务的相互关系、生态系统服务之间的相互关系以及生态系统服务的区域集成与优化是生态系统服务研究的前沿科学问题，这些科学问题的解决将为生态系统管理提供重要的理论和方法支持。
Land-use change and ecosystem services: Concepts, methods and progress [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 3] 摘要
生态系统服务作为生态学与地理学的研究前沿和热点，受到众多学者与研究组织的关注。土地利用变化通过对生态系统格局与过程的影响，改变着生态系统产品与服务的提供能力。本文对土地利用变化与生态系统服务相关研究背景和概念进行了介绍，总结了生态系统服务评估方法的特点，对目前研究中存在的问题进行了分析，展望了未来的研究趋势。加强土地利用变化驱动下生态系统过程与服务的相互关系、生态系统服务之间的相互关系以及生态系统服务的区域集成与优化是生态系统服务研究的前沿科学问题，这些科学问题的解决将为生态系统管理提供重要的理论和方法支持。
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| [103] |
Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906829107 URL PMID: 20080690 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Society places value on the multiple functions of ecosystems from soil fertility to erosion control to wildlife-carrying capacity, and these functions are potentially threatened by ongoing biodiversity losses. Recent empirically based models using individual species' traits suggest that higher species richness is required to provide multiple ecosystem functions. However, no study to date has analyzed the observed functionality of communities of interacting species over multiple temporal scales to assess the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality. We use data from the longest-running biodiversity-functioning field experiment to date to test how species diversity affects the ability of grassland ecosystems to provide threshold levels of up to eight ecosystem functions simultaneously. Across years and every combination of ecosystem functions, minimum-required species richness consistently increases with the number of functions considered. Moreover, tradeoffs between functions and variability among years prevent any one community type from providing high levels of multiple functions, regardless of its diversity. Sustained multifunctionality, therefore, likely requires both higher species richness than single ecosystem functionality and a diversity of species assemblages across the landscape.
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| [104] |
GIS-based analysis for hotspot identification of tradeoff between ecosystem services: A case study in Yanhe Basin, China [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-016-0816-z URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Although the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services have been studied for a long time, few studies have specifically focused on the quantification of tradeoffs between ecosystem services and tradeoff hotspots. Based on previous studies of ecosystem service assessment, we proposed a feasible method to analyze the tradeoffs between ecosystem services, including determination of their relationship, quantification of tradeoffs, and identification of tradeoff hotspots. Potential influencing factors were then further analyzed. The Yanhe Basin in the Loess Plateau was selected as an example to demonstrate the application process. Firstly, the amounts of net primary production (NPP) and water yield (WY) in 2000 and 2008 were estimated by using biophysical models. Secondly, correlation analysis was used to indicate the tradeoffs between NPP and WY. Thirdly, tradeoff index ( TI NPP/WY ) was established to quantify the extent of tradeoffs between NPP and WY, and the average value of TI NPP/WY is 24.4 g/(mm m 2 ) for the Yanhe Basin between 2000 and 2008. Finally, the tradeoff hotspots were identified. The results indicated that the area of lowest tradeoff index concentrated in the middle part of the Yanhe Basin and marginal areas of the southern basin. Map overlapping was used for preliminary analysis to seek potential influencing factors, and the results showed that shrub was the best suited for growing in the Yanhe Basin, but also was a potential influencing factor for formulation of the tradeoff hotspots. The concept of tradeoff index could also be used to quantify the degree of synergy between different ecosystem services. The method to identify the tradeoff hotspots could help us to narrow the scope of study area for further research on the relationship among ecosystem services and concentrate on the potential factors for formation of tradeoff between ecosystem services, enhance the capacity to maintain the sustainability of ecosystem.
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中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2009.06.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p> 生态系统服务是国际生态学研究的前沿和热点，表现出向生态系统服务机理和区域集成方法两大方向发展的趋势。开展陆地生态系统服务研究，是生态系统恢复、生态功能区划和建立生态补偿机制、保障国家生态安全的重大战略需求。面向国家重大需求和生态系统服务研究的国际前沿，以主要陆地生态系统为对象，“中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全”项目拟解决3个科学问题：①生态系统结构—过程—服务功能的相互作用机理；②生态系统服务功能的尺度特征与多尺度关联；③生态系统服务功能评估的指标与模型。通过上述研究，发展生态系统服务研究的理论与方法，为国家的生态建设和环境保护提供科学支撑。<br /> </p>
The main terrestrial ecosystem services and ecological security in China [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2009.06.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p> 生态系统服务是国际生态学研究的前沿和热点，表现出向生态系统服务机理和区域集成方法两大方向发展的趋势。开展陆地生态系统服务研究，是生态系统恢复、生态功能区划和建立生态补偿机制、保障国家生态安全的重大战略需求。面向国家重大需求和生态系统服务研究的国际前沿，以主要陆地生态系统为对象，“中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全”项目拟解决3个科学问题：①生态系统结构—过程—服务功能的相互作用机理；②生态系统服务功能的尺度特征与多尺度关联；③生态系统服务功能评估的指标与模型。通过上述研究，发展生态系统服务研究的理论与方法，为国家的生态建设和环境保护提供科学支撑。<br /> </p>
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基于生态系统服务的城市生态基础设施: 现状、问题与展望 [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201307181908 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
城市生态基础设施是城市可持续发展的重要基础，也是建设生态城市的重要保证。生态系统服务是城市生态基础设施建设的核心与关键。在快速城市化的背景下，保障生态基础设施的结构完整性和功能完善性尤为重要。在阐述生态系统服务的基础上，对生态基础设施的概念与类型进行了概述；从城市湿地生态基础设施、绿地生态基础设施以及城市地表硬化的生态工程改造3个方面对城市生态基础设施研究现状进行综述；对生态基础设施结构与功能评估方法进行了总结，对基于生态系统服务的城市生态基础设施研究进行了综合评述，首次提出了城市表面生态学的概念与研究展望，为城市生态系统服务的强化与调控提供了方法论指导。城市生态基础设施与表面生态学的整合研究将对城市水文效应（内涝）、灰霾效应（PM2.5）、热岛效应、水体污染与富营养化等备受关注的重大问题提供新的解决思路与科学方法。
Urban ecological infrastructure based on ecosystem services: Status, problems and perspectives [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201307181908 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
城市生态基础设施是城市可持续发展的重要基础，也是建设生态城市的重要保证。生态系统服务是城市生态基础设施建设的核心与关键。在快速城市化的背景下，保障生态基础设施的结构完整性和功能完善性尤为重要。在阐述生态系统服务的基础上，对生态基础设施的概念与类型进行了概述；从城市湿地生态基础设施、绿地生态基础设施以及城市地表硬化的生态工程改造3个方面对城市生态基础设施研究现状进行综述；对生态基础设施结构与功能评估方法进行了总结，对基于生态系统服务的城市生态基础设施研究进行了综合评述，首次提出了城市表面生态学的概念与研究展望，为城市生态系统服务的强化与调控提供了方法论指导。城市生态基础设施与表面生态学的整合研究将对城市水文效应（内涝）、灰霾效应（PM2.5）、热岛效应、水体污染与富营养化等备受关注的重大问题提供新的解决思路与科学方法。
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基于空间与区域视角的生态系统服务地理学框架 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201411004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务研究现已成为国内外的研究热点。回顾生态系统服务研究的历程可以发现,研究范式正在从自然科学研究范式向自然科学与社会科学综合研究范式转向。生态系统服务研究更加重视时空异质性、更加关注流动性与区域效应,更加强调生态系统服务对人类福祉的作用。在生态系统结构、过程与功能─服务─人类收益与福祉级联框架中,地理学的主要分支都可以找到自身的研究议题。在此过程中,逐渐建构起来的生态系统服务地理学,不仅可以为生态系统服务研究提供学科支撑,同时可以丰富和拓展地理学的研究内容。本文在评述生态系统服务研究历程和发展趋势的基础上,分析了地理学参与生态系统服务研究的逻辑必然性以及面临的机遇与挑战。为了推进生态系统服务研究的"地理化"转向,我们提议发展生态系统服务地理学,并初步描绘了生态系统服务地理学的学科框架,包括定义、研究范畴、研究内容及主要研究议题等。
Research framework of ecosystem services geography from spatial and regional perspectives [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201411004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务研究现已成为国内外的研究热点。回顾生态系统服务研究的历程可以发现,研究范式正在从自然科学研究范式向自然科学与社会科学综合研究范式转向。生态系统服务研究更加重视时空异质性、更加关注流动性与区域效应,更加强调生态系统服务对人类福祉的作用。在生态系统结构、过程与功能─服务─人类收益与福祉级联框架中,地理学的主要分支都可以找到自身的研究议题。在此过程中,逐渐建构起来的生态系统服务地理学,不仅可以为生态系统服务研究提供学科支撑,同时可以丰富和拓展地理学的研究内容。本文在评述生态系统服务研究历程和发展趋势的基础上,分析了地理学参与生态系统服务研究的逻辑必然性以及面临的机遇与挑战。为了推进生态系统服务研究的"地理化"转向,我们提议发展生态系统服务地理学,并初步描绘了生态系统服务地理学的学科框架,包括定义、研究范畴、研究内容及主要研究议题等。
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森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2006.05.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
由于森林的生态效益外部性和公共物品的特性,较大部分难以通过传统的市场实现其经济价值。如何通过适当的措施将森林生态效益外部性内部化,部分或全部地实现森林生态效益的价值,对森林生态效益的提供者进行补偿,吸引全社会参与森林的保护与培育,即如何用经济杠杆解决森林生态效益的外部性和公平性,是急需解决的问题,也是当前国内外生态经济学研究的一个热点和难点问题。通过综合分析相关文献,理清生态效益补偿的概念,对森林生态效益补偿展开研究和探讨。对发达国家的森林生态效益补偿的理论和实践经验进行总结归纳,为我国建立森林生态效益补偿机制提供借鉴。分析国内森林生态效益补偿的具体实践,得出我国森林生态效益补偿制度中需要完善的方面。最后,提出我国今后森林生态效益补偿制度工作的研究方向。
The status and prospect of forest ecological benefit compensation [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2006.05.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
由于森林的生态效益外部性和公共物品的特性,较大部分难以通过传统的市场实现其经济价值。如何通过适当的措施将森林生态效益外部性内部化,部分或全部地实现森林生态效益的价值,对森林生态效益的提供者进行补偿,吸引全社会参与森林的保护与培育,即如何用经济杠杆解决森林生态效益的外部性和公平性,是急需解决的问题,也是当前国内外生态经济学研究的一个热点和难点问题。通过综合分析相关文献,理清生态效益补偿的概念,对森林生态效益补偿展开研究和探讨。对发达国家的森林生态效益补偿的理论和实践经验进行总结归纳,为我国建立森林生态效益补偿机制提供借鉴。分析国内森林生态效益补偿的具体实践,得出我国森林生态效益补偿制度中需要完善的方面。最后,提出我国今后森林生态效益补偿制度工作的研究方向。
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中国生态系统服务研究的回顾与展望 [J].https://doi.org/10.11849/zrzyxb.2009.01.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务研究是当前国际上科学研究的热点和前沿。近年来我国生态系统服务研究取得了较快进展。为了全面认识与介绍国内生态系统服务研究的状况与成果，促进国际生态系统服务研究的交流与合作，论文首先回顾了我国生态系统服务研究的4个时期，并简要概括了所取得的成就和存在的问题，最后指出，中国生态系统服务的研究应该尽快由当前的概算式研究转向更深层次的研究，尤其要重点关注生态系统功能的基础理论研究、评估指标与方法的标准化、生态服务价值动态评估模型研究、评估结果在决策过程中的应用研究以及生态系统服务的市场化机制研究。
Research on ecosystem services in China: Progress and perspectives [J].https://doi.org/10.11849/zrzyxb.2009.01.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务研究是当前国际上科学研究的热点和前沿。近年来我国生态系统服务研究取得了较快进展。为了全面认识与介绍国内生态系统服务研究的状况与成果，促进国际生态系统服务研究的交流与合作，论文首先回顾了我国生态系统服务研究的4个时期，并简要概括了所取得的成就和存在的问题，最后指出，中国生态系统服务的研究应该尽快由当前的概算式研究转向更深层次的研究，尤其要重点关注生态系统功能的基础理论研究、评估指标与方法的标准化、生态服务价值动态评估模型研究、评估结果在决策过程中的应用研究以及生态系统服务的市场化机制研究。
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生态系统服务流研究进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201607.005 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>随着社会经济的发展,人类对生态系统的干扰导致多种生态服务退化或消失.生态系统服务流对生态系统服务的输送、转化和维持有重要作用，并成为相关研究的新兴方向之一.本文在对生态系统服务流进行分类的基础上，分析了生态系统服务传递的载体，初步探讨生态系统服务流的形成机制，包括服务流的形成、属性、尺度特征、定量化及其制图等.同时,对生态系统服务流的成本效应，如输送成本、转化成本、使用成本和成本相对性等进行尝试性分析，旨在分析生态系统服务流传递过程中的成本耗散.生态系统服务流研究一定程度上解决了生态系统服务价值评估的“双重核算”问题，使人类准确识别生态系统服务供给和消费热点区域，有利于生态系统服务在传递过程中达到效益最大化，对提出科学合理的生态补偿有重要意义.</p>
Research progress of ecosystem service flow [J].https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201607.005 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>随着社会经济的发展,人类对生态系统的干扰导致多种生态服务退化或消失.生态系统服务流对生态系统服务的输送、转化和维持有重要作用，并成为相关研究的新兴方向之一.本文在对生态系统服务流进行分类的基础上，分析了生态系统服务传递的载体，初步探讨生态系统服务流的形成机制，包括服务流的形成、属性、尺度特征、定量化及其制图等.同时,对生态系统服务流的成本效应，如输送成本、转化成本、使用成本和成本相对性等进行尝试性分析，旨在分析生态系统服务流传递过程中的成本耗散.生态系统服务流研究一定程度上解决了生态系统服务价值评估的“双重核算”问题，使人类准确识别生态系统服务供给和消费热点区域，有利于生态系统服务在传递过程中达到效益最大化，对提出科学合理的生态补偿有重要意义.</p>
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生态系统服务供给和需求研究进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201707012 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
生态系统为人类供给产品与服务，人类对其产品与服务形成需求和消费，供需两者共同构成生态系统服务从自然生态系统流向人类社会系统的动态过程。对生态系统服务的供给和需求进行识别、度量、空间化及均衡分析是生态系统服务研究的重要组成部分，有助于生态系统有效管理以及自然资源合理配置，为生态系统服务付费和生态补偿提供理论支撑。本文基于国内外理论和案例研究成果，首先梳理生态系统服务供给和需求的含义，其次总结和对比从供需空间特征角度对生态系统服务的分类，并归纳生态系统供给和需求的空间化方法，最后从实际供给和潜在供给、实现需求和总量需求、供需数量和空间关系3个方面探讨生态系统服务供需均衡分析框架。
A review of ecosystem services supply and demand [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201707012 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
生态系统为人类供给产品与服务，人类对其产品与服务形成需求和消费，供需两者共同构成生态系统服务从自然生态系统流向人类社会系统的动态过程。对生态系统服务的供给和需求进行识别、度量、空间化及均衡分析是生态系统服务研究的重要组成部分，有助于生态系统有效管理以及自然资源合理配置，为生态系统服务付费和生态补偿提供理论支撑。本文基于国内外理论和案例研究成果，首先梳理生态系统服务供给和需求的含义，其次总结和对比从供需空间特征角度对生态系统服务的分类，并归纳生态系统供给和需求的空间化方法，最后从实际供给和潜在供给、实现需求和总量需求、供需数量和空间关系3个方面探讨生态系统服务供需均衡分析框架。
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生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-6055.2000.05.010 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。它不仅为人类提供了食品、医药及其它生产生活原料 ,更重要的是维持了人类赖以生存的生命支持系统 ,维持生命物质的生物地化循环与水文循环 ,维持生物物种与遗传多样性 ,净化环境 ,维持大气化学的平衡与稳定。人们逐步认识到 ,生态服务功能是人类生存与现代文明的基础。近年来生态系统服务功能的研究已了人们的广泛重视 ,生态学家、经济学家纷纷探讨生态系统服务功能的内涵与定量评价方法 ,并已成为当前生态与生态经济学研究的前沿课题。本文拟系统地分析生态系统服务功能的研究进展与趋势 ,生态系统服务功能价值的评佑方法 ,并探讨生态系统服务功能及其与可持续发展研究的关系
Ecosystem services and their economic valuation [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-6055.2000.05.010 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。它不仅为人类提供了食品、医药及其它生产生活原料 ,更重要的是维持了人类赖以生存的生命支持系统 ,维持生命物质的生物地化循环与水文循环 ,维持生物物种与遗传多样性 ,净化环境 ,维持大气化学的平衡与稳定。人们逐步认识到 ,生态服务功能是人类生存与现代文明的基础。近年来生态系统服务功能的研究已了人们的广泛重视 ,生态学家、经济学家纷纷探讨生态系统服务功能的内涵与定量评价方法 ,并已成为当前生态与生态经济学研究的前沿课题。本文拟系统地分析生态系统服务功能的研究进展与趋势 ,生态系统服务功能价值的评佑方法 ,并探讨生态系统服务功能及其与可持续发展研究的关系
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中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/15/12/025 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务功能主要表现为提供保存生物进化所需要的丰富的物种与遗传资源,太阳能,二氧化碳的固定,有机质的合成,区域气候调节,维持水及营养物质的循环,土壤的形成与保护,污染物的吸收与降解及创造物种赖以生存与繁育的条件,维持整个大气化学组分的平衡与稳定,以及由于丰富的生物多样性所形成的自然景观及其具有的美学、文化、科学、教育的价值。生态系统的这些功能虽不表现为直接的生产与消费价值,但它们是生物资源直接价值产生与形成的环境。可以说,正是生态系统的服务功能,才使人类的生态环境条件得以维持和稳定。从生态系统的服务功能着手,首先研究中国陆地生态系统在有机物质的生产、CO2的固定、O2的释放、重要污染物质降解,以及在涵养水源、保护土壤中的生态功能作用,然后再运用影子价格,替代工程或损益分析等方法探讨了中国生态系统的间接经济价值。研究表明我国陆地生态系统具有巨大的生态经济效益,对维持我国社会经济的可持续发展具有不可替代的作用。
A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and their ecological-economic values [J].https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/15/12/025 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务功能主要表现为提供保存生物进化所需要的丰富的物种与遗传资源,太阳能,二氧化碳的固定,有机质的合成,区域气候调节,维持水及营养物质的循环,土壤的形成与保护,污染物的吸收与降解及创造物种赖以生存与繁育的条件,维持整个大气化学组分的平衡与稳定,以及由于丰富的生物多样性所形成的自然景观及其具有的美学、文化、科学、教育的价值。生态系统的这些功能虽不表现为直接的生产与消费价值,但它们是生物资源直接价值产生与形成的环境。可以说,正是生态系统的服务功能,才使人类的生态环境条件得以维持和稳定。从生态系统的服务功能着手,首先研究中国陆地生态系统在有机物质的生产、CO2的固定、O2的释放、重要污染物质降解,以及在涵养水源、保护土壤中的生态功能作用,然后再运用影子价格,替代工程或损益分析等方法探讨了中国生态系统的间接经济价值。研究表明我国陆地生态系统具有巨大的生态经济效益,对维持我国社会经济的可持续发展具有不可替代的作用。
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生态资产、生态补偿及生态文明科技贡献核算理论与技术 [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201611142310 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
项目拟将国家生态文明制度建设科技需求与国际生态领域研究前沿结合,综合应用生态评估、社会调查、政策分析、系统模拟方法,重点研究：生态资产核算理论、技术方法与应用,生态系统生产总值与生态效益核算理论、技术方法与应用,生态保护与生态建设工程效益评估技术方法与应用,国家与地方生态补偿政策绩效评价,生态补偿模式、标准核算与政策措施,生态补偿融资机制与政策措施,科技创新对生态文明建设贡献的评估方法体系与应用示范,构建生态资产与生态效益、生态补偿、科技支撑生态文明贡献度的核算理论、方法和技术体系,为国家生态文明制度与机制建设提供科技支撑。
Accounting theories and technologies for ecological assets, ecological compensation and scientific and technological contribution to ecological civilization [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201611142310 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
项目拟将国家生态文明制度建设科技需求与国际生态领域研究前沿结合,综合应用生态评估、社会调查、政策分析、系统模拟方法,重点研究：生态资产核算理论、技术方法与应用,生态系统生产总值与生态效益核算理论、技术方法与应用,生态保护与生态建设工程效益评估技术方法与应用,国家与地方生态补偿政策绩效评价,生态补偿模式、标准核算与政策措施,生态补偿融资机制与政策措施,科技创新对生态文明建设贡献的评估方法体系与应用示范,构建生态资产与生态效益、生态补偿、科技支撑生态文明贡献度的核算理论、方法和技术体系,为国家生态文明制度与机制建设提供科技支撑。
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基于功能性状的生态系统服务研究框架 [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00353 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>功能性状通过影响生态系统的属性和过程及其维持来影响生态系统服务。功能多样性-生态系统功能关系的研究有助于深入探讨生态系统服务形成机制, 也为生态系统服务研究提供了一个切入点。该文对目前的功能性状和生态系统服务研究框架进行了介绍, 回顾了功能多样性-生态系统功能关系的研究现状, 总结了目前功能性状在生态系统服务研究中的应用, 提出了基于功能性状的生态系统服务研究框架。在这个研究框架中, 首先选取对生态系统功能影响显著的非生物因子和功能多样性指数, 然后量化非生物因子和功能多样性与生态系统功能, 以及生态系统功能-生态系统服务之间的关系, 进而构建功能多样性与生态系统服务的数量关系。与此同时, 利用群落构建理论和物种共存机制分析功能多样性-生态系统功能变化的机制联系, 以研究生态系统服务形成和变化机制, 为生态系统服务管理决策提供科学依据。</p>
A research framework of ecosystem services based on functional traits [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00353 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>功能性状通过影响生态系统的属性和过程及其维持来影响生态系统服务。功能多样性-生态系统功能关系的研究有助于深入探讨生态系统服务形成机制, 也为生态系统服务研究提供了一个切入点。该文对目前的功能性状和生态系统服务研究框架进行了介绍, 回顾了功能多样性-生态系统功能关系的研究现状, 总结了目前功能性状在生态系统服务研究中的应用, 提出了基于功能性状的生态系统服务研究框架。在这个研究框架中, 首先选取对生态系统功能影响显著的非生物因子和功能多样性指数, 然后量化非生物因子和功能多样性与生态系统功能, 以及生态系统功能-生态系统服务之间的关系, 进而构建功能多样性与生态系统服务的数量关系。与此同时, 利用群落构建理论和物种共存机制分析功能多样性-生态系统功能变化的机制联系, 以研究生态系统服务形成和变化机制, 为生态系统服务管理决策提供科学依据。</p>
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基于供需关系的生态系统服务空间流动研究进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201411172274 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务研究越来越强调服务与人类福利的关系。生态系统服务空间流动研究试图在生态系统服务供给与使用之间构建因果联系,探索服务供给时空动态与人类福利变化的关系。综述了20世纪90年代以来国内外生态系统服务研究的进展,梳理了生态系统服务空间流动研究发展的脉络及其出现的必要性,提出了未来生态系统服务空间流动发展的重要方向是分布式空间模拟,但这受到数据可获得性和专业知识的限制。未来可以通过利用已有地理资源数据库和派生数据库增加数据来源,组建由不同学科人员组成的研究团队来弥补专业知识不足造成的影响。通过生态系统服务空间流动研究,可以在生态系统服务供给和需求之间建立反馈关系,为制定科学合理的管理政策提供科学依据。
Involvement of ecosystem service flows in human wellbeing based on the relationship between supply and demand [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201411172274 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
生态系统服务研究越来越强调服务与人类福利的关系。生态系统服务空间流动研究试图在生态系统服务供给与使用之间构建因果联系,探索服务供给时空动态与人类福利变化的关系。综述了20世纪90年代以来国内外生态系统服务研究的进展,梳理了生态系统服务空间流动研究发展的脉络及其出现的必要性,提出了未来生态系统服务空间流动发展的重要方向是分布式空间模拟,但这受到数据可获得性和专业知识的限制。未来可以通过利用已有地理资源数据库和派生数据库增加数据来源,组建由不同学科人员组成的研究团队来弥补专业知识不足造成的影响。通过生态系统服务空间流动研究,可以在生态系统服务供给和需求之间建立反馈关系,为制定科学合理的管理政策提供科学依据。
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生态系统服务研究: 进展、局限和基本范式 [J].
生态系统服务是生态学研究的热点问题。该文首先从概念、分类、价值评估理论、评估案例等方面总结了目前国内外生态系统服务的研究现状。然后评述了目前生态系统服务研究存在的局限性，包括：评估结果的准确性问题、生态资产与生态系统服务的混淆、物理量评估方法的不确定性、价值量评估的不确定性以及生态系统功能与服务的复杂性。针对这些研究的局限，文章提出了生态系统服务研究的基本范式，包括：严格区分生态资产和生态系统服务、生态系统服务评估必须基于生态观测或生态模型以及区域生态系统服务评估应区分不同样元。最后，文章展望了今后生态系统服务研究的课题：生态系统服务与生态系统结构及生态过程的关联性和复杂关系的研究，人类干扰下生态系统服务的响应与反馈研究，生态系统服务变化对人类福利的影响研究，政策机制对生态系统服务的影响研究以及不同生态系统类型的各种生态服务价值研究等方面。
Study on ecosystem services: Progress, limitation and basic paradigm [J].
生态系统服务是生态学研究的热点问题。该文首先从概念、分类、价值评估理论、评估案例等方面总结了目前国内外生态系统服务的研究现状。然后评述了目前生态系统服务研究存在的局限性，包括：评估结果的准确性问题、生态资产与生态系统服务的混淆、物理量评估方法的不确定性、价值量评估的不确定性以及生态系统功能与服务的复杂性。针对这些研究的局限，文章提出了生态系统服务研究的基本范式，包括：严格区分生态资产和生态系统服务、生态系统服务评估必须基于生态观测或生态模型以及区域生态系统服务评估应区分不同样元。最后，文章展望了今后生态系统服务研究的课题：生态系统服务与生态系统结构及生态过程的关联性和复杂关系的研究，人类干扰下生态系统服务的响应与反馈研究，生态系统服务变化对人类福利的影响研究，政策机制对生态系统服务的影响研究以及不同生态系统类型的各种生态服务价值研究等方面。
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中国生态系统服务的价值 [J].
生态系统服务有着极高甚至无法计量的价值，与人类福祉关系及其密切。充分评价生态系统服务价值现已成为生态系统资产化管理、生态补偿、生态服务有偿使用等政策执行的迫切需求。本文基于扩展的劳动价值论原理，主要采用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子的方法，对中国生态系统提供的11种生态服务类型价值进行核算，研究表明：①中国各种生态系统年提供总服务价值量为38.10万亿元。就生态系统而言，森林提供的总服务价值最高，占总价值的46.00%;其次是水域和草地，分别占总价值的21.16%和19.68%;②就生态系统服务类别而言，调节功能服务价值最高，占71.31%，支持服务占19.01%，供给服务占5.87%;文化服务占3.81%;③生态系统服务价值在年内随生长季节变化，中国生态系统在5-9月期间提供的生态服务价值较高，而在11-2月期间提供的生态服务价值较低;④生态系统服务单位面积价值最高的地区主要分布在南方和东北地区，在总体趋势上从东南向西北逐渐降低;⑤对中国不同地区人均生态服务价值和人均GDP进行对比发现，2010年中国人均生态价值量为2.84万元，人均GDP为2.99万元，总体而言中国人均GDP和人均生态服务价值接近1∶1，这表明中国生态系统服务价值相对社会经济价值的高度稀缺性，尤其在经济和人口密集的区域，这种相对稀缺性更为突出。
The value of ecosystem services in China [J].
生态系统服务有着极高甚至无法计量的价值，与人类福祉关系及其密切。充分评价生态系统服务价值现已成为生态系统资产化管理、生态补偿、生态服务有偿使用等政策执行的迫切需求。本文基于扩展的劳动价值论原理，主要采用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子的方法，对中国生态系统提供的11种生态服务类型价值进行核算，研究表明：①中国各种生态系统年提供总服务价值量为38.10万亿元。就生态系统而言，森林提供的总服务价值最高，占总价值的46.00%;其次是水域和草地，分别占总价值的21.16%和19.68%;②就生态系统服务类别而言，调节功能服务价值最高，占71.31%，支持服务占19.01%，供给服务占5.87%;文化服务占3.81%;③生态系统服务价值在年内随生长季节变化，中国生态系统在5-9月期间提供的生态服务价值较高，而在11-2月期间提供的生态服务价值较低;④生态系统服务单位面积价值最高的地区主要分布在南方和东北地区，在总体趋势上从东南向西北逐渐降低;⑤对中国不同地区人均生态服务价值和人均GDP进行对比发现，2010年中国人均生态价值量为2.84万元，人均GDP为2.99万元，总体而言中国人均GDP和人均生态服务价值接近1∶1，这表明中国生态系统服务价值相对社会经济价值的高度稀缺性，尤其在经济和人口密集的区域，这种相对稀缺性更为突出。
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中国自然草地生态系统服务价值 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2001.01.009 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
文中参照Constaza等提出的方法,在对草地生态系统服务价格根据其生物量订正的基础上,逐项估计了各类草地生态系统的各项生态系统服务价值,得出全国草地生态系统每年的服务价值为14979×10<sup>8</sup>US＄。其中扰乱管理价值占1607%,水管理和水供应价值占1444%,侵蚀控制和沉积保存价值占908%,废物处理价值占4203%,授粉价值占783%,生物控制价值占72%,食物和原材料生产价值占2226%,娱乐和文化价值占578%,其它如气体管理价值、土壤形成价值和栖息地价值低于5%。受各类草地生物群落分布广度和单位面积生态服务功能强弱的综合影响,各类草地的生态服务价值贡献率有很大差异,其中,沼泽类对草地生态系统总服务价值的贡献率为5234%。温性草原类、热性草丛类、热性灌草丛类、低地草甸类和高寒草甸类对总服务价值的贡献分别在503%～774%之间,其余类型的草地生态服务价值贡献率在5%以下。
Study on valuation of rangeland ecosystem services of China [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2001.01.009 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
文中参照Constaza等提出的方法,在对草地生态系统服务价格根据其生物量订正的基础上,逐项估计了各类草地生态系统的各项生态系统服务价值,得出全国草地生态系统每年的服务价值为14979×10<sup>8</sup>US＄。其中扰乱管理价值占1607%,水管理和水供应价值占1444%,侵蚀控制和沉积保存价值占908%,废物处理价值占4203%,授粉价值占783%,生物控制价值占72%,食物和原材料生产价值占2226%,娱乐和文化价值占578%,其它如气体管理价值、土壤形成价值和栖息地价值低于5%。受各类草地生物群落分布广度和单位面积生态服务功能强弱的综合影响,各类草地的生态服务价值贡献率有很大差异,其中,沼泽类对草地生态系统总服务价值的贡献率为5234%。温性草原类、热性草丛类、热性灌草丛类、低地草甸类和高寒草甸类对总服务价值的贡献分别在503%～774%之间,其余类型的草地生态服务价值贡献率在5%以下。
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1981-2015年我国大陆地区景观生态学研究文献分析 [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201604240775 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在我国大陆地区,景观生态学已走过35周年,国际景观生态学会中国分会已经正式成立20周年。以"景观生态学"为主题词,检索得到1981—2015年我国大陆地区景观生态学学者发表的相关文献,对文献数量、文献期刊分布、文献所属研究机构、文献内容和文献国际影响力5个方面进行统计分析,得到关于我国大陆地区景观生态学研究发展历程和现状的几点认识。(1)我国大陆地区景观生态学研究按发表文献数量状况可划分为3个阶段:1981—1989年,景观生态相关研究较少,学科处于引进、吸收的初始阶段;1990—2006年,文献数量迅猛增长,我国大陆地区景观生态学学科发展成熟并壮大;2007年至今,景观生态学研究平稳发展,在思索中寻求创新。(2)我国大陆地区景观生态学研究文献发表刊物以生态、农业、资源与环境、地理测绘和园林领域刊物为主,刊物影响因子差别明显,景观生态学专业期刊在我国大陆地区有所欠缺。(3)景观生态学研究机构主要为以中国科学院生态环境研究中心和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所为代表的中国科学院研究所和以北京大学、北京林业大学和北京师范大学为代表的高校,各研究机构发挥所处地理环境优势和自身学科特色,对不同类型景观展开深入研究。(4)我国大陆地区景观生态学研究内容主要包括学科理论与技术方法、景观格局-生态过程-尺度的相互作用机制、景观生态学的部门应用等,其研究主题包括城市、农业、湿地、园林、气候变化、生物多样性、景观可持续等众多方面,其研究范式正经历着从"格局-过程-尺度"向"格局-过程-服务-可持续性"的变化过程。(5)就英文文献的发文量和被引频次而言,我国大陆地区景观生态学研究是国际景观生态学研究的重要组成部分,但其国际影响力有待于进一步提升。
A bibliometric analysis of landscape ecology in China mainland between 1981 and 2015 [J].https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201604240775 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在我国大陆地区,景观生态学已走过35周年,国际景观生态学会中国分会已经正式成立20周年。以"景观生态学"为主题词,检索得到1981—2015年我国大陆地区景观生态学学者发表的相关文献,对文献数量、文献期刊分布、文献所属研究机构、文献内容和文献国际影响力5个方面进行统计分析,得到关于我国大陆地区景观生态学研究发展历程和现状的几点认识。(1)我国大陆地区景观生态学研究按发表文献数量状况可划分为3个阶段:1981—1989年,景观生态相关研究较少,学科处于引进、吸收的初始阶段;1990—2006年,文献数量迅猛增长,我国大陆地区景观生态学学科发展成熟并壮大;2007年至今,景观生态学研究平稳发展,在思索中寻求创新。(2)我国大陆地区景观生态学研究文献发表刊物以生态、农业、资源与环境、地理测绘和园林领域刊物为主,刊物影响因子差别明显,景观生态学专业期刊在我国大陆地区有所欠缺。(3)景观生态学研究机构主要为以中国科学院生态环境研究中心和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所为代表的中国科学院研究所和以北京大学、北京林业大学和北京师范大学为代表的高校,各研究机构发挥所处地理环境优势和自身学科特色,对不同类型景观展开深入研究。(4)我国大陆地区景观生态学研究内容主要包括学科理论与技术方法、景观格局-生态过程-尺度的相互作用机制、景观生态学的部门应用等,其研究主题包括城市、农业、湿地、园林、气候变化、生物多样性、景观可持续等众多方面,其研究范式正经历着从"格局-过程-尺度"向"格局-过程-服务-可持续性"的变化过程。(5)就英文文献的发文量和被引频次而言,我国大陆地区景观生态学研究是国际景观生态学研究的重要组成部分,但其国际影响力有待于进一步提升。
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| [24] |
Linking soils to ecosystem services-a global review [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.009 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Soil plays a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. In the 1990s ecosystem services (ES) research focused on developing the concept and framework and only a few studies linked soil properties to ecosystem services. This study reviews the literature on the relationship between soils and ecosystem services and aims to contribute to the scientific understanding on soil and ecosystem services and their interrelations. Most studies have focused on provisioning and regulating ES relating to soil physico-chemical properties. Cultural services had only a few studies, and supporting services were mostly related to soil physico-chemical and biological properties. The number of ES papers increased rapidly after 2000 and in the past 5 years, regulating services such as carbon sequestration, climate and gas regulations, were commonly studied. Once the concept was established in the 1990s, studies focusing on the assessment, valuation, and payments of services became more prominent. Most soil-ES research is published in Geoderma . Soil scientists seems to be hesitant to use the term cosystem services even if their research is devoted to linking soils to ecosystem services. We suggest that future ES research should focus on exploring soil functional diversity of soil biota and the spatial aspects of soil properties to lower level ecosystem services (e.g., water purification, gene pool, and climate regulation). Soil scientists should engage professionals from other disciplines to further promote the contribution of soils to ecosystem services delivery and human well-being. ES soil studies could be used in local and national policy development and program on natural resource use and management.
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| [25] |
Quantifying and mapping ecosystem services supplies and demands: A review of remote sensing applications [J].https://doi.org/10.1021/es300157u URL PMID: 22816512 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Ecosystems provide services necessary for the livelihoods and well-being of people. Quantifying and mapping supplies and demands of ecosystem services is essential for continuous monitoring of such services to support decision-making. Area-wide and spatially explicit mapping of ecosystem services based on extensive ground surveys is restricted to local scales and limited due to high costs. In contrast, remote sensing provides reliable area-wide data for quantifying and mapping ecosystem services at comparatively low costs, and with the option of fast, frequent, and continuous observations for monitoring. In this paper, we review relevant remote sensing systems, sensor types, and methods applicable in quantifying selected provisioning and regulatory services. Furthermore, opportunities, challenges, and future prospects in using remote sensing for supporting ecosystem services' quantification and mapping are discussed.
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| [26] |
Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: A comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.012 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Recent ecosystem services research has highlighted the importance of spatial connectivity between ecosystems and their beneficiaries. Despite this need, a systematic approach to ecosystem service flow quantification has not yet emerged. In this article, we present such an approach, which we formalize as a class of agent-based models termed ervice Path Attribution Networks (SPANs). These models, developed as part of the Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) project, expand on ecosystem services classification terminology introduced by other authors. Conceptual elements needed to support flow modeling include a service's rivalness, its flow routing type (e.g., through hydrologic or transportation networks, lines of sight, or other approaches), and whether the benefit is supplied by an ecosystem's provision of a beneficial flow to people or by absorption of a detrimental flow before it reaches them. We describe our implementation of the SPAN framework for five ecosystem services and discuss how to generalize the approach to additional services. SPAN model outputs include maps of ecosystem service provision, use, depletion, and flows under theoretical, possible, actual, inaccessible, and blocked conditions. We highlight how these different ecosystem service flow maps could be used to support various types of decision making for conservation and resource management planning.
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| [27] |
From theoretical to actual ecosystem services: Mapping beneficiaries and spatial flows in ecosystem service assessments [J].https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06523-190264 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Ecosystem services mapping and modeling has focused more on supply than demand, until recently. Whereas the potential provision of economic benefits from ecosystems to people is often quantified through ecological production functions, the use of and demand for ecosystem services has received less attention, as have the spatial flows of services from ecosystems to people. However, new modeling approaches that map and quantify service-specific sources (ecosystem capacity to provide a service), sinks (biophysical or anthropogenic features that deplete or alter service flows), users (user locations and level of demand), and spatial flows can provide a more complete understanding of ecosystem services. Through a case study in Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, we quantify and differentiate between the theoretical or in situ provision of services, i.e., ecosystems capacity to supply services, and their actual provision when accounting for the location of beneficiaries and the spatial connections that mediate service flows between people and ecosystems. Our analysis includes five ecosystem services: carbon sequestration and storage, riverine flood regulation, sediment regulation for reservoirs, open space proximity, and scenic viewsheds. Each ecosystem service is characterized by different beneficiary groups and means of service flow. Using the ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) methodology we map service supply, demand, and flow, extending on simpler approaches used by past studies to map service provision and use. With the exception of the carbon sequestration service, regions that actually provided services to people, i.e., connected to beneficiaries via flow paths, amounted to 16-66% of those theoretically capable of supplying services, i.e., all ecosystems across the landscape. These results offer a more complete understanding of the spatial dynamics of ecosystem services and their effects, and may provide a sounder basis for economic valuation and policy applications than studies that consider only theoretical service provision and/or use.
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| [28] |
Modeling hydrological ecosystem services and tradeoffs: A case study in Baiyangdian watershed, China [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2154-5 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Policy makers and scientists consider that land use strategies are designed to provide direct benefits to people by protecting vital ecosystem services. However, due to lack of information and evaluation methods, there is no effective and systematic tool for assessing tradeoffs between direct human benefits and ecosystem services. Land use changes influence ecosystem properties, processes and components, which are the basis for providing services. Five alternative land use scenarios (no conversion of agricultural lands, no urban expansion, agricultural expansion, forestry expansion, and riparian reforestation) were modeled for the Baiyangdian watershed, China, a densely populated, highly modified watershed with serious water shortage and pollution problems. The model InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) is designed to inform decisions about natural resource management, with an aim to align economic forces with conservation. Three ecosystem services (agricultural production, hydropower production, and water quality) were modeled to balance direct benefits and hydrological ecosystem services using InVEST. The results showed that: hydropower production was the greatest in the forestry expansion, but the lowest in agricultural expansion; agricultural production was reduced the most in forestry expansion, while retained the most in riparian reforestation. Riparian reforestation also provided the highest N and P retention and lowest N and P exportation. Riparian reforestation was the optimal land use strategy, since it protected and enhanced the vital ecosystem services without undermining direct human benefits. This research presents an initial analytical framework for integrating direct human benefits and ecosystem services in policy planning and illustrates its application. Although there are important potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services, this systematic planning framework offers a means for identifying valuable synergies between conservation and development.
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| [29] |
Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x URL PMID: 16972878 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Concern is growing about the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning, for the provision of ecosystem services, and for human well being. Experimental evidence for a relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem process rates is compelling, but the issue remains contentious. Here, we present the first rigorous quantitative assessment of this relationship through meta-analysis of experimental work spanning 50 years to June 2004. We analysed 446 measures of biodiversity effects (252 in grasslands), 319 of which involved primary producer manipulations or measurements. Our analyses show that: biodiversity effects are weaker if biodiversity manipulations are less well controlled; effects of biodiversity change on processes are weaker at the ecosystem compared with the community level and are negative at the population level; productivity-related effects decline with increasing number of trophic links between those elements manipulated and those measured; biodiversity effects on stability measures ('insurance' effects) are not stronger than biodiversity effects on performance measures. For those ecosystem services which could be assessed here, there is clear evidence that biodiversity has positive effects on most. Whilst such patterns should be further confirmed, a precautionary approach to biodiversity management would seem prudent in the meantime.
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| [30] |
Mapping trade-offs in ecosystem services from reforestation in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley [J].https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv181 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
We examine the efficiency with which a suite of ecosystem services can be restored by different reforestation configurations. We use a spatial analysis to quantify the ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies of five equal-area, large-scale bottomland hardwood reforestation scenarios for a study area in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Each reforestation configuration is designed to achieve a different environmental objective: nutrient retention, intact riparian and floodplain areas, forest breeding bird habitat, and black bear habitat connectivity. A random reforestation of the same area is also created to represent an opportunistically driven scenario. The opportunistic reforestation delivered services between 85% and 94% less efficiently than targeted reforestation. We also find a distinct service trade-off between reforestation to address water quality and reforestation to provide habitat for large vertebrates. This analysis underscores the importance of spatially quantifying ecosystem services and their trade-offs when seeking to optimize the ecosystem service benefits of restoration.
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| [31] |
Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x URL PMID: 19845725 [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Abstract Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.
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| [32] |
Extending the RUSLE with the Monte Carlo error propagation technique to predict long-term average off-site sediment accumulation [J].https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2000)126:1(76) URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
To evaluate if the adaptation of the basically two-dimensional Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to a three-dimensional reality is appropriate for predicting off-site sediment accumulation, it was extended with the Monte Carlo error propagation technique. This technique generates the true probability distribution of model output and gives the possibility to explain whether the differ...
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| [33] |
Are ecosystem services adequately quantified [J]https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12696 URL [本文引用: 4] 摘要
Summary 1.Quantification of ecosystem services (ES) is an important step in operationalizing the concept for management and decision making. With the exponential increase in ES research, ES have become a atch-all phrase which some suggest has led to a poorly defined, impractical and ambiguous concept. An overview of the methods used in ES quantification is needed to examine their scientific rigour and provide guidelines for selecting appropriate measures. 2.We present a systematic review of 405 peer-reviewed ES research papers to address the question: is the biophysical and socio-economic reality of ES adequately quantified? First we considered whether ES measures are scientifically rigorous enough by considering four predefined criteria (the type of data used, quantification of uncertainty, validation done and the data reported). Second, using a novel approach, we determined which part of the ES cascade was measured: the ecosystem property, function, service, benefit or value. 3.Our results showed that each of the 21 ES analysed had on average 24 different measures, which may indicate the complex reality of ES and/or suggest a potential lack of consensus on what constitutes an ES. We found that uncertainty is often not included and validation mostly missing. 4.When analysing which part(s) of the ES cascade each measure corresponded to, we found that for regulating ES, ecosystem properties and functions (ecological aspects) are more commonly quantified (67% of measures). Conversely for provisioning ES, benefits and values (socio-economic aspects) are more commonly quantified (68%). Cultural ES are predominantly quantified using scores (35%). 5.In conclusion, ES appear to be poorly quantified in many cases, as often only one side of the cascade is considered (either the ecological or socio-economic side) and oversimplified and variable indicators are often used. 6.Policy implications . This review provides a detailed overview of ecosystem services (ES) quantification (ranging from simple scores to advanced methods) with the aim to support future ES quantification and ultimately the successful application of the ES concept. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| [34] |
Soil science contributions towards sustainable development goals and their implementation: Linking soil functions with ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300646 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The United Nations effort to define Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), emphasizing local goals and capacity building, offers a unique opportunity for soil science to demonstrate the role it can play when focusing on these goals. Several strategic reports have presented key issues for sustainable development: food security, freshwater and energy availability, climate change and biodiversity loss are issues most frequently being listed, not soil degradation. Focusing on soil contributions towards interdisciplinary studies of these key issues, rather than emphasizing soils by themselves, is therefore bound to be more effective for the soil science profession. But this is still inadequate when studying land-related SDG's, requiring a broader ecosystem approach that can be achieved by a direct link between soil functions and corresponding ecosystem services. Thus, the key issues are not considered separately but linked as part of a dynamic ecosystem characterization following a narrative as is demonstrated for food security, that can be well addressed by precision agriculture. As all key issues and at least five of the ten SDG's are directly land-related, soil science can potentially play an important role in the suggested interdisciplinary studies. But in addition, the current information society with knowledgeable stakeholders requires innovative and interactive transdisciplinary scientific approaches by not only focusing on knowledge generation but also on co-learning with stakeholders and, important, on implementation. The soil science discipline can become more effective in the transdisciplinary context by: (1) reconnecting the knowledge chain, linking tacit with scientific knowledge both ways, (2) simplifying soil terminology, (3) learning to deal with 090008wicked090009 environmental problems for which no single solutions exist but only a series of alternative options for action, balancing economic, social and environmental considerations, (4) educating 090008knowledge brokers090009, linking science with society in land-related issues, acting within a 090008Community of Scientific Practice090009, and (5) modernizing soil science curricula. Transdisciplinary approaches are crucial to achieve SDG's, linking science and society. There is a need for specific results on the ground illustrating with hard data the key role soils can play in realizing SDG's.
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| [35] |
The Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services (MIMES): Simulating the interactions of coupled human and natural systems [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.01.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In coupled human and natural systems ecosystem services form the link between ecosystem function and what humans want and need from their surroundings. Interactions between natural and human components are bidirectional and define the dynamics of the total system. Here we describe the MIMES, an analytical framework designed to assess the dynamics associated with ecosystem service function and human activities. MIMES integrate diverse types of knowledge and elucidate how benefits from ecosystem services are gained and lost. In MIMES, users formalize how materials are transformed between natural, human, built, and social capitals. This information is synthesized within a systems model to forecast ecosystem services and human-use dynamics under alternative scenarios. The MIMES requires that multiple ecological and human dynamics be specified, and that outputs may be understood through different temporal and spatial lenses to assess the effects of different actions in the short and long term and at different spatial scales. Here we describe how MIMES methodologies were developed in association with three case studies: a global application, a watershed model, and a marine application. We discuss the advantages and disadvantage of the MIMES approach and compare it to other broadly used ecosystem service assessment tools.
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| [36] |
Ecosystem service potentials, flows and demands: Concepts for spatial localisation, indication and quantification [J].https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201434 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The high variety of ecosystem service categorisation systems, assessment frameworks, indicators, quantification methods and spatial localisation approaches allows scientists and decision makers to harness experience, data, methods and tools. On the other hand, this variety of concepts and disagreements among scientists hamper an integration of ecosystem services into contemporary environmental management and decision making. In this article, the current state of the art of ecosystem service science regarding spatial localisation, indication and quantification of multiple ecosystem service supply and demand is reviewed and discussed. Concepts and tables for regulating, provisioning and cultural ecosystem service definitions, distinguishing between ecosystem service potential supply (stocks), flows (real supply) and demands as well as related indicators for quantification are provided. Furthermore, spatial concepts of service providing units, benefitting areas, spatial relations, rivalry, spatial and temporal scales are elaborated. Finally, matrices linking CORINE land cover types to ecosystem service potentials, flows, demands and budget estimates are provided. The matrices show that ecosystem service potentials of landscapes differ from flows, especially for provisioning ecosystem services.
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| [37] |
Ecosystem services: Multiple classification systems are needed [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.020 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In a recent paper in Biological Conservation, Wallace (2007) argues that the classification systems currently used for ecosystem services are inadequate because they mix ends and means. He then proposes a system to rectify this perceived problem. While there is much interesting material in Wallace's paper, his basic premise is flawed and much of the paper suffers from a gross oversimplification of a complex reality. Wallace's solutions to the classification problem might work if the world had consistently crisp boundaries, static linear processes with no feedbacks, clear distinctions between means and ends, little uncertainty, only one use for the classification system, and people who always knew both everything about the world and how it all affects their welfare - in other words some very different planet from the one we inhabit. In the messy world we do inhabit, we need multiple classification systems for different purposes, and this is an opportunity to enrich our thinking about ecosystem services rather than a problem to be defined away.
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| [38] |
The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital [J].https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
This article provides a crude initial estimate of the value of ecosystem services to the economy. Using data from previous published studies and a few original calculations the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes was estimated. The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earths life-support system. They contribute to human welfare both directly and indirectly and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. It was estimated that for the entire biosphere the value (most of which is outside the market) ranges US$16-54 trillion/year with an average of US$33 trillion/year. Due to the nature of uncertainties this must be considered a minimum estimate. In addition the global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion/year.
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| [39] |
Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
It has been 20 years since two seminal publications about ecosystem services came out: an edited book by Gretchen Daily and an article in Nature by a group of ecologists and economists on the value of the world ecosystem services. Both of these have been very highly cited and kicked off an explosion of research, policy, and applications of the idea, including the establishment of this journal. This article traces the history leading up to these publications and the subsequent debates, research, institutions, policies, on-the-ground actions, and controversies they triggered. It also explores what we have learned during this period about the key issues: from definitions to classification to valuation, from integrated modelling to public participation and communication, and the evolution of institutions and governance innovation. Finally, it provides recommendations for the future. In particular, it points to the weakness of the mainstream economic approaches to valuation, growth, and development. It concludes that the substantial contributions of ecosystem services to the sustainable wellbeing of humans and the rest of nature should be at the core of the fundamental change needed in economic theory and practice if we are to achieve a societal transformation to a sustainable and desirable future.
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| [40] |
Changes in the global value of ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In 1997, the global value of ecosystem services was estimated to average $33trillion/yr in 1995 $US ($46trillion/yr in 2007 $US). In this paper, we provide an updated estimate based on updated unit ecosystem service values and land use change estimates between 1997 and 2011. We also address some of the critiques of the 1997 paper. Using the same methods as in the 1997 paper but with updated data, the estimate for the total global ecosystem services in 2011 is $125trillion/yr (assuming updated unit values and changes to biome areas) and $145trillion/yr (assuming only unit values changed), both in 2007 $US. From this we estimated the loss of eco-services from 1997 to 2011 due to land use change at $4.3 20.2trillion/yr, depending on which unit values are used. Global estimates expressed in monetary accounting units, such as this, are useful to highlight the magnitude of eco-services, but have no specific decision-making context. However, the underlying data and models can be applied at multiple scales to assess changes resulting from various scenarios and policies. We emphasize that valuation of eco-services (in whatever units) is not the same as commodification or privatization. Many eco-services are best considered public goods or common pool resources, so conventional markets are often not the best institutional frameworks to manage them. However, these services must be (and are being) valued, and we need new, common asset institutions to better take these values into account.
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| [41] |
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| [42] |
Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Despite the growing body of literature on ecosystem services, still many challenges remain to structurally integrate ecosystem services in landscape planning, management and design. This paper therefore aims to provide an overview of the challenges involved in applying ecosystem service assessment and valuation to environmental management and discuss some solutions to come to a comprehensive and practical framework.First the issue of defining and classifying ecosystem services is discussed followed by approaches to quantify and value ecosystem services. The main part of the paper is focussed on the question how to analyze trade-offs involved in land cover and land use change, including spatial analysis and dynamic modelling tools. Issues of scale are addressed, as well as the question how to determine the total economic value of different management states.Finally, developments and challenges regarding the inclusion of ecosystem services in integrative landscape planning and decision-making tools are discussed.It is concluded that the ecosystem service approach and ecosystem service valuation efforts have changed the terms of discussion on nature conservation, natural resource management, and other areas of public policy. It is now widely recognized that nature conservation and conservation management strategies do not necessarily pose a trade-off between the “environment” and “development”. Investments in conservation, restoration and sustainable ecosystem use are increasingly seen as a “win-win situation” which generates substantial ecological, social and economic benefits.
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| [43] |
A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
An increasing amount of information is being collected on the ecological and socio-economic value of goods and services provided by natural and semi-natural ecosystems. However, much of this information appears scattered throughout a disciplinary academic literature, unpublished government agency reports, and across the World Wide Web. In addition, data on ecosystem goods and services often appears at incompatible scales of analysis and is classified differently by different authors. In order to make comparative ecological economic analysis possible, a standardized framework for the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem functions, goods and services is needed. In response to this challenge, this paper presents a conceptual framework and typology for describing, classifying and valuing ecosystem functions, goods and services in a clear and consistent manner. In the following analysis, a classification is given for the fullest possible range of 23 ecosystem functions that provide a much larger number of goods and services. In the second part of the paper, a checklist and matrix is provided, linking these ecosystem functions to the main ecological, socio ultural and economic valuation methods.
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| [44] |
Increasing net primary production in China from 1982 to 1999 [J].https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0294:INPPIC]2.0.CO;2 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
We used a simple process model and satellite data to explore trends in China's terrestrial net primary production (NPP). We found that the country's terrestrial NPP increased by 18.7% from 1982 to 1999. Evidence for this major increase also came from crop yields and forest inventory surveys, and much of it appeared to be the result of a lengthening of the growing season. Plant growth also increased during the middle of the growing season, but to a lesser extent. Historical NPP trends indicate a great deal of spatial heterogeneity, increasing significantly over an area covering 30.8% of China during the past 18 years, but decreasing in areas undergoing rapid urbanization.
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| [45] |
Landscape service capability, landscape service flow and landscape service demand: A new framework for landscape services and its use for landscape sustainability assessment [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133315613019 URL [本文引用: 3] 摘要
Creating methods to achieve sustainable development is a global challenge faced by civilization in the 21st century. As an operational element of sustainability science, landscape sustainability science (LSS) plays an important role in the development of methods for sustainable development. Landscape services (LS) is a newly emerging concept associated with ecosystem services (ES) that exhibits great potential for promoting landscape sustainability research despite its nascent stage of development. In this article, the historical development of the LS concept is reviewed, and the special implications and advantages of LS relative to ES for landscape practices are further expanded. Furthermore, a sustainability-oriented LS conceptual framework specifically developed for the integration of LS and landscape sustainability research is proposed. We refer to this framework as the landscape service capability-flow-demand (LSCFD) framework. Finally, the prospects for the application of the new framework in landscape sustainability assessments are explored. By using LSCFD, we suggest that a distinction be made between landscape service capacity (LSC), landscape service flow (LSF), and landscape service demand (LSD). LSC refers to the long-term potential of a landscape for producing various types of materials, energy, information, conditions, and effectiveness that are valued by people. LSF refers to the transmission process for material, energy, information, conditions and effectiveness from a landscape to benefit people that occur either within or across the landscape. LSD is the societal dimension of LS and refers to the types and volume of material, energy, information, conditions, and effectiveness that a landscape's inhabitants need to satisfy their existence, livelihood, and development. Based on the LSCFD framework, landscape sustainability assessments can be performed by considering the following four areas: LSC sustainability, LSF sustainability, LSD sustainability, and the dynamic equilibrium relationships among the other three areas. Thus, various types of LS capabilities, integrated services capabilities, and the diversity and balance of LS demands should be evaluated. Additionally, analyzing the supplying regions of LS flow, spatial orientation of the population that benefits, transmission media, transmission mechanism, and transmission limiting factors is essential to explore the dynamic equilibrium relationships between LS capability, flow, and demand. The LSCFD concept framework of LS provides a method for implementing LSS into actual practice. In the context of global environmental changes and sustainable development, the LSCFD framework of LS will definitely contribute to future research.
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| [46] |
Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21st century [J].https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186834 URL PMID: 20150494 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Population growth, arable land and fresh water limits, and climate change have profound implications for the ability of agriculture to meet this century's demands for food, feed, fiber, and fuel while reducing the environmental impact of their production. Success depends on the acceptance and use of contemporary molecular techniques, as well as the increasing development of farming systems that use saline water and integrate nutrient flows.
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| [47] |
Ecosystem service trade-offs and their influencing factors: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.079 URL PMID: 28732403 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Soil erosion control (SEC), carbon sequestration (CAS), and soil moisture (SMO) strongly interact in the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Since SMO has supportive effects on SEC and CAS, it can be considered as ecosystem service (ES), and there is an immediate need to coordinate the relationships among these ecosystem services (ESs) to promote the sustainability of vegetation recovery. In this study, we quantified the ESs, ES trade-offs, and the environmental factors in 151 sample plots in the Ansai watershed, and we used a redundancy analysis (RDA) to clarify the effects of environmental factors on these ESs and their trade-offs. The results were as follows: (1) the general trend in the SEC of vegetation types was Robinia pseudoacacia (CH)02>02native grass (NG)02>02small arbor (ST)02>02 Hippophae rhamnoides (SJ)02>02artificial grass (AG)02>02 Caragana korshinskii (NT)02>02apple orchard (GY)02>02crop (CP); the CAS trend was CH02>02SJ02>02NT02>02AG02>02CP02>02ST02>02GY02>02NG; and the SMO trend was CP02>02NG02>02GY02>02AG02>02SJ02>02ST02>02CH02>02NT. (2) For SEC-SMO trade-offs, the influence of vegetation type, altitude, silt and sand composition was dominant. The arrangement of NG, AG, and SJ could decrease the extent of the trade-offs. (3) For CAS-SMO trade-offs, vegetation coverage and types were the dominant factors, but the effects were not complex. The extent of these trade-offs was lowest for NT, and that for SJ was the second lowest. (4) Considering the relationships among the three ESs, SJ was the most appropriate afforestation plant. Combing the vegetation types, slope position, slope gradient, and soil properties could regulate these ES relationships. The dominant factors influencing ES trade-offs varied among the different soil layers, so we must consider the corresponding influencing factors to regulate ESs. Moreover, manual management measures were also important for coordinating the ES relationships. Our research provides a better understanding of the mechanisms influencing the relationships among ESs.
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| [48] |
Cross-biome metagenomic analyses of soil microbial communities and their functional attributes [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215210110 URL PMID: 23236140 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
National Academy of Sciences
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| [49] |
Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The concept of ecosystems services has become an important model for linking the functioning of ecosystems to human welfare. Understanding this link is critical for a wide-range of decision-making contexts. While there have been several attempts to come up with a classification scheme for ecosystem services, there has not been an agreed upon, meaningful and consistent definition for ecosystem services. In this paper we offer a definition of ecosystem services that is likely to be operational for ecosystem service research and several classification schemes. We argue that any attempt at classifying ecosystem services should be based on both the characteristics of the ecosystems of interest and a decision context for which the concept of ecosystem services is being mobilized. Because of this there is not one classification scheme that will be adequate for the many contexts in which ecosystem service research may be utilized. We discuss several examples of how classification schemes will be a function of both ecosystem and ecosystem service characteristics and the decision-making context.
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| [50] |
Making use of the ecosystem services concept in regional planning-trade-offs from reducing water erosion [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-9992-3 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In this article we demonstrate how to integrate the ecosystem services concept into regional planning using the example of a case study in Saxony, Germany. We analysed how the reduction of water erosion as a regulating service impacts six other ecosystem services. Ecological integrity, provisioning services (provision of food and fibre, provision of biomass), regulating services (soil erosion protection, drought-risk regulation, flood regulation), and the cultural service landscape aesthetics are taken into account. Using a decision support software, we found that the greening of preferential discharge paths can reduce water erosion by 2–702%. The introduction of hedgerows and the change in the soil management system from tillage to no-till practices revealed a reduction in the total soil loss by 33 and 8902%, respectively. A combination of the three erosion control measures—greening, hedgerows, and no-till management—reduced the soil loss most efficiently by 9202%. We found synergies between the measures for reducing erosion and the provision of ecological integrity, of regulating and cultural ecosystem services. In contrast, the impact on provisioning services was slightly negative. For the land use planning in the case study region we recommend therefore a combination of greening, hedges, and management change. We found that the applied integrated ecosystem services assessment approach, in combination with stakeholder involvement in the scenario development, helped communicating cross-sectoral effects of different management strategies in a comprehensive way and therefore supports regional planning.
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| [51] |
Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species [J].https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2328 URL PMID: 20 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Lars Gamfeldt, Tord Snall, Robert Bagchi et al. Nature Communications, Vol. 4 (8 January 2013), 1340, doi:10.1038/ncomms2328. Forests are of major importance to human society, contributing several crucial ecosystem services. Biodiversity is suggested to positively influence multiple services but evidence from natural systems at scales relevant to management is scarce. Here, across a scale of 400,000 m(2), we report that tree species richness in production forests shows positive to positively hump-shaped relationships with multiple ecosystem services. These include production of tree biomass, soil carbon storage, berry production and game production potential. For example, biomass production was approximately 50% greater with five than with one tree species. In addition, we show positive relationships between tree species richness and proxies for other biodiversity components. Importantly, no single tree species was able to promote all services, and some services were negatively correlated to each other. Management of production forests will therefore benefit from considering multiple tree species to sustain the full range of benefits that the society obtains from forests. cooperation ecosystem-services forest-management forest-resources plant-species-competition species-richness
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| [52] |
Sustainable energy potential from biomass through ecosystem services trade-off analysis: The case of the Province of Rovigo (Northern Italy) [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.01.004 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
61We map Bioenergy, Aesthetic Values, Carbon Storage, Food provisioning, Habitat Services.61We identify thresholds per each ES to characterize coupled trade-off with bioenergy.61ES trade-offs mapped to quantify bioenergy sustainable potential in the case study.61ES trade-offs spatial distribution is place-based and context dependent.61ES trade-offs variability should be considered in sustainable feedstock supply chain.
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| [53] |
Integrating ecosystem-service tradeoffs into land-use decisions [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201040109 URL PMID: 22529388 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Recent high-profile efforts have called for integrating ecosystem-service values into important societal decisions, but there are few demonstrations of this approach in practice. We quantified ecosystem-service values to help the largest private landowner in Hawaii, Kamehameha Schools, design a land-use development plan that balances multiple private and public values on its North Shore land holdings (Island of O'ahu) of ~10,600 ha. We used the InVEST software tool to evaluate the environmental and financial implications of seven planning scenarios encompassing contrasting land-use combinations including biofuel feedstocks, food crops, forestry, livestock, and residential development. All scenarios had positive financial return relative to the status quo of negative return. However, tradeoffs existed between carbon storage and water quality as well as between environmental improvement and financial return. Based on this analysis and community input, Kamehameha Schools is implementing a plan to support diversified agriculture and forestry. This plan generates a positive financial return ($10.9 million) and improved carbon storage (0.5% increase relative to status quo) with negative relative effects on water quality (15.4% increase in potential nitrogen export relative to status quo). The effects on water quality could be mitigated partially (reduced to a 4.9% increase in potential nitrogen export) by establishing vegetation buffers on agricultural fields. This plan contributes to policy goals for climate change mitigation, food security, and diversifying rural economic opportunities. More broadly, our approach illustrates how information can help guide local land-use decisions that involve tradeoffs between private and public interests.
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| [54] |
SAORES: A spatially explicit assessment and optimization tool for regional ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0126-8 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has become mainstreamed in environmental planning and management recently, and with that various tools for quantifying ecosystem services have emerged. However,
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| [55] |
Do polycultures promote win-wins or trade-offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A meta-analysis [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12334 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Summary Agriculture comprises the largest global land use, makes it a leading cause of habitat loss. It is therefore critical to identify how to best construct agricultural systems that can simultaneously provide food and other ecosystem services. This challenge requires that we determine how to maximize win-win relationships and minimize trade-offs between services. Through meta-analysis, we tested whether within-field crop diversification (polyculture) can lead to win-win relationships between two ecosystem services: yield of a focal crop species and biocontrol of crop pests. We selected only studies that recorded both services ( N = 26 studies; 301 observations), allowing us to better determine the underlying mechanisms of our principal findings. We calculated log-response ratios for both ecosystem services in mono- and polycultures. We found win-win relationships between per-plant yield of the primary crop and biocontrol in polyculture systems that minimized intraspecific competition via substitutive planting. Additionally, we found beneficial effects on biocontrol with no difference in per-unit area yield of the primary crop in polyculture fields at high cropping densities (additive planting) where legumes were used as the secondary crop. These results suggest that there is a strong potential for win-win relationships between biocontrol and per-unit area yield under certain scenarios. Our findings were consistent across geographical regions and by type of primary crop. We did not find evidence that biocontrol had an effect on yield, but rather, both were independently affected by polycultural cropping. Synthesis and applications . We show that well-designed polycultures can produce win-win outcomes between per-plant, and potentially per-unit area, primary crop yield and biocontrol. Biocontrol services are consistently enhanced in polycultures, so polyculture management that focuses on yield optimization is likely to be the best strategy for maximizing both services. In doing so, we suggest that practitioners utilize polycultures that decrease plant lant competition through a substitution of relatively large quantities of the primary crop for compatibly harvestable secondary crops. Additionally, if planting at high cropping densities, it is important that legumes be the secondary crop.
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| [56] |
Stocks and flows of natural and human-derived capital in ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.12.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
There is growing interest in the role that natural capital plays in underpinning ecosystem services. Yet, there remain differences and inconsistencies in the conceptualisation of capital and ecosystem services and the role that humans play in their delivery. Using worked examples in a stocks and flows systems approach, we show that both natural capital (NC) and human-derived (produced, human, social, cultural, financial) capital (HDC) are necessary to create ecosystem services at many levels. HDC plays a role at three stages of ecosystem service delivery. Firstly, as essential elements of a combined social-ecological system to create a potential ecosystem service. Secondly, through the beneficiaries in shaping the demand for that service. Thirdly, in the form of additional capital required to realise the ecosystem service flow. We show that it is possible, although not always easy, to separately identify how these forms of capital contribute to ecosystem service flow. We discuss how applying a systems approach can help identify critical natural capital and critical human-derived capital to guide sustainable management of the stocks and flows of all forms of capital which underpin provision of multiple ecosystem services. The amount of realised ecosystem service can be managed in several ways: via the NC & HDC which govern the potential service, and via factors which govern both the demand from the beneficiaries, and the efficiency of use of the potential service by those beneficiaries.
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| [57] |
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| [58] |
Rural-urban gradient analysis of ecosystem services supply and demand dynamics [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.008 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Urban regions are important places of ecosystem service demands and, at the same time, are the primary source of global environmental impacts. Although there is broad agreement on the importance of incorporating the concept of ecosystem services into policy strategies and decision-making, the lack of a standardized approach to quantifying ecosystem services at the landscape scale has hindered progress in this direction. Moreover, tradeoffs between ecosystem services and the supply/demand ratio of ecosystem services in urban landscapes have rarely been investigated. In our paper, we present a method to quantify and map the supply and demand of three essential provisioning services – energy, food, and water – along the rural–urban gradient of the eastern German region Leipzig–Halle. This urban region has experienced significant socio-economic dynamics and land use changes since the German reunification in 1990. The results show that both the demand and the supply of ecosystem services changed considerably during the time span under consideration (1990–2007). We identified an increasing supply/demand ratio of food and water but a decreasing supply/demand ratio of energy. In addition, the pattern of ecosystem demands shows a levelling of rural–urban gradients, reflecting profound modifications of traditional rural–urban relationships. The changes of ecosystem service supply gradients are determined more by land use intensity, such as the intensification of agricultural production, than by land cover changes such as urban sprawl. The comparison of supply/demand ratios and rural–urban patterns of ecosystem services can help decision-makers in landscape management in striving for a sustainable balance between resource supply and demand.
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| [59] |
Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.12.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Soils of the world’s agroecosystems (croplands, grazing lands, rangelands) are depleted of their soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by 25–75% depending on climate, soil type, and historic management. The magnitude of loss may be 10 to 50 tons C/ha. Soils with severe depletion of their SOC pool have low agronomic yield and low use efficiency of added input. Conversion to a restorative land use and adoption of recommended management practices, can enhance the SOC pool, improve soil quality, increase agronomic productivity, advance global food security, enhance soil resilience to adapt to extreme climatic events, and mitigate climate change by off-setting fossil fuel emissions. The technical potential of carbon (C) sequestration in soils of the agroecosystems is 1.2–3.1 billion tons C/yr. Improvement in soil quality, by increase in the SOC pool of 1 ton C/ha/yr in the root zone, can increase annual food production in developing countries by 24–32 million tons of food grains and 6–10 million tons of roots and tubers. The strategy is to create positive soil C and nutrient budgets through adoption of no-till farming with mulch, use of cover crops, integrated nutrient management including biofertilizers, water conservation, and harvesting, and improving soil structure and tilth.
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| [60] |
Optimization-based trade-off analysis of biodiesel crop production for managing an agricultural catchment [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.06.006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Quantification of functional trade-offs under increasing biodiesel crop production.61Integration of a watershed model and a multi-objective optimization algorithm.61Identification of an approximately Pareto optimal set of crop rotation schemes.
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| [61] |
Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.022 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
A central challenge for natural resource management is developing rigorous yet practical approaches for balancing the costs and benefits of diverse human uses of ecosystems. Economic theory has a long history of evaluating tradeoffs in returns from different assets to identify optimal investment strategies. There has been recent progress applying this framework to the delivery of ecosystem services in land use planning. However, despite growing national and international interest in marine spatial planning, there is a lack of parallel frameworks in the marine realm. This paper reviews an ecosystem service tradeoff analysis framework and provides a more comprehensive synthesis for how it can be applied to marine spatial planning and marine ecosystem-based management. A tradeoff analysis approach can reveal inferior management options, demonstrate the benefits of comprehensive planning for multiple, interacting services over managing single services, and identify ‘compatible’ services that provide win–win management options.
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| [105] |
Exploring socio-cultural values of ecosystem service categories in the central Alps: The influence of socio-demographic factors and landscape type [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0922-y URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The socio-cultural assessment of ecosystem services has been proposed as a promising tool for eliciting people’s preferences towards ecosystem services. Despite an increasing integration of the socio-
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| [62] |
Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policies for ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706436105 URL PMID: 18621700 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract To address devastating environmental crises and to improve human well-being, China has been implementing a number of national policies on payments for ecosystem services. Two of them, the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) and the Grain to Green Program (GTGP), are among the biggest programs in the world because of their ambitious goals, massive scales, huge payments, and potentially enormous impacts. The NFCP conserves natural forests through logging bans and afforestation with incentives to forest enterprises, whereas the GTGP converts cropland on steep slopes to forest and grassland by providing farmers with grain and cash subsidies. Overall ecological effects are beneficial, and socioeconomic effects are mostly positive. Whereas there are time lags in ecological effects, socioeconomic effects are more immediate. Both the NFCP and the GTGP also have global implications because they increase vegetative cover, enhance carbon sequestration, and reduce dust to other countries by controlling soil erosion. The future impacts of these programs may be even bigger. Extended payments for the GTGP have recently been approved by the central government for up to 8 years. The NFCP is likely to follow suit and receive renewed payments. To make these programs more effective, we recommend systematic planning, diversified funding, effective compensation, integrated research, and comprehensive monitoring. Effective implementation of these programs can also provide important experiences and lessons for other ecosystem service payment programs in China and many other parts of the world.
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| [63] |
Valuing ecosystem services: Theory, practice, and the need for a transdisciplinary synthesis [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05167.x URL [本文引用: 2] |
| [64] |
Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica [J].https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892913000234 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Ecosystems services have become a key concept in understanding the way humans benefit from ecosystems. In Costa Rica, a pioneer national scheme of payment provides compensation for forest conservation that is assumed to jointly produce services related to biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, water and scenic beauty, but little is known about the spatial correlations among these services. A spatial assessment, at national scale and with fine resolution, identified the spatial congruence between these services, by considering the biophysical potential of service provision and socioeconomic demand. Services have different spatial distributions but are positively correlated. Spatial synergies exist between current policies (national parks and the payment scheme) and the conservation of ecosystem services: national parks and areas receiving payments provide more services than other areas. Biodiversity hotspots have the highest co-benefits for other services, while carbon hotspots have the lowest. This finding calls for cautiousness in relation to expectations that forest-based mitigation initiatives such as REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) can automatically maximize bundled co-benefits for biodiversity and local ecosystem services.
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| [65] |
Trade-off analyses of multiple ecosystem services by plantations along a precipitation gradient across Loess Plateau landscapes [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0101-4 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Trade-off is defined as a situation where one ecosystem service (ES) increases while another decreases. In a broader sense, trade-off also refers to unidirectional changes with uneven paces or rates in ESs. Although trade-off analysis for multiple ESs is more integral for ecosystem assessment and management, studies regarding trade-offs are rare in the literature, especially at the landscape scale or across large environmental gradients. Here, we evaluated the co-variations of multiple ESs of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia ) plantations along a precipitation gradient (400 650 mm) on the Loess Plateau using a quantitative trade-off approach. The multiple ESs had complex relationships, with significant regional variations along the gradient. Aboveground carbon, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), and soil water content (SWC) showed increasing trends with precipitation, but understory plant diversity (UPD) did not. The highest trade-offs were between UPD and SWC and the lowest trade-offs were between SOC and STN among all of the ES pairs. The differences in the trade-offs of varied ES combinations could be the result of unique competition relationships, mass allocation strategies, and time lags. Stand age appeared to be another critical variable in determining the values of ESs and their trade-offs along the precipitation gradient. The decreasing SWC with stand age indicated that the gaining of the other ESs was at the cost of SWC consumption. Because multiple ESs and their trade-offs exhibit high spatial variations across the landscape, spatially explicit management is needed to maintain the benefits while mitigating negative impacts in this water-limited landscape.
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| [66] |
Is ecosystem service research used by decision-makers? A case study of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0021-3 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper investigates the accessibility and usefulness of the Ecosystem Services (ES) framework to policy analysts. Using a mixed methods approach of document analysis and semi-structured interviews we examine how an ES assessment of the benefits of restoring water to the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia has been used by government agencies in policy and planning. The ES assessment links changes in water management under the Basin Plan with modelled changes in water quality, river flows and inundation patterns and in turn to modelled freshwater and estuarine ecosystem response. These ecological responses were expressed in terms of incremental ES benefits which were valued monetarily using a variety of valuation techniques. To investigate how these pieces of information were used in the policy debate around the re-allocation of water in the MDB, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 Australian, State, and local government officials as well as academics and consultants. The interviews were designed to uncover the complex information dissemination process through networks within and among agencies. The results are mixed as to whether the assessment served to influence public policy. The report has been utilized and cited by Australian federal agencies, the downstream State of South Australia and conservation-based NGOs in their position statements and as such has been used as evidence in support of re-allocation of water in the MDB. A number of interview participants commented that the ES assessment raised awareness and this may lead to broader usage of the information and framework in the implementation phase of MDB water reform.
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| [67] |
Influence of topography, bare sand, and soil pH on the occurrence and distribution of plant species in a lacustrine dune ecosystem [J].https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00043.1 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [68] |
Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences [J].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038970 URL PMID: 22720006 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Ecosystem service assessments have increasingly been used to support environmental management policies, mainly based on biophysical and economic indicators. However, few studies have coped with the social-cultural dimension of ecosystem services, despite being considered a research priority. We examined how ecosystem service bundles and trade-offs emerge from diverging social preferences toward ecosystem services delivered by various types of ecosystems in Spain. We conducted 3,379 direct face-to-face questionnaires in eight different case study sites from 2007 to 2011. Overall, 90.5% of the sampled population recognized the ecosystem's capacity to deliver services. Formal studies, environmental behavior, and gender variables influenced the probability of people recognizing the ecosystem's capacity to provide services. The ecosystem services most frequently perceived by people were regulating services; of those, air purification held the greatest importance. However, statistical analysis showed that socio-cultural factors and the conservation management strategy of ecosystems (i.e., National Park, Natural Park, or a non-protected area) have an effect on social preferences toward ecosystem services. Ecosystem service trade-offs and bundles were identified by analyzing social preferences through multivariate analysis (redundancy analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis). We found a clear trade-off among provisioning services (and recreational hunting) versus regulating services and almost all cultural services. We identified three ecosystem service bundles associated with the conservation management strategy and the rural-urban gradient. We conclude that socio-cultural preferences toward ecosystem services can serve as a tool to identify relevant services for people, the factors underlying these social preferences, and emerging ecosystem service bundles and trade-offs.
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| [69] |
Soil carbon, multiple benefits [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2014.11.005 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [70] |
Future ecosystem services from European mountain forests under climate change [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12772 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Ecosystem services (ES) from mountain forests are highly relevant for human societies. ES with a direct economic support function (e.g. timber production), regulatory services (e.g. protection from natural hazards) and cultural services (e.g. recreation) are likely to be affected strongly by a rapidly changing climate. To evaluate whether adverse climate change effects on ES can be counteracted by adapting management, dynamic models and indicator-based assessments are needed. 2.We applied a forest dynamic model in case study areas of four European mountain regions and evaluated the future supply of four ES - timber production, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and protection against natural hazards - using state-of-the-art ES indicators. Forest dynamics were simulated under three management scenarios (no management, business-as-usual, and alternative management) and five climate change projections for selected representative stand types in each region. We analysed potential trade-offs and synergies between ES, and evaluated future changes among regions, forest stands, climate and management scenarios. 3.Impacts of climate change on the provision of multiple ES were found to be highly heterogeneous and to depend on the region, site, and future climate. In the absence of large-scale natural disturbance (not considered), protection services, carbon stock and deadwood abundance (proxy for biodiversity) benefitted from no management in all regions. Negative impacts of climate change were evident for the provision of multiple ES but limited to the most severe climate scenarios and low-elevation stands. Synergies and trade-offs between the majority of ES were found to be sensitive to the choice of management strategy and in some regions to climate change. 4.Synthesis and applications. Management regimes in European mountain forests should be regionally adapted to stand and site conditions. Although in some cases alternative management regimes may be more suitable than current management for supporting multiple ecosystem services, adaptation options should be evaluated carefully at the local scale due to the highly different magnitude of the impacts of climate change in different regions and along elevation gradients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| [71] |
Functional structure of biological communities predicts ecosystem multifunctionality [J].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017476 URL PMID: 21423747 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract The accelerating rate of change in biodiversity patterns, mediated by ever increasing human pressures and global warming, demands a better understanding of the relationship between the structure of biological communities and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Recent investigations suggest that the functional structure of communities, i.e. the composition and diversity of functional traits, is the main driver of ecological processes. However, the predictive power of BEF research is still low, the integration of all components of functional community structure as predictors is still lacking, and the multifunctionality of ecosystems (i.e. rates of multiple processes) must be considered. Here, using a multiple-processes framework from grassland biodiversity experiments, we show that functional identity of species and functional divergence among species, rather than species diversity per se, together promote the level of ecosystem multifunctionality with a predictive power of 80%. Our results suggest that primary productivity and decomposition rates, two key ecosystem processes upon which the global carbon cycle depends, are primarily sustained by specialist species, i.e. those that hold specialized combinations of traits and perform particular functions. Contrary to studies focusing on single ecosystem functions and considering species richness as the sole measure of biodiversity, we found a linear and non-saturating effect of the functional structure of communities on ecosystem multifunctionality. Thus, sustaining multiple ecological processes would require focusing on trait dominance and on the degree of community specialization, even in species-rich assemblages.
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| [72] |
Emergy in ecosystems [M] |
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Evaluating the effect of a selective piscivore fishery on rockfish recovery within marine protected areas [J].https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw074 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Although ecosystem-based fisheries management is often associated with trade-offs between conflicting demands for ecosystem services, the holistic ecological considerations the approach promotes may sometimes lead to novel solutions that benefit both conservation and fisheries. Directed fishing on large piscivorous fish can reduce predation on prey and thereby benefit those populations, but incidental take of prey species in these fisheries may negate or even reverse the benefit. Whether benefits from reduced predation outweigh the costs of increased fishing will depend on the relative strength of each mortality source and the sensitivity of the population to mortality at different life stages. In the California Current, predatory lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) populations recovered rapidly from fishing exploitation over the past two decades, while recovery of some rockfish species (Sebastes spp.) has been slow, mainly because of low natural productivities. One management tool has been the adoption of rockfish conservation areas (RCAs) that prohibit bottom contact fishing gear. Because lingcod also inhabit RCAs, fishers have been unable to catch their sustainable lingcod quotas. Therefore, we explored the conditions under which opening RCAs to a selective lingcod fishery might permit rockfish recovery despite the potential bycatch. We developed a joint equilibrium model of the two populations and analysed scenarios to assess the sensitivity of the model's predictions to key uncertainties. The model suggests a wide range of fishery and ecological conditions under which a lingcod fishery may not harm rockfish populations. However, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the range of fishing scenarios where rockfish are not harmed is highly sensitive to assumptions regarding the nature of the trophic linkage between lingcod and rockfish. We conclude that consideration of trophic interactions may reveal new fishing opportunities that meet both ecological and human goals, but precise predictions of the outcomes will require more detailed models and adaptive management.
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Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital [J].https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2295 URL PMID: 27313045 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In response to ecosystem degradation from rapid economic development, China began investing heavily in protecting and restoring natural capital starting in 2000. We report on China’s first national ecosystem assessment (2000–2010), designed to quantify and help manage change in ecosystem services, including food production, carbon sequestration, soil retention, sandstorm prevention, water retention, flood mitigation, and provision of habitat for biodiversity. Overall, ecosystem services improved from 2000 to 2010, apart from habitat provision. China’s national conservation policies contributed significantly to the increases in those ecosystem services.
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Ecosystem services and agriculture: Tradeoffs and synergies [J].https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0143 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907284107 URL PMID: 2841950 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
A key challenge of ecosystem management is determining how to manage multiple ecosystem services across landscapes. Enhancing important provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often leads to tradeoffs between regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, flood protection, and tourism. We developed a framework for analyzing the provision of multiple ecosystem services across landscapes and present an empirical demonstration of ecosystem service bundles, sets of services that appear together repeatedly. Ecosystem service bundles were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns of 12 ecosystem services in a mixed-use landscape consisting of 137 municipalities in Quebec, Canada. We identified six types of ecosystem service bundles and were able to link these bundles to areas on the landscape characterized by distinct social-ecological dynamics. Our results show landscape-scale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and they show that a greater diversity of ecosystem services is positively correlated with the provision of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem service-bundle analysis can identify areas on a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services.
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Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01667-110128 URL [本文引用: 3] 摘要
Ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs arise from management choices made by humans, which can change the type, magnitude, and relative mix of services provided by ecosystems. Trade-offs occur when the provision of one ES is reduced as a consequence of increased use of another ES. In some cases, a trade-off may be an explicit choice; but in others, trade-offs arise without premeditation or even awareness that they are taking place. Trade-offs in ES can be classified along three axes: spatial scale, temporal scale, and reversibility. Spatial scale refers to whether the effects of the trade-off are felt locally or at a distant location. Temporal scale refers to whether the effects take place relatively rapidly or slowly. Reversibility expresses the likelihood that the perturbed ES may return to its original state if the perturbation ceases. Across all four Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios and selected case study examples, trade-off decisions show a preference for provisioning, regulating, or cultural services (in that order). Supporting services are more likely to be #8220;taken for granted.#8221; Cultural ES are almost entirely unquantified in scenario modeling; therefore, the calculated model results do not fully capture losses of these services that occur in the scenarios. The quantitative scenario models primarily capture the services that are perceived by society as more important#8212;provisioning and regulating ecosystem services#8212;and thus do not fully capture trade-offs of cultural and supporting services. Successful management policies will be those that incorporate lessons learned from prior decisions into future management actions. Managers should complement their actions with monitoring programs that, in addition to monitoring the short-term provisions of services, also monitor the long-term evolution of slowly changing variables. Policies can then be developed to take into account ES trade-offs at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Successful strategies will recognize the inherent complexities of ecosystem management and will work to develop policies that minimize the effects of ES trade-offs.
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A method to assess ecosystem services developed from soil attributes with stakeholders and data of four arable farms [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.041 URL PMID: 21704358 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
78 We developed a methodology to valuate, quantify and assess land-based ecosystem services. 78 As an example, we applied the method at four arable farms in the Netherlands. 78 Stakeholders produced a set of weighted site-specific ecosystem services. 78 The performance of ecosystem services at the farms was related to the farm management.
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Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Evidence links biodiversity to ecosystem services (ES) and health to nature exposure.61A few novel studies link biodiversity exposure to improved health and well-being.61We provide a comprehensive summary of health effects of ES, nature and biodiversity.61Future research should address causation of health benefits and action mechanisms.61New multidisciplinary collaborations are needed to enhance health and conservation.
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Sustaining soil productivity in response to global climate change: Science, policy, and ethics [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470960257.ch8 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This book with sixteen chapters is a multi-disciplinary volume exploring the ethical, political and social issues surrounding the stewardship of soil resources. Based on topics presented by an international group of experts at a conference convened through the support of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, chapters include scientific studies on carbon sequestration, ecosy...
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Mapping beneficiaries of ecosystem services flows from natura 2000 sites [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.06.003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
There is a growing need to integrate ecosystem services into management strategies of protected areas, and only a comprehensive ecosystem services assessment allows effective strategies for biodiversity conservation to be defined. Beneficiaries are largely disregarded or only mentioned in ecosystem services assessments related to protected areas. Thus, we propose indicators for identifying potential beneficiaries on the local and regional level, focusing on 16 relevant ecosystem services of Natura 2000 sites. For a case study in northern Italy, we used spatially-explicit modelling approaches to map and quantify the potential beneficiaries of multiple ecosystem services, including distance decay functions and basin catchment modelling. The resulting maps indicate that for provisioning and cultural services, the majority of the beneficiaries are located outside the protected area, whereas the beneficiaries of regulating services are mostly situated within or very close to it. The indicators and the beneficiary maps offer an important basis for an exhaustive assessment of ecosystem services flows from Natura 2000 sites and support the implementation of conservation policies by involving the local population and the community of users of protected areas.
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| [82] |
Accounting for capacity and flow of ecosystem services: A conceptual model and a case study for Telemark, Norway [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.09.018 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Understanding the flow of ecosystem services and the capacity of ecosystems to generate these services is an essential element for understanding the sustainability of ecosystem use as well as developing ecosystem accounts. We conduct spatially explicit analyses of nine ecosystem services in Telemark County, Southern Norway. The ecosystem services included are moose hunting, sheep grazing, timber harvest, forest carbon sequestration and storage, snow slide prevention, recreational residential amenity, recreational hiking and existence of areas without technical interference. We conceptually distinguish capacity to provide ecosystem services from the actual flow of services, and empirically assess both. This is done by means of different spatial models, developed with various available datasets and methods, including (multiple layer) look-up tables, causal relations between datasets (including satellite images), environmental regression and indicators derived from direct measurements. Capacity and flow differ both in spatial extent and in quantities. We discuss five conditions for a meaningful spatial capacity low-balance. These are (1) a conceptual difference between capacity and flow, (2) spatial explicitness of capacity and flow, (3) the same spatial extent of both, (4) rivalry or congestion, and (5) measurement with aligned indicators. We exemplify spatially explicit balances between capacity and flow for two services, which meet these five conditions. Research in the emerging field of mapping ES should focus on the development of compatible indicators for capacity and flow. The distinction of capacity and flow of ecosystem services provides a parsimonious estimation of over- or underuse of the respective service. Assessment of capacity and flow in a spatially explicit way can thus support monitoring sustainability of ecosystem use, which is an essential element of ecosystem accounting.
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| [83] |
A quantitative framework for assessing spatial flows of ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.024 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Spatial disconnections between locations where ecosystem services are produced and where they are used are common. To date most ecosystem service assessments have relied on static indicators of provision and often do not incorporate relations with the corresponding beneficiaries or benefiting areas. Most studies implicitly assume spatial and temporal connections between ecosystem service provision and beneficiaries, while the actual connections, i.e. , ecosystem service flows, are poorly understood. In this paper, we present a generic framework to analyze the spatial connections between the ecosystem service provisioning and benefiting areas. We introduce an indicator that shows the proportion of benefiting areas supported by spatial ecosystem service flows from provisioning areas. We illustrate the application of the framework and indicator by using global maps of provisioning and benefitting areas for pollination services. We also illustrate our framework and indicator using water provision and climate regulation services, as they portray important differences in spatiotemporal scale and process of service flow. We also describe the possible application of the framework for other services and other scales of assessment. We highlight how, depending on the ecosystem service being studied, the spatial service flows between provisioning and benefiting areas can limit service delivery, thereby reducing the local value of ecosystem service supply.
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| [84] |
A GIS application for assessing, mapping, and quantifying the social values of ecosystem services [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.08.002 URL 摘要
As human pressures on ecosystems continue to increase, research involving the effective incorporation of social values information into the context of comprehensive ecosystem services assessments is becoming more important. Including quantified, spatially explicit social value metrics in such assessments will improve the analysis of relative tradeoffs among ecosystem services. This paper describes a GIS application, So cia l V alues for E cosystem S ervices (SolVES), developed to assess, map, and quantify the perceived social values of ecosystem services by deriving a non-monetary Value Index from responses to a public attitude and preference survey. SolVES calculates and maps the Value Index for social values held by various survey subgroups, as distinguished by their attitudes regarding ecosystem use. Index values can be compared within and among survey subgroups to explore the effect of social contexts on the valuation of ecosystem services. Index values can also be correlated and regressed against landscape metrics SolVES calculates from various environmental data layers. Coefficients derived through these analyses were applied to their corresponding data layers to generate a predicted social value map. This map compared favorably with other SolVES output and led to the addition of a predictive mapping function to SolVES for value transfer to areas where survey data are unavailable. A more robust application is being developed as a public domain tool for decision makers and researchers to map social values of ecosystem services and to facilitate discussions among diverse stakeholders involving relative tradeoffs among different ecosystem services in a variety of physical and social contexts.
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| [85] |
Topography as a key factor driving atmospheric nitrogen exchanges in arctic terrestrial ecosystems [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Identifying the key drivers of nitrogen cycling processes that influence gaseous N exchanges in arctic ecosystems is essential for predicting the response of northern systems to changes in climatic conditions. In this review we examine pathways of N input (atmospheric N deposition and biological N 2 -fixation), cycling (N mineralization, immobilization and nitrification) and output (denitrification and nitrifier denitrification) found across the Arctic with a focus upon gaseous N exchanges in these ecosystems. Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in the Arctic where they can be found in association with lichen or bryophytes and also as free-living components of biological soil crusts. N 2 -fixation by cyanobacteria in arctic ecosystems provides significant landscape-scale N inputs, and is an important N source for annual plant N uptake. The activity and extent of these cyanobacterial associations is driven primarily by moisture gradients associated with topography that determine nutrient availability. N 2 -fixation rates tend to be highest in relatively low topographical or microtopographical positions that are associated with soils of higher total N, mineralizable N, total carbon and organic carbon compared to higher topographical positions. Topography is also a key landscape-level driver of N mineralization, nitrification and denitrification processes through its control on factors such as soil moisture, soil temperature and nutrient availability. In general, while N mineralization rates are also higher in relatively low topographical or microtopographical positions, net nitrification and immobilization tend to be inhibited in these locations. This higher mineralization is linked to relatively high N 2 O emissions in lower lying areas in arctic landscapes since moisture and NH 4 levels tend to be higher in those locations and are important controls on denitrification and nitrifier denitrification respectively. These soil topographical controls are modulated by arctic plants which may also have a direct, light-dependent role in N 2 O emissions, and undoubtedly play important indirect roles in gaseous N cycling via evapotranspiration effects. Our review indicates that arctic microscale and field topographic variation dominate patterns of atmospheric N inputs and losses in arctic ecosystems. However, further studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the associated driving factors on the multitude of processes that influence gaseous N exchange.
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| [86] |
Mapping ecosystem services: The supply and demand of flood regulation services in Europe [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.010 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Ecosystem services (ES) feature highly distinctive spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, quantity, and flows. The flow of ecosystem goods and services to beneficiaries plays a decisive role in the valuation of ES and the successful implementation of the ES concept in environmental planning. This is particularly relevant to regulating services where demands emerge often spatially separated from supply. However, spatial patterns of both supply and demand are rarely incorporated in ES assessments on continental scales. In this paper, we present an ES modeling approach with low data demand, fit to be employed in scenario analysis and on multiple scales. We analyze flood regulation services at a European scale by explicitly addressing the spatial distribution of ES demand. A flood regulation supply indicator is developed based on scenario runs with a hydrological model in representative river catchments, incorporating detailed information on land, cover, land use and management. Land use sensitive flood damage estimates in the European Union (EU) are employed to develop a spatial indicator for flood regulation demand. Findings are transferred to the EU territory to create a map of the current supply of flood regulation and the potential supply under conditions of natural vegetation. Regions with a high capacity to provide flood regulation are mainly characterized by large patches of natural vegetation or extensive agriculture. The main factor limiting supply on a continental scale is a low water holding capacity of the soil. Flood regulation demand is highest in central Europe, at the foothills of the Alps and upstream of agglomerations. We were able to identify areas with a high potential capacity to provide flood regulation in conjunction with land use modifications. When combined with spatial patterns of current supply and demand, we could identify priority areas for investments in ES flood regulation supply through conservation and land use planning. We found that only in a fraction of the EU river catchments exhibiting a high demand, significant increases in flood regulation supply are achievable by means of land use modifications.
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| [87] |
Evolution of ecosystem services in the Chinese Loess Plateau under climatic and land use changes [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.12.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Due to the lengthy historic land use by humans and the climate change characterized by warming and drying, the Loess Plateau has been plagued by ecosystem degradation for a long time. A series of ecological conservation projects launched since the 1970s altered the land use pattern greatly, and exerted a profound influence on the ecosystem services. Based on the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) and Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) models, we assessed the historical fluctuation of sediment control, water yield, and net primary production (NPP) in the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment retention was greatly consolidated indicated by the sharp decrease of sediment export. Water yield decreased at first and increased later. Both sediment export and water yield showed an increasing 'spatial homogenization' tendency during the period. NPP was steady between 1990 and 2000, and then increased greatly after 2000. Ecosystem services are interlinked closely and complexly. Correlation analyses indicated a positive relationship between the difference in sediment export and water yield (r(2)=0.776**) from 1975 to 2008, with negative correlations between the difference of NPP and water yield (r(2)=-0.422**)/sediment export (r(2)=-0.240*) from 1990 to 2008. This, to some extent, implies that there are tradeoffs between the services of water yield and sediment control/NPP, and there is synergy between sediment control and NPP. Climatic and land use changes are the major drivers on ecosystem services fluctuation. Correlation analyses showed that the decrease of precipitation significantly hindered water yield (r(2)=0.980**) and sediment export (r(2)=0.791**). The increase of temperature exerted a slight negative influence on water yield (r(2)=-0350**). A spatial concordance existing between the 'cropland to grass/woodland' area and the high sediment control (r(2)=0313**)/NPP (r(2)=0.488**) area indicated that the land use change from cropland to woodland/grassland significantly consolidated sediment control and NPP production. The observed spatio-temporal variation of ecosystem services and their correlations provide an operable criterion for land use management policies. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| [88] |
Variation of ecosystem services and human activities: A case study in the Yanhe Watershed of China [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.11.006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The concept of cosystem service provides cohesive views on mechanisms by which nature contributes to human well-being. Fast social and economic development calls for research on interactions between human and natural systems. We took the Yanhe Watershed as our study area, and valued the variation of ecosystem services and human activities of 2000 and 2008. Five ecosystem services were selected i.e. net primary production (NPP), carbon sequestration and oxygen production (CSOP), water conservation, soil conservation, and grain production. Human activity was represented by a composite human activity index (HAI) that integrates human population density, farmland ratio, influence of residential sites and road network. Analysis results of the five ecosystem services and human activity (HAI) are as follows: (i)NPP, CSOP, water conservation, and soil conservation increased from 2000 to 2008, while grain production declined. HAI decreased from 2000 to 2008. Spatially, NPP, CSOP, and water conservation in 2000 and 2008 roughly demonstrated a pattern of decline from south to north, while grain production shows an endocentric increasing spatial pattern. Soil conservation showed a spatial pattern of high in the south and low in the north in 2000 and a different pattern of high in the west and low in the east in 2008 respectively. HAI is proportional to the administrative level and economic development. Variation of NPP/CSOP between 2000 and 2008 show an increasing spatial pattern from northwest to southeast. In contrast, the variation of soil conservation shows an increasing pattern from southeast to northwest. Variation of water conservation shows a fanning out decreasing pattern. Variation of grain production doesn show conspicuous spatial pattern. (ii) Variation of water conservation and of soil conservation is significantly positively correlated at 0.01 level. Both variations of water conservation and soil conservation are negatively correlated with variation of HAI at 0.01 level. Variations of NPP/CSOP are negatively correlated with variations of soil conservation and grain production at 0.05 level. (iii) Strong tradeoffs exist between regulation services and provision service, while synergies exist within regulation services. Driving effect of human activities on ecosystem services and tradeoffs and synergies among ecosystem service are also discussed.
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