The non-grain production of cultivated land in China is becoming increasingly severe. A comprehensive understanding of the patterns of change and formation mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land is of great significance for enhancing cultivated land protection and ensuring food security. Currently, there are diverse perspectives and methodologies for measuring non-grain production yet the results vary significantly, and comparative and integrated research on various measurement methods remains inadequate. Therefore, this study employed a meta-analysis approach to statistically examine 207 existing research articles, revealing the characteristics of change and driving mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land in China from 2000 to 2021. The findings are as follows: 1) The methods of non-grain crop area proportion, multiple cropping index, and autumn grain crop area are frequently used and widely applied, offering comparability at the national, regional, and provincial scales, which can be considered preferred methods for measuring non-grain production of cultivated land. 2) During the study period of this research, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in China remained stable at around 30.0% overall, with a slight downward fluctuation. Among the nine major agricultural regions, the Northeast China Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and the Loess Plateau had non-grain production rates below 30.0% that remained relatively stable, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in South China was higher than 50.0% and the increase was larger, while in other regions the rates were in the range of 30.0% to 50.0%, with a general increase of 10.0% to 20.0%. The rate and growth of non-grain production of cultivated land were both lower in the northern grain crop planting regions than in the southern regions, which gradually increased in the main grain-producing areas, grain balanced areas, and main grain-marketing areas. At the provincial level, non-grain production exhibited a dynamic process characterized by clustered incremental increases and phased differentiation. 3) Non-grain production of cultivated land in China is influenced by multiple factors, including natural environment, economic development, social activities, policies, and technology. Through the foundational, bidirectional, driving, and regulatory effects of common and differential factors, the driving effects of non-grain production of cultivated land such as background, catalytic, enhancement, and retardation effects are formed. This study supports the viewpoints of many scholars, provides data references for in-depth research on the socioeconomic and natural environmental effects of non-grain production, and proposes optimization strategies for the effective implementation of scientific measures to manage non-grain production of cultivated land.

As the impact of global warming continues to escalate, the number and severity of extreme weather events have increased significantly, posing a huge threat to life and property. Existing disaster research often focuses on single events and ignores their inherent complexity and cumulative impacts resulting from their association with other events. Therefore, we urgently need to have a deeper understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of extreme disaster events. To fill this research gap, this study extracted high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events from the meteorological observation data of 1886 stations in China's mainland from 1961 to 2020 and used Theil-Sen median slope estimation and Mann-Kendall trend test to explore their spatiotemporal distribution and change characteristics. The proportion of compound events in single events, the change cycle of compound events, the impact of urbanization on compound events, and the disaster risk assessment of compound events were explored from multiple perspectives. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events mainly occurred in the eastern monsoon region, and the frequency of events was greatest in the central Sichuan Basin. 2) The frequency of compound events across the country and in each climate zone increased significantly during the study period, especially after 1990. 3) The proportion of compound events in extreme precipitation events increased significantly after 1990. 4) The North China Plain, Huang-Huai, Jiang-Huai, Jiang-Han, Sichuan Basin, and South China coastal areas were at high risk of disasters, and the above areas urgently need to give priority to effective early warning and response strategies to mitigate the impact of compound events.

China is entering an era characterized by severe aging and high population mobility. Identifying regional types of population aging from the perspective of population mobility is essential for the effective implementation of national strategies aimed at addressing aging-related problems across various regions. This study proposed a method for categorizing regional types of population aging by integrating the composite index method of population mobility with elderly population location quotient. Using county-level data from the fifth, sixth, and seventh Chinese censuses, the study identified regional types of population aging across Chinese counties from 2000 to 2020, classifying them into seven categories: aging-in-place, (reverse) accumulation, (reverse) congregation, and (reverse) recomposition. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the factors contributing to population aging in different regional types. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial distribution of aging-in-place counties has significantly contracted, with the Huang-Huai-Hai region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and southern areas of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangxi identified as the primary regions. 2) The distribution range of accumulation counties has expanded to the Northeast, Chengdu-Chongqing region, mid-Yangtze River Basin, and most part of of Gansu Province, while reverse accumulation counties are primarily located around the Pearl River Delta, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and southern Xinjiang. 3) Congregation counties are mainly urban districts within prefecture-level cities or county-level cities, while reverse congregation counties are concentrated in the core areas of the Beijing-Tianjin, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. 4) Recomposition and reverse recomposition counties are mainly distributed in the northwestern half of the Hu Line, with the number of recomposition counties decreasing while reverse recomposition counties increasing. 5) Population aging in aging-in-place counties is primarily determined by regional socioeconomic development; population aging in congregation and reverse congregation counties is mainly influenced by population inflow; in accumulation and reverse accumulation counties, population outflow has altered the regional aging process; and in recomposition and reverse recomposition counties, the aging process is affected by both population inflow and outflow.

In the past few decades, a warming-wetting trend has been observed in the arid and semiarid Northwest China, especially in Xinjiang. According to the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relationship, the atmospheric moisture-holding capacity increases with rising temperature, which may lead to an intensification of extreme precipitation. In this study, we examined the spatial distribution of scaling relationships between precipitation and dew point temperature in Xinjiang, using intra-annual binning scaling and inter-annual trend scaling based on station observations and ERA5. The results show that the predominant binning scaling in Xinjiang is sub C-C scaling (0%/°C-5%/°C), transitioning from northern Xinjiang to C-C like scaling (5%/°C-9%/°C) or super C-C scaling (>9%/°C) near the Tianshan Mountains and southern Xinjiang. The observed trend scaling exhibited a similar spatial pattern to that of binning scaling, but with more super C-C scaling. Furthermore, the reduction in vertical velocity at the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains may lead to a decrease in precipitation intensity. Overall, these findings provide a solid basis for enhancing our understanding of how climate change influences precipitation events in Xinjiang.

Harbin loess is situated at the easternmost end of the Eurasian loess belt, which has great significance for revealing the eastward expansion process of aridification in the Asian inland region. The previous bottom boundary age of Harbin loess deposits is in contradiction with the process of aridification in Asia, which limits the understanding of the coupling process of climate, landform, tectonic movement, and drainage evolution in the Songnen Plain area. Therefore, in this study, the high-resolution ¹⁴C, OSL, and ESR dating of the Huangshan loess section in Harbin was carried out, and the analysis confirmed the validity of the established chronological framework through the fitting and extrapolation of the actual dating results. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The bottom boundary age of the loess in Harbin is 170 ka based on the Bayesian model. 2) Harbin loess is located in the northern edge of the East Asian monsoon climate region, which represents the aeolian deposition of the easternmost end of the Eurasian loess belt. The beginning of loess deposits in Harbin indicates that their source area had undergone obvious aridification, which means that the formation of the Songnen sandy land should not be later than 170 ka BP, and this also further confirms the eastward movement process of aridification in Asian inland region. 3) The loess deposits in Harbin are a response to the climate, tectonic movement (uplift of Songliao watershed), and drainage evolution (the drainage evolution of the Songhua River system and the extinction of the Songnen paleolake) of the Songnen Plain. Therefore, on the basis of a reliable age frame, the bottom boundary age of Harbin loess plays a certain role in limiting the estimated time of the tectonic uplift of Songliao watershed and drainage evolution of the Songhua River.

Tourism destination is a core concept in tourism research and tourism practice, but the analysis of the trends, key directions, and theoretical bases of tourism destination research is not clear enough. In this case, neither researchers nor professionals have reached a consensus on the definition of a tourist destination. Although a few studies have conducted in-depth analysis of the keyword co-occurrence network and evolution of tourism destination research, there is a lack of coding, classification, and reflection of the research content. In addition, the exploration of the conceptual nature of tourism destination as a unit of analysis needs to be further developed to provide a fuller cognitive picture for the theorization of tourism destination. Therefore, this study used systematic literature review and bibliometric research methods to examine and reflect on the Chinese literature from 1998 to 2024. The results show that: 1) The research on tourism destinations can be divided into four stages, the abundance and depth of the research topics are deepening, and the co-occurrence map also shows a concentrated trend in the time series, among which tourism image, destination residents, and rural tourism are the topics with high attention. 2) The meta-themes of tourism destination research include 23 categories, which can be divided mainly into five levels: tourism destination image, marketing and brand; tourist perception, attitude, and behavior; rural tourism host and guest perception and culture; tourism destination patterns, processes, and mechanisms; and heritage tourism destination governance and residents' livelihood. 3) The research on tourism destinations is mainly carried out under the paradigm of tourism management and tourism geography, and the related theories of life cycle, glocalization, and social construction are insufficient to understand the complexity of tourism destinations, while the emphasis of social-material theory on networks, heterogeneous actors, and relationship effects provides another possibility for understanding the integrity and dynamics of tourism destination reproduction. This study aimed to clarify the genealogy of tourism destination research and deepen the theoretical exploration of the conceptualization of tourism destination.

China is currently undergoing a pivotal transition towards an innovation-driven economy, and there is an urgent need for universities to play a more significant role in regional innovation. A systematic review of the relevant theoretical and empirical studies in Western economic geography can provide a scientific basis for China to further clarify the functions of universities in the innovation system and to formulate regional innovation strategies. In this study, the role of universities in regional innovation was first conceptualized from six dimensions: human capital, knowledge transfer, knowledge brokers, entrepreneurial activities, engagement patterns, and innovation effects. These dimensions stem from the three missions of universities, namely teaching, research, and regional development. Second, we analyzed the dominant channels, spatial scales, influencing factors, and corresponding policy implications of universities' engagement in regional innovation by reviewing six theoretical frameworks—the linear innovation model and university knowledge spillover, the nonlinear interactive innovation model and relational university, the regional innovation system and regional innovation system university, the triple helix and entrepreneurial university, the adaptive response and engaged university, and the innovation network and broker university. The contributions of these theoretical frameworks to the study of the six dimensions were then compared. Third, the applicability of three empirical methods—case studies, econometric modeling, and social network analysis—was evaluated in terms of their suitability for conducting research on the six dimensions. Fourth, research frontiers were outlined in terms of the channel complexity and regional heterogeneity of universities' external impacts, and the optimization of theories and methodologies for assessing the role of universities. The extant literature on the theoretical frameworks that inform our understanding of the role of universities in regional innovation presents three major trends: 1) Intellectual property activities in universities have been progressively emphasized, with the objective of emulating the successful practices of a few exemplary universities. 2) The third mission of universities is being expanded by key theoretical frameworks dedicated to meeting the development needs of the host region. 3) Functional distances of universities that influence external regions are gradually being superseded by a regional scale, with the aim of enabling universities to serve local development. Theoretical frameworks on this topic are closely related to development strategies and innovation policy adjustments across countries. Additionally, our findings indicate that the three empirical methods have been extensively employed to investigate the role of universities in regional innovation. However, it is evident that none of these methods can fully address the six dimensions of research simultaneously. Case studies are frequently used to examine engagement patterns, while econometric models offer distinct advantages in the analysis of knowledge transfer and innovation effects. Social network analysis is also gaining prominence in the examination of knowledge transfer and knowledge brokers. As in Western universities and regions, intellectual property activities have become the primary means of knowledge and technology transfer in universities in China. However, the contribution of Chinese universities to regional innovation remains limited. In light of these findings, future research should focus on the Chinese context and regional differences, employing a combination of empirical methods to examine the role of universities in regional innovation.

Accurately quantifying the complex relationships between urban rail transit and residential property prices along its lines can help optimize land resource utilization and enhance residents' well-being. Taking Lanzhou City as a case, this study employed multi-source heterogeneous data to develop a methodology that integrates an Optuna-optimized XGBoost model with the interpretability techniques of SHAP-PDP. This approach aims to investigate the mechanisms through which subway characteristics influence housing prices and quantitatively analyze the interactive effects between subway characteristics and other key influencing factors. The results reveal that: 1) The XGBoost model outperforms decision trees, random forests, gradient boosting decision trees, and CatBoost, achieving an explanatory power of 77.29%, making its predictions more reliable. 2) Property management fees, betweenness centrality, vegetation coverage, density of transportation facilities, and density of financial institutions are the top five contributors to housing prices, collectively accounting for 46.07% of relative importance. Among subway-related characteristics, network centrality of subway stations exerts a significantly greater impact on housing prices than proximity to the nearest station. 3) The effects of distance to subway station, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality on housing prices exhibit nonlinear characteristics with distinct threshold effects, indicating that the influence intensity fluctuates significantly with changing conditions. 4) Apart from property management fees, subway characteristics interact intricately with vegetation coverage, density of functional facilities, and building age, yielding positive interactive effects only within specific ranges. Therefore, maintaining various feature elements within optimal ranges is an effective approach to capturing land value premiums. The findings provide a theoretical reference for scientifically assessing the impact of rail transit on urban development, helping to avoid decision-making blind spots caused by information asymmetry. Additionally, they offer policy insights for achieving stable housing price regulation and enhancing the efficiency of urban spatial governance.

Exploring the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of forest land fragmentation in China is of great significance for promoting high-quality development in the forestry sector and enhancing the ecosystem service value of forests. Based on land cover data from 1992 to 2022, this study constructed a comprehensive forestland fragmentation indicator system using multidimensional landscape pattern metrics and analyzed the spatial-temporal trends and drivers of forestland fragmentation across China with spatial statistics and machine learning models. The findings are as follows: 1) In the study period, China's forestland fragmentation indices showed a shift around 2004, with a trend of gradual decline-fluctuating increase. Forest patch size, edge density, and shape regularity exhibited a decline-slight increase trend, while spatial dispersal followed a cyclical low-high-low-high fluctuation. 2) Spatially, forestland fragmentation was high in the south and low in the north, with the highest levels in Southeast China's low mountains and hilly forests, followed by tropical and southwestern mountainous forests, and the lowest in the northwestern mountains and the Inner Mongolia and Northeast forest regions. At the provincial level, fragmentation values peaked in Guizhou, gradually declining outward, with significant fragmentation also observed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, and Yunnan. 3) The drivers of forestland fragmentation varied across periods and regions. Throughout the study period, forest management practices generally mitigated fragmentation, while increasing population density and rising temperatures intensified it. From 1992 to 2001, temperature and timber production were the primary influences on fragmentation; from 2002 to 2011, cropland area and collective forest area became more impactful; and from 2012 to 2022, collective forest area became the leading factor. 4) An examination of the interaction effects among the drivers revealed that in areas with low precipitation and limited forest management intensity, excessive afforestation can exacerbate fragmentation, while fragmentation trends are stronger in regions with higher rainfall and temperatures. Afforestation helps mitigate the adverse impacts of cropland expansion on forestland fragmentation.This study deepens the understanding of forestland spatial pattern evolution in China, identifies regional drivers of fragmentation, and provides a theoretical basis and policy support for optimizing forestland management, promoting intensive use, and enhancing forest ecosystem services.

The study on the location of innovative enterprises can help optimize the allocation of resources and promote the high-quality development of urban economy.Using data of high technology enterprises and technology-based small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from 2019 to 2021, this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics of different innovative enterprises in Beijing, used the negative binomial regression model and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to explore the influence and scale effect of place factors and flow factors on enterprise location selection, and discussed the differences. The results show that: 1) The spatial distribution of innovative enterprises presents obvious multi-level characteristics of unbalanced distribution, dual-ring structure, and park-oriented clustering. Compared with high technology enterprises, the polarization and agglomeration degree of technology-based SMEs are higher. 2) The key common factors for the location selection of innovative enterprises are the industrial foundation and informal networks. In contrast, the impact intensity of other factors varies due to the heterogeneity of enterprise innovation capabilities. 3) Place factors are mostly global variables, while flow factors are mostly local variables, and there are differences in the scale effects and spatial heterogeneity of the impact of these two types of factors on the location selection of the two types of enterprises. 4) The coupled effects of geographical agglomeration and network agglomeration drive the location selection of different types of innovative enterprises. Therefore, it is important to focus on the comprehensive factors of place and flow dimensions and to implement differentiated strategies based on the type of innovative enterprises.

The development endowment of urban areas of counties determines the development potential and is the driving mechanism for realizing this potential in county urbanization, which plays a leading role in shaping county urbanization progress. Based on a proposed theoretical framework of county urbanization development endowment, this study selected Southwest China as the research object, and employed the TOPSIS entropy weight method, Kernel density estimation, and the spatial Durbin model to explore the spatiotemporal change characteristics of county urbanization development endowments and mechanisms in Southwest China from 2000 to 2020. The results reveal that: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the development endowment level of county urbanization in Southwest China was relatively low, with a slow growth rate. The spatial distribution gradually evolved from a continuous patch distribution of high in the south and low in the north to a clustered pattern. High-value areas were primarily concentrated around provincial capitals and regional central cities, while low-value areas were mainly located in regions with fragile ecological environment, weak economic foundation, and backward infrastructure. 2) Over the two decades, all five sub-dimensions of county urbanization development endowment in Southwest China exhibited a steady upward trend, ranked as natural ecological environment, endowment, residential environment endowment, public service facilities endowment, non-agricultural industry development endowment, and sociocultural environment endowment. 3) The improvement in the level of county urbanization in Southwest China generated a positive spatial spillover effect on surrounding areas. The development endowment significantly enhanced urbanization development and exhibited boundary effect. 4) The spatial effects of the sub-dimensional endowments showed distinct regional heterogeneity, with the non-agricultural industry development endowment in urban agglomerations and the social and cultural environment endowment in non-urban agglomeration areas having significant negative spatial spillover effects. 5) The urbanization of counties in Southwest China is jointly driven by the non-agricultural industry development endowment, public service facilities endowment, living environment endowment, social and cultural environment endowment, and natural ecological environment endowment.

It is crucial for achieving the dual carbon goals and promoting high-quality urban development to reveal the heterogeneity of urban sprawl's impact on carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin, and establish a scientific basis for coordinating urbanization with low-carbon development. This study evaluated the degree of urban sprawl based on long-term nighttime light imagery and LandScan population data, and empirically examined the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions and its spatial effects in 91 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin during 2004-2021 using the spatial Durbin model. It also used the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to assess the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of these effects. The findings demonstrate that, first, a pronounced spatial disparity and spatial aggregation in carbon emissions existed across the study region, with higher levels in the eastern part compared to the western areas. While aggregate carbon emissions continued to rise annually, the rate of increase has shown consistent deceleration. Second, urban sprawl exhibited both significant direct and indirect effects. This result suggests that urban sprawl not only affected the carbon emissions of a city itself but also had spillover effects on those of the neighbors. Third, urban sprawl contributed to the rise in carbon emissions through three principal pathways: expanding the quantity and scale of industrial enterprises, extending residents' commuting distances, and elevating household energy consumption. Finally, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions showed an upward trend in temporal variation, with a dynamic change characteristic of homogenization-differentiation-homogenization. In terms of spatial heterogeneity, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions was predominantly positive, high coefficients mainly concentrated in the midstream regions, and low values mainly occurred in both the upstream and downstream areas. From the perspective of spatial evolution, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions was gradually increasing, especially in the middle reaches. Consequently, the effects of urban sprawl on carbon emissions showed distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity, varying in impact intensity in both the temporal and spatial dimensions. Formulating differentiated spatial development plans tailored to urban realities may prevent disorderly urban sprawl and facilitate both high-quality urban development and the achievement of carbon reduction goals in the Yellow River Basin.

Changes in the spatial organization of regional (city) production trigger the restructure of manufacturing supply chain networks, providing a new perspective for urban network research. Using the transaction data of the top five customers and suppliers of listed manufacturing companies in the Yangtze River Delta from 2001 to 2020, this study mapped intercity manufacturing supply chain networks, with cities as the unit of analysis. It employed the social network analysis method to study the process of change of these networks and used TERGM to investigate their influencing factors. The research found that: 1) There was significant spatial heterogeneity in manufacturing supply chain linkages, with the process of change exhibiting notable spatial and path dependencies. Connections with the eastern region were consistently the strongest, while those with the northeastern region were the weakest, and connections with the central region were consistently stronger than those with the western region. 2) The network demonstrated clear hierarchical and disassortative characteristics. Intercity connections have become increasingly tight, although competition among core nodes was intense, and the network scale first increased and then decreased. 3) In terms of internal network relationships, mutuality, transitivity, and three-party groups had a significant promoting effect on the development of the network. Regarding external network relationships, factors such as labor resources, technological levels, geographical distance, and economic proximity also played a significant role in network change. This study helps to gain some insights into the dynamic characteristics of the supply chain in the manufacturing sector of the Yangtze River Delta, providing a reference for formulating relevant policies and strategies.

Promoting the spatial and temporal adaptation of the cultural system and tourism system along the Long March Route is helpful for facilitating the orderly flow and optimal allocation of cultural and tourism production factors along the Long March Route, and it is of great significance to promote the high-quality development of cultural and tourism integration along the Long March Route and optimize the Long March National Cultural Park strategy. Taking 15 provinces within the scope of the construction of the Long March National Cultural Park as the research sample, this study constructed an evaluation indicator system for the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route, and comprehensively used the adaptability evaluation model, coupling coordination model, kernel density estimation, obstacle degree model, and optimal parameter geographical detector to analyze the characteristics of change of the integration development driven by the spatiotemporal adaptation of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route from 2013 to 2022 and its mechanism. The key findings include: 1) The adaptation and integration levels of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route showed a high degree of convergence in the spatial and temporal dimensions. With the dynamic adjustment and collaborative optimization of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route, the integration level of culture and tourism in the region has shown a significant continuous deepening, which confirms the key driving role of system adaptability in the deep integration of culture and tourism. 2) The obstacles faced by the culture-tourism system in the process of adaptation showed significant differences. The driving factor analysis showed that talent reserve and financial support are the core leading forces to shape the adaptation pattern of the culture-tourism system, and industrial structure optimization and innovation potential mining played an important supporting role, jointly promoting the dynamic adaptation and coordinated development of the culture-tourism system. 3) The development of the integration of culture and tourism driven by the adaptation of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route is essentially a process of wave-like advance and spiral rise, following the logical mechanism of "external drive-internal response-dynamic adjustment-deepening integration". That is, the external driving factors first break the original balance of the system and trigger the internal response mechanism; through dynamic adjustment paths such as resource integration and factor reorganization, system structure optimization and function upgrading are promoted, and finally the integration of culture and tourism is realized from primary coordination to deep integration.

Cultivating and guiding new quality productivity to empower the high-quality development of resource-based regions is an inherent requirement and important focus for advancing Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance. This study incorporated new quality productivity into the theoretical analysis framework for high-quality development in resource-based regions, systematically expounded the theoretical basis for new quality productivity empowering the transformation and high-quality development of resource-based regions, and empirically examined the mechanism and effects of new quality productivity empowering high-quality development of resource-based regions using benchmark regression models, multiple mediation effect models, and spatial Durbin models based on the panel data from 23 resource-based cities in Northeast China from 2010 to 2022. The research findings indicate that: 1) The promotion effect of new quality productivity on high-quality development of resource-based regions was significant, and this effect exhibited characteristics of regional differences, differences in development stages, and structural heterogeneity. 2) New quality productivity provided a solid foundation for the realization of high-quality development of resource-based regions through multiple channels such as technological innovation, industrial structure transformation and upgrading, and optimization of resource factor allocation, among which the mediation effect of industrial structure upgrading was the most significant. 3) New quality productivity had a positive spatial spillover effect on the high-quality development of neighboring resource-based cities. These findings not only help to theoretically clarify the connection between new quality productivity and high-quality development of resource-based regions, enrich the sustainability assessment framework of new quality productivity from the perspective of high-quality development of resource-based regions, but also help to guide local governments in formulating differentiated development strategies at the practical level, providing a policy basis for coordinating new quality productivity and advancing the tasks and goals of Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance.

Topography and landform are the result of the comprehensive action of internal and external geological forces, and determining the morphological characteristics and geomorphological processes of watershed landforms is helpful to understand the differentiation of watershed landform development and environmental change characteristics. In this study, the Nagqu River Basin in Xizang was taken as the study area, and the geomorphological types and geomorphic characteristics of the area were determined by calculating the topographic undulation and slope and aspect. Based on multi-dimensional geomorphological parameters such as hypsometric integral value (HI), river longitudinal profile fitting function, Hack profile, and gradient index (SL/K), the geomorphological evolution stage of the Nagqu River Basin was determined, and its evolution process and tectonic significance were analyzed. The results show that: 1) The landform types of the Nagqu River Basin are mainly high-altitude hills and high-altitude plains, which are low in the west and high in the east, and low in the middle and high at the periphery. 2) The HI values in the study area are between 0.07-0.61, and the fitting functions of the longitudinal section of the river are 35.29% exponential and 64.71% logarithmic. 3) The river longitudinal slope in the study area is relatively gentle, and the Hack profile of the basin is mostly convex and concave, indicating that the river is in a state of tectonic uplift. Lithological variations, faults, and tectonic activity intensity affect the characteristics of topographic and geomorphological indicators, the fault activity intensity in the downstream area is greater than that upstream, and the basin is in the stage of relatively strong tectonic activity. This study provides crucial references for understanding the environmental evolution of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

Cooperative innovation in the photovoltaic industry among global cities is a crucial cornerstone for sustainable development worldwide. Examining the evolution of innovation cooperation networks among global cities and the changing status of Chinese cities holds significant strategic importance for the development of strategic emerging industries and the enhancement of cities' status. Based on the patent cooperation data from 2000 to 2022, this study constructed innovation cooperation networks among 1382 global cities. Considering the life cycle of photovoltaic products, and using complex network analysis methods, this study elucidated the topological structure and spatial change of the global intercity photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation networks. Then, the changing status of Chinese cities was revealed. The results show that: 1) With the technology of the photovoltaic industry evolving from nascent stage to rapid growth and then to maturity and stability, the intensity of global photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation first grew and then became stable. 2) The global photovoltaic innovation cooperation network exhibited a pronounced spatial clustering, primarily concentrated in the eastern United States, Western Europe, and East Asia. The innovation network has transitioned from a "few-core dominance" centered on cities in the United States and Japan to a "multi-core interconnected" structure, gradually evolving into innovation clusters dominated by cities in China, India, Europe, and the United States. 3) City scale and innovation level had a significant positive impact on the intensity of photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation of cities. The carbon reduction policy had a strong driving effect on photovoltaic industry innovation in the early stage, but later showed a diminishing marginal effect. 4) Cities in China, represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Shenzhen, have shown a continuous upward trend in their betweenness centrality and weighted centrality within networks. They have gradually transitioned from primarily importing technology to establishing mutually beneficial relationships in technology with domestic and international partners, ultimately evolving into technology exporters. Understanding the spatiotemporal change of the global photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation networks and the changing status of Chinese cities within it holds significant promise. It is expected to promote the restructuring of the photovoltaic industrial chain and the reconfiguration of the value chain. This, in turn, can reshape the spatial pattern of strategic emerging industries and regional innovation activities.

The origin and spread of agriculture in the Holocene prompted humans to transition from hunting and gathering to the farming era. The changes in the Earth's surface cover caused by human activities during the early development of agriculture reveal the deep roots of changes in the Earth system over thousands of years, which is of great significance to the study of long-term changes in climate systems and ecosystems. Animal and plant archaeological research can reflect the situation of ancestors using and changing the environment to obtain food, providing favorable conditions for reconstructing early land use and land cover changes. This study used agricultural and archaeological research to explore the grain production, grain consumption, and population size of the ancestors in the middle Holocene, and reconstructed the cropland area and cropland spatial distribution pattern of the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in three periods: 6000-4500 a BP, 4500-3700 a BP, and 3700-2300 a BP. The results show that: 1) The grain production and grain consumption of the ancestors in the middle Holocene showed an upward trend with the development of agriculture and the diversification of crop structure. The average annual grain production was 193, 297, and 450 kg/hm², respectively, and the per capita annual consumption of grain was 220, 250, and 270 kg, respectively. 2) The population size in the middle Holocene continued to increase, at 16222, 24160, and 35885, respectively, which promoted the development of agriculture. 3) Under the pressure of increasing population, the cropland area in the middle Holocene continued to increase, reaching 36982, 40620, and 42289 hm² respectively. 4) The cropland was distributed in narrow strips along the rivers, and the cropland grid reclamation rate was low, mainly at 0-20%. In 6000-4500 a BP and 4500-3700 a BP, the highest reclamation rate of cropland grids was 61.3% and 69%, respectively, and in 3700-2300 a BP, the highest reclamation rate reached 92.7%, and 3.3% of the cropland grids had a reclamation rate of more than 30%.

The rapid development of online food delivery services is profoundly shaping urban dining spaces. However, most current studies measure the growth of delivery services from a city-wide perspective and focus on single dimensions, with few studies conducting multidimensional analyses at the neighborhood level. Taking Nanjing City as a case study and drawing on multiple data sources, this research applied spatial statistical analysis methods and found the following: Firstly, at the neighborhood level, the density, diversity, and accessibility of online food delivery services exhibit a gradient spatial distribution pattern, with better development in the central area of the main city. Notably, compared to other two sub-cities, the Dongshan sub-city's central area forms clusters of neighborhoods with "high-high" concentrations of online food delivery services across all three dimensions. Secondly, the development of online delivery services is still influenced by various factors. Both population density and road network density consistently have a positive impact on the density, diversity, and accessibility of delivery services. Neighborhoods located closer to the city center tend to have higher delivery service density and diversity. Those with higher housing prices have access to more diverse delivery options. Additionally, neighborhoods with better accessibility to educational facilities also tend to enjoy higher delivery service accessibility. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of online delivery services at the neighborhood scale, offering support for the formulation of strategies to optimize food service facility planning.

The coordinated development between digitization and greenization is of great significance in accelerating the formation of new quality productivity and promoting the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. On the basis of constructing an analytical framework and evaluation indicator system, this study examined the spatial-temporal change of the coordinated development between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in 2012-2021 by using the longitudinal and transversal pull-difference method, coupling and coordination model, and ESDA (exploring spatial data analysis), and identified its spatial spillover effect by using the SDM (spatial Durbin model). The results show that: 1) From the perspective of time series change, the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration had steadily increased, from nearly uncoordinated at the beginning of the period to an medium level of coordination, and the transfer of state had the effect of path dependence, which makes it difficult to achieve high-quality coordinated development in a short period of time. 2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration presented a coastal-riverside-inland stepped decline pattern, and at the city level it showed a core-periphery and "V"-shaped distribution. In terms of spatial correlation, the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration showed significant local agglomeration characteristics. High-high type was mainly concentrated in the Shanghai metropolitan area, and low-low type was mainly distributed in Anhui Province. 3) The SDM regression showed that the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration had a significant positive spatial spillover effect, and economic development and scientific and technological innovation were the main sources of the positive spatial spillover effect. The spatial spillover effect showed an inverted "U-shaped" pattern of increase followed by decrease with distance, reaching a maximum at 300 km. Therefore, in the future, we should strengthen the two-way co-progressive effect of digitalization and greening, break down the institutional barriers that impede the flow of digital and green factors and resources, expand the spatial spillover boundaries for the coordinated development of the two, and boost the high-quality integrated development in the Yangtze River Delta region.

The geographical names in Beijing have been influenced by political factors, economic landscape, and natural features in the historical period, forming a rich and distinctive cultural resource of geographical names. The old city of Beijing is a highly concentrated area of geographical name resources. By examining representative transportation-related geographical names and selecting five key time points (1949, 1965, 1990, 2005, and 2024) corresponding to different stages of Beijing's urban development, this study conducted a statistical analysis of the geographical names to elucidate their quantitative changes. Using GIS kernel density estimation, it visually presented the kernel density of geographical names for the years 1949, 1965, 1990, and 2024, revealing to some extent the changes in the cultural landscape of geographical names in the old city of Beijing during the process of urban renewal. Furthermore, by summarizing and categorizing the main characters used in geographical names, this study selected five categories of geographical names: economic landscape, elements of daily life, political and military factors, auspicious connotations, and religious beliefs, to display and analyze the change of their kernel density. The results show that the distribution of the cultural landscape of transportation-related geographical names in the old city of Beijing exhibited significant spatiotemporal differences, providing important clues for understanding the layout and functions of Beijing during different historical periods. The patterns of distribution and change of different categories of geographical name cultural landscapes in urban space have their own unique characteristics and marked differences. These differences not only reflect the dynamic process of urban development but also reveal multiple changes in society, economy, and culture. By systematically reviewing the spatiotemporal trajectory of transportation-related geographical names in the old city of Beijing, this study not only provided a micro perspective for revealing the patterns of change of urban historical spatial configurations, but also established an analytical framework to explore the interaction between geographical name cultural landscapes and urban development, highlighting the dual value of geographical name cultural landscapes as living urban archives in the inheritance of cultural heritage and spatial governance.

The change of business format networks in tourism destinations reflects the dynamic characteristics of regional coordinated development, and research on its core issues can serve as a key breakthrough for promoting the high-quality development of tourism destinations. This study integrated complex adaptive systems theory, path dependency, and complex network theory to construct an "adaptive complexity-path" analytical framework. By combining multi-source heterogeneous data and multidisciplinary theoretical approaches, it developed a comprehensive methodology for constructing business format networks in tourism destinations. Indicators such as path dependency degree and path-breaking degree were introduced to quantitatively analyze the path characteristics of business format network change. Using Jinggangshan City as a case, the study examined the characteristics of change of tourism destination business format networks and its mechanisms during 2012-2022. The results show that: 1) The main business formats in tourism destinations had a prominent influence, driving the formation of a business network dominated by core business formats such as food, accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, shopping, and entertainment and featuring the coordinated development of other related business formats. 2) The interconnections between business formats exhibited differential variations, and the business format network presented a high-proportion weak-link structure. 3) The business format network exhibited a "core-secondary core-periphery" structure, and the hierarchical structure was continuously and dynamically optimized. 4) The evolutionary path of the business format network gradually shifted from path dependence to a coexistence of path dependence and path-breaking. 5) The mechanisms of change of the tourism destination business ecosystem were complex, influenced by a combination of primordial driving forces, innovative driving forces, external pulling forces, external regulatory forces, internal driving forces, and external resistance. This study offers a theoretical basis and illustrative cases to inform the synergistic development of business formats in tourism destinations.

Global climate change has exerted significant impacts on the arid regions of Central Asia, reshaping their hydrological cycle and highlighting the increasing vulnerability of regional water resource systems. This study systematically reviewed multi-source observational data and model simulation results from existing research, and, from the three dimensions of climate change, glacier and snow cover variations, and water resource changes, revealed the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns of water resources in Central Asia. The constraints of data-related and methodological uncertainties on water resource evaluation were also discussed. 1) Climate change: Since 1901, Central Asia has exhibited a pronounced warm-wet trend, characterized by a persistent temperature increase and growing precipitation. Annual precipitation increased by 0.66-1.93 mm per decade, showing marked spatial heterogeneity. During 1960-2011, the annual mean temperature rose at a rate of 0.3-0.4 ℃ per decade. From 1901 to 2013, the frequency of extreme high‑temperature events increased by about 30% compared with other regions at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Multi-model projections indicate a regional warming of 2-6  ℃ by the end of the 21st century, with precipitation trends ranging from -3.34  mm per decade to +4.63  mm per decade, and showing seasonal differentiation characterized by winter wetting and summer drying. 2) Cryosphere response: Glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains have been retreating at rates of 0.53%-3.01% per year in area, with mass loss showing a southwest-to-northeast increasing gradient. Snow cover across Central Asia exhibits spatiotemporal variability, with an overall significant decrease in extent and duration. 3) Water resource changes: In glacier-rich basins, runoff has shown a short-term increasing trend, but in some cases, glacier-fed runoff has already reached a turning point toward decline. Long-term projections suggest that by 2100, total runoff in the Tianshan Mountains could decrease by up to 36%. Human activities, superimposed on climatic forcing, further exacerbate water resource stress. Although advances have been made in data integration, distributed hydrological modeling, and downscaling techniques, inadequate high-altitude observations, inconsistencies in data resolution, limited representation of nonlinear processes in models, and insufficient understanding of cryosphere-hydrology coupling mechanisms continue to hinder systematic understanding and accurate prediction. Therefore, strengthening the construction of transboundary hydrometeorological monitoring networks and developing multi-scale data assimilation systems will be essential for enhancing the monitoring and regulation of water resources, advance water resource assessment under climate change scenarios, and support sustainable water resource management, thereby improving the capacity of Central Asia to cope with climate change and ensure water security.

As a typical social-ecological system, agricultural heritage sites are a spatial field with the participation and interaction of multiple subjects. Along with the process of urban-rural integration, their traditional production function space is undergoing a significant functional transformation. Promoting multi-subject participation and in-depth cooperation has become the key to driving the spatial renewal of agricultural heritage sites. By integrating the organizational embeddedness theory and social connection theory, this study constructed an analytical framework for the spatial renewal of agricultural heritage sites, and analyzed the processes and mechanisms of cooperation between internal and external subjects driven by the cooperative through the practice of the Xinglongwa Millet Ecological Cultivation Cooperative in Aohan County, Inner Mongolia. The study found that: 1) The cooperative first promoted the initial cooperation of subjects through the mobilization of goal matching, action synergy, and continuous input, and promoted the spatial function transformation of the heritage site. 2) Relying on the connection mechanism of politics, interests, emotions, and responsibilities, the cooperative connected multiple subjects for in-depth cooperation and strengthened the effectiveness of their participation in the protection of agricultural heritage and the governance of heritage sites. 3) The organizational embeddedness and social connection jointly promoted the gradual renewal of the physical, economic, social, and tourism space of the agricultural heritage site, and the locality of the space of the heritage site entered the stage of co-creation by multiple subjects. The results of the study can help transform the institutional advantages of collective economy such as cooperatives into practical effectiveness, and facilitate the high-quality development of agricultural heritage sites.

The convergence of relational economic geography (REG) and evolutionary economic geography (EEG) offers novel insights into the formation mechanisms of regional emerging industries. Taking the biopharmaceutical industry in the Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) as a case study, this study employed field research and empirical analysis to unravel the impact of dynamic strategic coupling on regional industrial change. Key findings include: 1) Developing regions rapidly transplant emerging industries through "dual-dependent coupling", yet excessive reliance on external actors poses sustainability risks. 2) External shocks (for example, financial crises) trigger decoupling, creating opportunities for governmental agency to upgrade coupling modes from dependency to functional coupling, thereby achieving value chain leapfrogging and industrial diversification. 3) Locational opportunity windows from industrial transfer must align with local conditions (for example, locational advantages, policy demands) to foster emerging industries. 4) The industrial base and entrepreneurial culture in neighboring regions empower local path creation through knowledge spillovers and synergy. This study enriches the analytical framework for the change of regional emerging industries and deepens the understanding of the influence mechanism of strategic coupling on such change, which is of great policy significance for addressing external shocks and promoting the upgrading of coupling models.

Globalization, climate change, population mobility, and technological transformation have brought multiple challenges to the transformation and upgrading of rural systems. Exploring the path and mechanism of the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas from the perspective of resilience has become the key to global sustainable development. International research has established the basic framework of rural resilience from the perspective of subject + space + system, which has become an enlightenment for researchers in China to explore the process of rural resilience from the perspectives of sociology, geography and management, and provides scientific references for finding adaptive transformation paths for rural areas in different regions of China. On this basis, this study deeply analyzed the relationship between the new quality productivity system and rural resilience, and used this framework to explore the paradigms that should be followed in future research on rural resilience in China. This research clarifies the path to enhance rural resilience and also provides a scientific basis for global rural development policies.