A meticulous examination of land use transformation processes and mechanisms within typical suburban villages holds profound implications for the successful execution of rural revitalization strategies and the exploration of sustainable developmental paths. In this study, She Village in Jiangning District of Nanjing City was selected as an example, and literature research, participatory rural appraisal, and GIS spatial analysis methods were used to reveal its apparent and latent land use transition processes from a microscopic perspective in 1980-2020. The results illuminate the following key insights: 1) Within She Village, a substantial transformation in the quantitative composition and spatial arrangement of land use has unfolded. Notably, forested areas and arable land have experienced a persistent decline, while commercial, transportation, and public administration/public service land have shown consistent expansion. Industrial and mining land initially exhibited growth but subsequently witnessed contraction. 2) The land in She Village has experienced a multifaceted functional change. It transitioned from primarily an agricultural production base to an industrial production hub, and ultimately evolved into a tourism-centric locale. Simultaneously, the residential function of this land strengthened continually, albeit at the expense of an initial decline in its ecological function. The result is a complex amalgamation of multifunctional and compounded land uses. 3) The observed transformation of She Village's land uses is a product of the interplay among resource endowments, policy frameworks, market dynamics, and key land use stakeholders. Consequently, the village has evolved from its original identity as a space predominantly for livelihoods and production to one predominantly characterized by consumption. Suburban villages surrounding metropolitan areas have gone through three pivotal stages: agricultural development, industrial expansion, and tourism-oriented service growth. This evolution has engendered a deepening diversification of land use categories, intricate functional amalgamations, and a proliferation of diverse business enterprises. It is paramount to comprehend the synergistic influence of top-down governmental initiatives, intrinsic rural dynamics, and the urban sphere's radiating effects on land use patterns. This comprehension will be instrumental in advancing the initiative of new urbanization and promoting urban-rural integration, thoughtfully tailored to the specific conditions of each locality.

Identifying the intrinsic logic of township attraction and formulating corresponding measures for optimizing township attraction in a systematic and scientific manner is crucial for addressing the dilemma of population shrinkage, promoting rural revitalization, and facilitating urban-rural integration. Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, this study analyzed the connotation of township attraction from the perspectives of economy, society, and ecology. Based on this, an evaluation indicator system for township attraction was constructed from the aspects of economy, society, and ecology. By utilizing spatial statistical analysis methods, the spatial structure and regional types of the attraction of 1100 townships (street units) in Jiangsu Province were identified. The results showed that: 1) The distribution patterns of economic attraction and social attraction of townships in Jiangsu Province basically coincide and show a gradient of high to low from the south to the north. The spatial pattern of ecological attraction in townships is uneven and exhibits spatial heterogeneity compared to the other two dimensions of township attraction. Overall, the spatial distribution of township attraction in Jiangsu Province is highly concentrated, showing a gradient from south Jiangsu-central Jiangsu-north Jiangsu. 2) The township attraction index in Jiangsu Province shows a strong spatial autocorrelation, and there is a clear polarization of hot spots and cold spots of township attraction, with a spatial distribution characteristic of hot in the south and cold in the north. 3) Based on the distribution map of hot spots and cold spots of township attraction and the spatial distribution characteristics of township attraction, the townships in Jiangsu Province can be divided into three types: high-quality development leading area, balanced and coordinated promotion area, and transformation and development lagging area. Furthermore, we proposed optimization paths for the different types of township attraction areas, aiming to provide a scientific basis for promoting regional coordinated development.

Human-environment relationship is the core of the sustainable development of social and ecological systems, and it is of great significance to explore the mechanism of influence of rural population change on the transition of arable land in order to regulate the rural territorial system and guarantee food security. In this study, the transition of arable land was deconstructed into four aspects, namely, spatial layout transition, quantitative structural transition, utilization transition, and functional efficiency transition. An analytical framework was constructed to analyze the impact of rural population change on the transition of arable land, and three sets of hypotheses were put forward on the basis of this framework, which are empirically tested by constructing an econometric model for Suining County of Jiangsu Province as a case study. The results show that: 1) Rural population change has a comprehensive effect on the transition of arable land functional efficiency by affecting the transition of arable land spatial layout, quantitative structure, and utilization mode, respectively. 2) Rural population transfer has a positive effect on the enhancement of arable land spatial agglomeration, and the increased spatial agglomeration of arable land further promotes its functional efficiency—when rural population decreases by 1%, the level of spatial agglomeration of arable land increases by 1.352%. For every 1% increase in the level of spatial agglomeration of arable land, functional efficiency will correspondingly increase by 0.136%. 3) Rural population loss intensifies the transition of the quantitative structure of arable land, which in turn leads to a reduction in the functional efficiency of arable land—a 1% migration of rural population results in a 0.248% increase in the transfer of arable land to other agricultural uses, and conversely, each 1% transfer of arable land to other agricultural uses is associated with a 0.097% decline in grain production efficiency. 4) The reduction of rural population is conducive to promoting the transition of arable land to a modernized mode of utilization, which in turn enhances the functional efficiency of arable land utilization—a decrease of 1% in rural population correlates with a 0.488% increase in the level of modernized utilization of arable land. Each 1% increase in the modernization level of arable land utilization is associated with a 0.135% improvement in arable land productivity. This article elucidated the pathways through which the reduction of rural population influences the transition of arable land utilization, which can provide a reference for the regulation of rural human-environment relationship and rural transition and development.

In the process of rapid urbanization, regional human-environment relationships in rural areas have become increasingly complex, and these areas are facing the challenge of integrating limited resources to realize industrial transformation and development. From the perspective of the factor-structure-function transformation of the rural territorial system, this study elucidated the conceptual connotation and driving force of rural industrial restructuring. On this basis, it classified the typical patterns of rural industrial restructuring according to the development direction of the dominant industries, with a specific focus on Guangxi. The study then proceeded to construct the guarantee mechanism for rural industrial restructuring. The following four main conclusions were reached: 1) Rural industrial restructuring can be comprehended as the process of optimizing spatial layout, extending the industrial chain, and enhancing the industrial system through industrial cultivation, adjustment, upgrading, and transformation. This process is grounded in the integration of the basic factors of industrial development—such as labor, land, and capital—in the context of local development conditions and external market environment. Rural industrial restructuring is characterized by the diversification of subjects and business forms, aiming to achieve both the benign and balanced development of rural industries internally and the value output externally. 2) In the practice of industrial restructuring, external driving forces and endogenous development forces of the rural territorial system interact with each other to jointly promote the coupling and coordination of various factors related to industrial development. 3) Rural industrial restructuring comprises five typical patterns, including the specialization of agricultural production, the industrialization of traditional culture, the tourism-driven development, the agglomeration of manufacturing, and service-oriented commerce and logistics. 4) In terms of policy, emphasis should be placed on guiding the concentration of key factors of production in rural areas by breaking down institutional barriers; building modern rural industrial systems by optimizing the industrial structure and improving the industrial layout; and improving the benefit linkage mechanism by adhering to the principle that the central position of farmers should not be compromised. Through a comprehensive approach, an institutional arrangement can be made for promoting rural industrial restructuring and facilitating the revitalization of rural industries.

Suburban areas are a typical area for rural multi-functional development. With the rapid advancement of non-agricultural development, urbanization, and industrialization, the development of suburban villages faces diversified needs, resulting in spatial mismatch and functional confusion, which urgently needs scientific guidance and regulation. Therefore, we selected Tongshan District of Xuzhou City, a typical suburban area, as the study area, and village area as the basic spatial unit and used a total of 319 administrative villages as samples. By constructing a multi-function evaluation indicator system for the area, we examined the spatiotemporal characteristics of change of rural economic development, agricultural production, ecological conservation, and living security during 2009-2019. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the interaction among the four functions. In order to further explain the spatial heterogeneity of functional interactions, the geographically weighted regression model was introduced to explore the spatial heterogeneity of functional interaction, and regression coefficient was used to further determine the small-scale functional interactions. On this basis, the article summarized the type of functional change and the regulation path of suburban rural development. The results show that: 1) At the village level, in the 10 years between 2009 and 2019, the differentiation of quantitative structure and the agglomeration of spatial pattern of regional multi-function change coexisted. 2) According to the correlation and interaction evolution process of rural regional functions, the overall relationship and local relationship of functional interaction evolution were consistent, but there were some differences, which can be summarized into five functional evolution types. 3) The evolution path of rural regional functions showed dynamic and complex characteristics, which can be divided into four paths: functional integration development, dominant function leading development, dual function coordinated promotion development, and multi-function comprehensive development.

Along with the rapid transformation of urban-rural relations in China, capital has become an important factor in reorganizing urban-rural elements and promoting the transformation and reconstruction of rural space in urban fringe areas. It is important to clarify its intervention mechanism to complement the interpretation of the dynamics of rural spatial reconstruction. This study constructed an analytical framework of the interaction between capital circulation and rural spatial transformation from the perspective of urban-rural interaction, and took Gangtou, a typical village in the urban fringe area of Guangzhou City, as an example to deeply analyze the stage characteristics of rural spatial transformation and its capital intervention mechanism in the Pearl River Delta urban fringe area. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial transformation of Gangtou Village has gone through three stages since the 1980s: initial hollowing out under the urban-rural market circulation of rural residents' capital with intergenerational alternation, urbanization and deep hollowing out under the intervention of industrial and commercial capital and limited urban-rural market circulation of surplus value, and initial fleshing out under the transformation of idle rural space by state-owned capital without land acquisition. 2) Capital promotes the spatial transformation of the countryside and the full penetration of the primary to tertiary industries by investing in coordinating the network of rural equity relations to directly transform the space and investing in infrastructure to improve the development environment. The countryside, on the other hand, can induce continuous capital injection by enhancing accessibility and accelerating the integration and restoration of natural and historical cultural resources. 3) Capital intervention realizes urban-rural capital transfer and promotes urban-rural interaction by revitalizing idle space and stimulating rural land and other surplus values. However, the existing capital interventions have strong policy welfare attributes and do not fully characterize shift in the rural-urban flow of surplus value, and the risks of weakening the main status of rural residents, low integration of urban-rural interaction subjects, and the "de-realization of capital" still exist.

Suburban villages with superior ecological endowments can often realize rural development by virtue of landscape resources and spillover effect of big cities. But due to the rapid urbanization and urban "siphon effect", suburban villages often experience hollow problems such as labor emigration and industrial decay. Taking Yangjiamen, a traditional village in the Songshan Scenic Area, as a case study site, and based on the actor network theory, this study analyzed the process and mechanism of rural transformation by means of semi-structured interviews and participatory observation, and examined how endogenous impetus promoted rural revitalization. The results show that the case study village went through three stages of development: rural resources concentrated in the hands of rural sages, diversified industrial development feeding back to rural residents, and government-led enterprise-resident participation in diversified development, and experienced the change of rural sage→government-led→diversified governance of social networks. The dynamic mechanism changed from endogenous forces to endogenous development forces combined with external forces. This process has promoted the transformation and development of rural population, land, industry, and society, and realized the revitalization of talents, industries, organizations, culture, and ecology. This study provides some theoretical reference and practical guidance for rural revitalization in suburban hollow villages with superior ecological resource endowments.

In the process of rapid urbanization, the imbalance of human-environment relationship caused by the emigration of rural population has exacerbated the problem of rural hollowing out. It is of great practical significance to measure the hollowing out of the countryside and put forward strategies to rectify the problem by focusing on rural revitalization. Taking Baiquan County of Heilongjiang Province as an example, this study used population transfer rate to measure the hollowing level of villages and used the entropy weight TOPSIS method to evaluate the development potential of villages. Combining these two methods, this study identified the type of village development and put forward the differential remediation strategies of hollowing villages. The results show that: 1) Baiquan County's rural hollowing level is 0.6529, and the degree of hollowing is severe. The hollowing at the township level is moderate and high, and the villages are dominated by high and heavy hollowing. Rural population loss is mainly due to the uneven development of urban and rural areas, few rural employment opportunities, low level of rural social security, among other factors. 2) The average development potential of villages in Baiquan County is 0.2279, the overall level is low, and the spatial distribution difference is significant. The development potential of villages around the county seat and along the main transportation routes and major rivers is generally higher than the villages in remote areas. The level of industrial development (0.5026) is significantly higher than that of civilization (0.2703) and ecological environment (0.1472), and low levels of governance (0.0317) and affluence of residents (0.0482) have become shortcomings of village development potential. 3) Villages of Baiquan County can be divided into four types—I: high potential low hollowing, II: high potential high hollowing, III: low potential low hollowing, and IV: low potential high hollowing. Overall the county is dominated by high potential high hollowing, and the development of southern villages is better than the rest of the county. In the future, village development should be guided by the rural revitalization strategies, with a shift of focus towards categories I and II, as well as southern villages and towns. The villages should improve homesteads, ecological land, cultivated land, and other related systems to promote their internal structure adjustment; cultivate cooperatives, family farms, and other new types of management, so as to explore the planning and upgrading of characteristic industries; build a new system of "central town-central village-rural community-village" to enhance urban-rural interaction and promote factor aggregation and resource sharing; and increase environmental regulation, enhance social security, and attract the return of talents, thus realizing village hollowing governance and rural revitalization in the county.

In order to reveal the unique characteristics of rural types in semiarid and poverty alleviated areas of Northeast China and enhance their development momentum and rural revitalization, this study took Tongyu County as an example, and used the entropy method, the Getis-Ord G_i^* index, and the Geodetector method to analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics of rural multidimensional development level at the village scale. Through the analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages of rural areas, this study identified the rural types according to their existing development characteristics and future strategic orientations, and put forward corresponding typological rural revitalization strategies. The results show that: 1) The indices of different rural development dimensions in Tongyu County present obvious spatial differentiation and agglomeration characteristics. The environmental conditions of villages in the southwest, northwest, and northeast of the county are obviously better than those in other areas. Villages close to the county economic center or the township centers and the main traffic lines have better transportation and economic foundation, and are easy to form regional hot spots, while villages in peripheral or remote areas form cold spots. Their distributions present a pattern of concentric circles with the county seat as the center. In the central part of the county, the villages close to the town centers and the main traffic lines have higher social vitality index. 2) The comprehensive development of villages in Tongyu County is greatly affected by the village environmental conditions. In addition, the development of transportation, economy, and society have an interactive strengthening effect on the comprehensive development of villages. 3) The comprehensively developing villages should "unite forces", and strive to lead the development. Internal and external interplaying villages, specialized villages, and agriculture and animal husbandry combining villages should "propagate advantages", and highlight their unique features. Traffic siphoning villages and relocated and consolidation needed villages should "improve weak links", and strengthen weak spots. Disadvantaged villages and poverty return preventing villages should "cultivate new opportunities", and explore new paths.

At present, the regional spatial system of traditional villages is hollowing out, and the integration of living-production-ecological system, as a good state of regional spatial system development, can be used as a guiding goal to solve the problem of hollowing out the countryside. Exploring the driving factors and processes of typical traditional tourism-driven villages to achieve the integration of living-production-ecological system can provide a reference for the governance of traditional village hollowing out. In this study, we defined the concept of tourism-driven traditional villages' living-production-ecological system integration from the perspective of theory of practice. We took Dehang Village in Hunan Province as an example, decomposed the relevant variables that affect the traditional villages' living-production-ecological system integration relying on the theory of rootedness, and then constructed the motivation mechanism of the tourism-driven traditional villages' living-production-ecological system integration by using the method of system dynamics. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The ecological subsystem is the fundamental basis for the integration of the living-production-ecological system and consists of two circuits: humanized ecological practices and primitive ecological practices. 2) The production subsystem is the material driving force for the integration, including the three circuits of tourism industry development, tourism industry innovation, and tourism production resistance. 3) The subsystem of living is the key guarantee for the integration and consists of three circuits, namely, the practice of material life, the practice of spiritual life, and the construction of political life. 4) Ecological protection restricts the disorderly expansion of production and living, ecological product creation promotes tourism industry development and improves residents' lives, and residents' living practices in turn counter-promote tourism production innovation and ecological protection, with the three subsystems interacting with each other, and superimposing their functions. Summarizing the system dynamics of Dehang Village's spatial system to achieve the integration of living-production-ecological system under the cycle of multiple causal bonds and causal loops can provide a reference for traditional villages of the same type.

Flow elements are not only an important force for the temporal differentiation and reorganization of rural vulnerability, but also an important perspective in the study of urban and rural reconstruction. By constructing a social-ecological system vulnerability evaluation indicator system of "sensitivity-adaptability", the dynamic change characteristics of vulnerability and the impact of flow factors of 184 administrative villages in Qingpu District of Shanghai Municipality from 1998 to 2018 were analyzed by means of sequential polygonal area method, spatial exploration and analysis, and fixed effect spatial error model. The results show that: 1) During the study period, the social-ecological system vulnerability of the district increased from 0.521 to 0.622, and the vulnerability level increased from low grade to medium grade. The spatio-temporal patterns show that vulnerability first increased and then decreased, and was high in the east and low in the west. 2) The relative length of the social-ecological system vulnerability temporal path movement in the district showed a trend of gradual decline from the central region to the surrounding areas from 1998 to 2018. The mobility curvature of the vulnerability time path was relatively small, showing the spatial pattern of high in the north and south and low in the central area, and the flow index for vulnerability spatio-temporal transition was 0.509, indicating that the spatial agglomeration structure had relatively high transfer activity in this region. 3) Population flow had become the leading factor for enhancing vulnerability and the coefficient of impact was 0.022, and capital flow and commercial flow were the key to reducing vulnerability. The effect of outflow on vulnerability was generally higher than on inflow, and the most significant effect of population outflow on vulnerability increase was 0.018, while the vulnerability reduction capacity of capital inflow was -0.009. "Sensitivity synergy-adaptive trade off" had become the dominant mode of flow factor impact on vulnerability in Qingpu District. The flow factors had a more significant impact on economic sensitivity and economic adaptability.

With the rapid development of tourism and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the relationship between tourism development and the realization of rural revitalization has received increasing attention. Encouraging rural residents to participate in governance in an orderly manner is an important issue for rural revitalization in the new era. Rural tourism can break spatial isolation and reconstruct the rural society, while rural residents' concepts and behaviors are profoundly shaped by their social networks. Therefore how tourism drives residents' participation in rural governance from the perspective of social network reconstruction deserves in-depth study. Based on the social embeddedness theory, this study explored whether the path of "developing rural tourism-restructuring rural social network-promoting residents' participation in rural governance" is valid and its mechanism through two progressive studies. The study found that: 1) The development of tourism can enhance the scale and heterogeneity of the rural kinship-geographic-industrial network and the network position of rural residents, increase the communication frequency and trust intensity of residents in the network, promote information sharing, and reconstruct the rural social network from the dimensions of structure and relationship. Social network affects residents' level of participation in rural governance from the four channels of information acquisition, collective supervision, role model guidance, and community consciousness. 2) The rural governance participation level of residents who participate in tourism operation is strongly promoted by industrial and geographic networks, and the rural governance participation level of residents who do not participate in tourism operation is strongly influenced by geographic and kinship networks. 3) Resident participation in rural governance activities are characterized by participation in cultural issues > participation in environmental protection > participation in political issues > participation in economic development > participation in social services.

Exploring differentiated development paths on the basis of rural area classification is of great significance for promoting the implementation of the precise rural revitalization strategy and improving rural governance capacity. This research constructed a rural area classification system with a coupled expression of rural functions and bottom-line constraints based on rural units in Ezhou City, and to explore differentiated rural development strategies. The multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method and ISO clustering method were employed. The results show that: 1) The advantageous areas of rural community functions, industrial development functions, agricultural production functions, rural tourism functions, and ecological conservation functions are along roads and rivers, surrounding lakes, and surrounding mountains. 2) The rural areas of Ezhou City can be divided into suburban integration type, agglomeration and upgrading type, special protection type, retention and renovation type, and relocation and merger type, and their functional heterogeneity are obvious. 3) Following the principle of classifying and exposing functional advantages and improving functional shortcomings, this study proposed a variety of development paths, which can promote the integrated development of agriculture, culture, and tourism to build a rural multi-functional complex. The research results suggest differentiated rural development strategies on the basis of clarifying the characteristics of rural area classification, which can provide a theoretical support and practical reference for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.

Specialized villages (SVs), as a special form of economic development in agricultural areas, are considered an important lever for rural revitalization. In recent years, many SVs have shown a highly intensive development trend, with the emergence and increase of large specialized households, causing some small specialized households to abandon characteristic production projects. The proportion of specialized households engaging in specialized production in SVs has decreased, and labor outflow has become apparent. Based on the data of two censuses of SVs in Henan Province and the data of field investigation of SVs in typical case areas conducted from 2022 to 2023, this study used the spatial autocorrelation and hot spot analysis methods to analyze the characteristics of labor outflow from different types of SVs. Geographic detectors were used to detect, identify, and analyze the dominant factors of labor outflow from SVs. This study found that: 1) Overall, the outflow of labor from SVs in various regions of Henan Province has significantly increased. 2) The spatial agglomeration characteristics of labor outflow in agricultural SVs were obvious, while the labor outflow in industrial SVs did not show spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the labor outflow in service and other SVs showed a spatial agglomeration trend. 3) The outflow of labor force from agricultural SVs were increasing in various regions, while the outflow of labor force from industrial SVs were most obvious in the eastern region of the province. The outflow of labor force from service industry and other SVs were relatively complex. 4) The quantitative analysis results indicate that the rate of specialized households, location characteristics, arable land resources, and human resources are the main factors affecting the outflow of the labor force from SVs. 5) This study indicates that the mechanism of labor outflow in SVs is relatively complex, and villages and industries are important material carriers that attract labor force. The interaction of centrifugal force generated in the process of industrial development and centripetal force generated by policies and norms leads to a dynamic state of labor loss and return.

Analyzing the intrinsic relationship between the function and value of arable land and the construction of a livable, workable, and beautiful countryside, and systematically diagnosing the degree of synergy of multifunction and value of arable land are of great practical significance for rural hollowing governance, and for comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. Based on the characteristics of arable land resources in typical areas of the main grain-producing region of China, this study explored the level of coupling and coordination of multifunction and value of arable land in Liaoning Province from 2005 to 2020 and its functioning mechanism from the perspective of multifunctionality and value coupling of arable land using the comprehensive evaluation model, coupling and coordination model, exploratory spatial analysis, and geographically-weighted regression method, and put forward the differentiated governance paths to solve the problem of rural hollowing accordingly. The research found that from 2005 to 2020: 1) The multifunctional coupling and coordination degree of arable land in Liaoning Province rose steadily, showing a pattern of better in the northwest than in the southeast, with some room for improvement. 2) The value coupling and coordination degree of arable land in Liaoning Province was in a steady state, forming a pattern of high in the core and low in the two wings, with large differences between cities. 3) The coupling and coordination degree of arable land multifunction and value in Liaoning Province demonstrated a low-speed growth, and the spatial clustering effects of the two were slowly increasing, with a good synergistic relationship being established on the whole. 4) The influence of the multifunctionality of arable land on its value in Liaoning Province was characterized by significant heterogeneity, that is, non-synchronous trends of change, non-equilibrium spatial and temporal differentiation, and path dependence of the dynamic correlation between the two. The purpose of this study was to analyze the coupling and coordination of the functions and values of arable land to explore the path of rural hollowing governance, promote the synergistic development of people-land-industry on the countryside of the main grain-producing region, and provide references for consolidating the foundation of food security and accelerating the modernization of agriculture and rural areas.