Along with the increasing concern about the relationship between human and environment, the relationship between tourist place attachment and their pro-environment behavioral intentions has been studied by a few researchers. However, "place" has always been taken as the context without an explicit explanation of the connotation and its potential role. The specific attributes of a place, referring to the comparative strength or uniqueness of the place, have been hardly considered in the research framework of pro-environment behaviors and intentions although it is the fundamental and indispensable element of the human-environment interactions, especially in a distinctive and impressive destination such as Jiuzhaigou. Jiuzhaigou is a natural World Heritage site in China, famous for its splendid natural scenery and the Tibetan customs and traditions. Using Jiuzhaigou as the study case, this article took the specific attributes of the place(containing natural environment and social environment of Jiuzhaigou perceived by tourists) as the antecedents, place attachment(containing place dependence and place identity) as the intermediaries, and pro-environment behavioral intentions(containing low effort pro-environment behavioral intentions and high effort pro-environment behavioral intentions) as consequences to establish a structural model for further exploration of the relationship between tourists' place attachment and their pro-environment behavioral intention, and for an experimental examination of the role of specific attributes of a place in that relationship. Data were collected by structured questionnaire survey carefully designed and amended. One variable was removed after the initial reliability and validity analysis. After confirmatory factor analysis, the model was tested. The overall fit of the measurement model suggested a reasonable model fit to the data given the sample size and number of indicators. Finally two of eight hypotheses were rejected and all of the rest were accepted. Four main conclusions have been obtained by this research: (1) significant discrepancy exists between two dimensions of place attachment for their influences on pro-environment behavioral intentions of different types; (2) "specific attributes of Jiuzhaigou" has a significant positive impact on tourists' place attachment, indicating its importance in the development of tourists' place attachment; (3) "specific attributes of Jiuzhaigou" has a significant positive impact on tourists' pro-environment behavioral intentions by mediating tourists' place attachment, performing as an effective predictor for tourists' pro-environment behavioral intentions and an indispensable factor in research related to tourists' place attachment and pro-environment behavioral intentions and their relationship; (4) different specific attributes of Jiuzhaigou had varied effects, namely, more obvious attributes of a specific place(natural environmental attributes of Jiuzhaigou) have more significant effects.

Based on questionnaire survey and online travel notes, we obtained tourist flow data and used the social network theory and methods to build the model of cross-border tourism area network structure and the evaluation indices. The network structural index primarily measures core potential, core-periphery interaction and structural equivalence. The node structural index mainly measures centricity and structural hole. The boundary effect index estimates overall boundary effect and node boundary effect. From the perspective of tourist flow, the paper explores the tourism spatial network structure, node functional roles and the shielding effect of boundary by taking Lugu Lake in Sichuan and Yunnan as a case. It aims at enriching and deepening the thoughts of cross-border tourism research, developing a new approach for the study of network spatial structure and providing some scientific basis for the cross-border collaboration tourist areas. We conducted the survey in the Lugu Lake area during 12-24 August, 2012. We acquired background information through visiting tourism administration departments and major tourism companies and investigating the main tourism villages around the lake. We also interviewed visitors and ask them to fill out the questionnaires. The results show that: (1) the tourism spatial network of Lugu Lake is dense in the northern and central parts but sparse in the south, which shows a clear core-periphery structure. Tourist flows around the lake tend to choose circular and dotted routes. Influenced by the boundary effect, the overall network of tourist flow shows a boundary fracture phenomenon, while tourists in shared area show multicentric divergence. (2) The 15 tourism villages around the Lugu Lake can be divided into five types: core tourism site, sub-tourism center, important tourism node, general node and peripheral node. Same type of tourism nodes shows similar patterns in the centricity indicator. (3) There is a significant border effect in cross-border tourism activities. The shielding effect of Lugu Lake provincial administrative boundary is similar on both sides of the boundary, while the shielding effect of boundary nodes is remarkably different, with the proportion of nodes that have an obvious boundary effect significantly greater in Sichuan than Yunnan. (4) The spatial structure of cross-border tourism network in Lugu Lake is characterized by five levels of tourism bases, six travel axis, and three tourism systems. Considering this structure, some optimization paths are put forward, including building a Sichuan-Yunnan scenic area management committee to uniformly develop tourism resources and products, construct a unified brand, and jointly manage marketing; making use the function of the Xiaoluoshui and Dazu as cross-border tourist routes.

Distribution of lodging industry is sensitive to urban environmental change. However, in the study of urban space reconfiguration, lodging industry as advanced services is usually neglected when compared to the study of population, housing, industrial, and commercial sectors and offices. The rapid development of the tourism industry has promoted high growth of the lodging industry in Beijing. The sudden rise of economy hotel brought about internal structural transformation of lodging industry. The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games had an important impact on the lodging industry as well. Thus, the aim of this paper is to study the temporal and spatial evolution of the lodging industry and influencing factors from 1997 to 2012 in Beijing, discuss the evolution pattern of lodging industry, analyze the coevolution relationship between this industry and the urban spatial structure, and reflect on the restructuring characteristics of the urban space. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst technique is used to research the temporal and spatial evolution of lodging industry, in which kernel density analysis is chosen to identify the clusters of hotels. Under the assumption that the central area of Beijing is mono-centrically distributed in structure, an ordered multivariate Logit model is applied to reveal the correlation between hotel locations and their influencing factors, in order to support the conclusion of theoretical analysis. The study shows that: (1) The centralization and centrifugal diffusion trends in lodging industry both exist, and the pattern is relative diffusion. The expansion is characterized by agglomeration and varied growth in different directions. There are five types of spatial expansions: concentric circle expansion, localized fan-shaped expansion, corridor type expansion, enclave expansion and filling expansion. (2) Accessibility is extremely essential to hotel location in any period. Land price increase in central city and promotion of traffic technology prompt lodging industry to spread to the outskirts of the city. Agglomeration changes in accordance with centripetal and centrifugal trends. (3) Sitting of lodging industry had different preferences at different periods. Urbanization process influences the location and relocation of the lodging industry and the lodging industry has shaped the urban landscape and urban spatial structure. (4) The suburbanization in Beijing is speeding up, that centrifugal effect that shapes the urban structure is enhanced, heterogeneity and complexity of urban space is increased, but centrality is still strong. The Beijing Olympic Games stimulated the growth of hotels and the development of urban functional areas. Under the background of market saturation in the central city, the lodging industry should seize the opportunity of urban space reconfiguration and suburbanization, seek to develop space in the center of urban periphery, functional area or transition region and to undertake spillovers, avoid the land price uplifting and agglomeration diseconomies in the city center. Meantime, the government should guide the rational distribution of lodging industry, opening up new space for development, thus contributing to improve residential services and rapid rise of new urban districts.