Preventing large-scale return to poverty is of great significance for consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and promoting rural revitalization. Taking Enshi Prefecture in the Wuling Mountains region as the research area, four rural tourism development models in poverty alleviation areas were identified: resource-driven, industry-driven, cultural tourism-led, and enterprise-driven. According to the sustainable livelihood theory and the analytical framework of risk and vulnerability, a risk evaluation indicator system of rural tourism area households was constructed, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to effectively identify the risk of rural tourism area households under the differentiated development models, and the pathways of blocking the risk was proposed. The results show that: 1) The risk of returning to poverty of the rural households in the case study area is high in the physical capital and financial capital sense, and the risk of returning to poverty is low in the human capital and livelihood adaptability sense, and the overall level is average, that is, there is a certain risk of falling back into poverty. 2) In the four case study villages with different development models, there are obvious internal differences between the dimensions of the risk of returning to poverty. The risk of returning to poverty is higher for resource-driven and enterprise-driven rural livelihood types than for cultural tourism-led and industry-driven types, the risk of resource-driven rural livelihood type is high in the livelihood background and natural capital dimension, the risk of enterprise-driven rural livelihood type is the highest in the physical capital and financial capital dimension, and the risks of returning to poverty highly differ. 3) We proposed differentiated pathways to stop returning to poverty by focusing on strategies such as improving human capital, enhancing social capital, revitalizing natural capital, and balancing physical capital for the four models. Also, we should give full play to the advantages of resources, industries, and enterprises, expand the scope of prevention and control of groups at risk of returning to poverty, and pay special attention to the people who have been lifted out of poverty and the marginalized population. The study focused on consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and provides theoretical guidance and practical pathways for the further revitalization of poverty-stricken rural areas.

Rural tourism development is an important force to promote the rural revitalization strategy and can realize people's aspiration for a better life and improve their quality of life. Subjective well-being is an important representation of residents' quality of life. This study aimed to explore the formation mechanism of the "turning point of happiness" phenomenon in tourism destinations, and thus provide a scientific guidance for tourism to boost the realization of rural revitalization strategy. Based on the social representations theory and arousal modulation theory, this study selected two villages in the development stage (Enhe Village, Ergun City, Inner Mongolia) and consolidation stage (Shiwei Village, Ergun City, Inner Mongolia) to apply a simultaneous cross-sectional design, and used the fsQCA method to investigate configuration paths of the impact of values and perceived value on residents' subjective well-being. Based on comparison, we found that: From the development stage to the consolidation stage, the subjective well-being of residents in the tourism community showed a downward trend. There were significant differences in the social, cultural, and functional value perceptions of residents in the two places, and there were also significant differences between individualism and horizontal collectivism. Each dimension of perceived value and the values were not the necessary condition for forming residents' high-level subjective well-being. In the development stage (Enhe), the perceived economic and cultural value and horizontal collectivism played a more prominent role in forming residents' high-level subjective well-being. In the consolidation stage (Shiwei), the role of perceived economic and social values and individualism in forming residents' high-level subjective well-being was more prominent. The results show that: 1) Residents' subjective well-being is influenced by both perceived value and values. It is not only stimulated by external tourism impact, but also regulated by residents' internal social representation system. 2) There were differences in the antecedents of residents' subjective well-being between the development stage and the consolidation stage. The driving factors of perceived value changed from "economy + traditional cultural life" to "economy + extroverted social relations", and the effects of horizontal collectivism values weakened in the large enterprises. 3) The "turning point of happiness" resulted from the weakened effect of "material + independent self" on residents' subjective well-being in the first stage, while the "non-material + interdependent self" has not been fully awakened and supported in the second stage. The research holds that creating cultural value resonance core, expanding value co-creation circle, enhancing tourism value function, and following modern value transformation patterns are effective ways to transcend the "turning point of happiness" in tourism village governance.

Placeness is the fundamental factor for ethnic villages to develop tourism. This study focused on the placeness reconstruction of mountainous ethnic tourism villages and the influencing factors of their strength and weakness level. We used the fsQCA analysis method to explore the antecedent condition combination of placeness strength and weakness of ethnic villages, which consists of physical geographical environment, social structure and function, residents' emotional value and behavior, enterprise operation and production, and tourists' participation, experience, and behavior. The results show that: 1) There is a complex relationship between the placeness of ethnic tourism villages and their antecedent conditions, and individual conditional variables cannot constitute sufficient conditions that affect the level of placeness reconstruction. It is affected by a combination of the factors. 2) There are eight combination paths of factors affecting the placeness level of ethnic tourism villages, with an overall consistency of 0.900 and an overall coverage rate of 0.890. The path with the optimal original coverage and consistency is combining residents, communities, businesses, and tourists. 3) There are four types and eight combinations of paths that affect the placeness reconstruction process and level of mountainous ethnic tourism villages, namely traditional place atmosphere driven, host-guest interaction driven, tourism production driven, and value co-creation driven. Together, these paths explain how conditional factors affect the placeness reconstruction of mountainous ethnic tourism villages under the mechanism of diachronic and synchronic perspective of placeness reconstruction. This study theoretically enriches the content of placeness research, which provides some references for the further exploration of the unique characteristics of mountainous ethnic tourism villages and the sustainability practice of tourism areas.