Seasonal cycle is the crucial intraannual climate pattern to be observed in global and regional agricultural practice. Under global warming, the global surface has witnessed a significant increase in temperature over nearly half a century. As a result, various parameters associated with surface air temperatures, such as the lengths, start dates, and end dates of the four seasons, also changed dramatically. This study examined the following aspects: 1) It summarized the three types of season definition methods, including astronomical, meteorological, and phenological methods; absolute and relative temperature threshold methods; and other methods characterized by regional geographic factors and specific weather phenomena. 2) This study conducted an analysis on the long-term seasonal variation characteristics in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the South China region during 1961-2015, using different seasonal division methods based on air temperature and analyzing the characteristics and differences in summer length calculated by different temperature indices. It also reviewed the characteristics of seasonal length changes in historical periods defined by different indicators and the future projected trends, and summarized the key reasons for seasonal length changes. 3) This study evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of each seasonal division method from their fields of application and spatial applicability. Future research is prospected from the possible impact of data bias, the development of a commonly applicable index, and the mechanism of change under climate warming. The results of this study have clarified the differences of seasonal division methods, as well as the characteristics and causes of seasonal changes. This not only is beneficial for guiding agricultural production, but also provides reliable scientific information for addressing the climate change issue.

With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and increasing income, household energy consumption has become an important growth point of energy consumption in China. Grasping the spatiotemporal characteristics of household energy consumption and identifying the influencing factors and development trends of household energy consumption will help to accelerate the construction of a modern energy system, promote low-carbon energy transformation, and achieve the dual carbon goals. This study took household energy consumption as the research object and systematically explored its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics in China. Furthermore, it used the spatial econometric models, grey prediction, and scenario analysis to examine the influencing factors and development trends of household energy consumption. The study found that: 1) From the perspective of spatiotemporal characteristics, household energy consumption showed an upward trend from 1995 to 2021. Meanwhile, the gap in energy consumption between urban and rural households was gradually widening, but their per capita household energy consumption showed a trend of convergence. 2) From the perspective of proportion and structure, household energy consumption accounts for about one tenth of the total energy consumption, and the household energy consumption structure showed a trend of diversification and clean development. 3) From the perspective of influencing factors, energy intensity, population size, household size, education level, economic development, urbanization rate, and car ownership were important influencing factors for household energy consumption, but the degree of impact varied. 4) From the perspective of future trends, China's household energy consumption will continue to grow by 2040, and under the scenario of steady development, the growth rate is slower, indicating that the implementation of government policies and the popularization of green consumption concept among residents have a positive effect on controlling the growth of household energy consumption. Based on the results of this research, this article argued that the energy consumption structure should be adjusted by increasing the proportion of natural gas consumption, the energy consumption structure of rural households should be optimized, and the energy development policy should be further improved and the consumption concept of residents should be changed to control the excessive growth of household energy consumption.

Music geography is an interdisciplinary subject between geography, musicology, culture studies, and other disciplines. Compared with the well-established music geography in Western countries, music geography in China is still in the embryonic phase. This study attempted to provide a literature review for the progress of music geography research outside China by having a close look at its origin, development paths, essential debates, frameworks, and approaches, based on an in-depth bibliometric analysis. First, this study found that international research on music geography has extended its scope from the perspective of cultural geography to an interdisciplinary discourse and received great attention from economic geography, political geography, and urban geography. Second, the core themes of international music geography research can be generally classified into five branches: music regions and cultural diffusion, industrial clusters and networks, temporal-spatial phenomena and influences of music performance, music-based identity and cultural politics, and music geography as a special urban soundscape. In terms of theories and approaches, international music geography research can be divided into four main branches: cultural geography, geopolitics, economic geography, and urban geography, which are respectively influenced by the non-representational theory of new cultural geography, popular geopolitics and the relational turn of economic geography, and other important trends. Lastly, this article proposed that there is a great necessity to pay more attention to music research by Chinese geographers as it serves as an ideal case and instrument to inquire into geographical issues such as local identity, authenticity, and sense of place, local-global connections, creative production networks, temporary projects, urban planning, and social well-being.

New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces under the background of new scientific and technological revolution, which meet the requirements of high-quality development. Understanding its connotation and current situation is crucial to accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces and promoting Chinese style modernization. Based on the connotation and practical requirements of the new quality productive forces, this study used the WSR (Wuli-Shili-Renli) system methodology for reference, constructed the evaluation indicator system of the new quality productive forces, and explored the development process and spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of the new quality productive forces in Chinese cities from 2008 to 2021. The results show that the level of new quality productive forces in China and its four regions presents a significant upward trend, and the intraregional differences are declining. There is a spatial heterogeneity in the level of urban new quality productive forces in China, showing a distribution pattern of "high in the east, medium in the central part, and low in the west and northeast". There are significant differences in the level of urban new quality productive forces at different administrative levels, different population sizes, and different levels of per capita GDP. The level of urban new quality productive forces in China has the characteristics of spatial agglomeration, the local spatial relationships vary little, and the stable hotspots are distributed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The level of independent innovation and human resources in the eastern and central regions is higher than that in the western and northeastern regions, while the development of digital technologies and emerging industries is significantly better in the eastern region than in other regions. By examining the change in the spatial and temporal patterns of China's urban new quality productive forces level, we hope to provide a decision-making reference for optimizing layout and accelerating development of the new quality productive forces.

In the process of rapid urbanization, the imbalance of human-environment relationship caused by the emigration of rural population has exacerbated the problem of rural hollowing out. It is of great practical significance to measure the hollowing out of the countryside and put forward strategies to rectify the problem by focusing on rural revitalization. Taking Baiquan County of Heilongjiang Province as an example, this study used population transfer rate to measure the hollowing level of villages and used the entropy weight TOPSIS method to evaluate the development potential of villages. Combining these two methods, this study identified the type of village development and put forward the differential remediation strategies of hollowing villages. The results show that: 1) Baiquan County's rural hollowing level is 0.6529, and the degree of hollowing is severe. The hollowing at the township level is moderate and high, and the villages are dominated by high and heavy hollowing. Rural population loss is mainly due to the uneven development of urban and rural areas, few rural employment opportunities, low level of rural social security, among other factors. 2) The average development potential of villages in Baiquan County is 0.2279, the overall level is low, and the spatial distribution difference is significant. The development potential of villages around the county seat and along the main transportation routes and major rivers is generally higher than the villages in remote areas. The level of industrial development (0.5026) is significantly higher than that of civilization (0.2703) and ecological environment (0.1472), and low levels of governance (0.0317) and affluence of residents (0.0482) have become shortcomings of village development potential. 3) Villages of Baiquan County can be divided into four types—I: high potential low hollowing, II: high potential high hollowing, III: low potential low hollowing, and IV: low potential high hollowing. Overall the county is dominated by high potential high hollowing, and the development of southern villages is better than the rest of the county. In the future, village development should be guided by the rural revitalization strategies, with a shift of focus towards categories I and II, as well as southern villages and towns. The villages should improve homesteads, ecological land, cultivated land, and other related systems to promote their internal structure adjustment; cultivate cooperatives, family farms, and other new types of management, so as to explore the planning and upgrading of characteristic industries; build a new system of "central town-central village-rural community-village" to enhance urban-rural interaction and promote factor aggregation and resource sharing; and increase environmental regulation, enhance social security, and attract the return of talents, thus realizing village hollowing governance and rural revitalization in the county.

The increasingly important intercity elements flow and the unique urban administrative system in China lead to regional organizations such as urban agglomerations possessing both networked and hierarchical characteristics. Taking the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration as an example, this study comprehensively considered spatial continuity, connectivity, and the evolution of the Yangtze River Delta's integration trend to divide the region into the central layer and the peripheral layer. Using a multi-level exponential random graph model (ML-ERGM), it dissected the coexistence of the network and hierarchical structures in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration network from the perspective of business connections. It also examined the formation mechanism of this pattern from the structural aspects of basic structural effects and complex structural effects, as well as external factors such as urban economic scale, intercity transportation accessibility, intercity physical distance, and administrative boundary effects. The research findings are as follows: 1) The intercity connection network of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration exhibits an overall hierarchical structure and shows a noticeable "capital attraction effect" in terms of intercity connection strength. 2) The intercity connection network in the Yangtze River Delta is significantly driven by structural effects, with specific dynamics including the closure of the central layer, the transmission in the peripheral layer, and interlayer expansion. 3) Urban economic scale is an important influencing factor on the intercity connection network. In addition, a convenient transportation network, close geographical distances, and being located within the same province can all promote intercity business connections, but their effects on different layers of the network are heterogeneous. The results of this research can provide some scientific support for the optimized development of the Yangtze River Delta intercity connection network.

The resilience of medical services reflects a region's medical response ability in the face of risks. The study of the spatial-temporal differentiation and driving forces of the resilience level of urban medical services can provide a theoretical reference for the construction of healthy China. Taking 287 cities of the prefecture level and above in China as research samples and integrating the concept of resilience, this study constructed an evaluation indicator system of the resilience of urban medical services, and analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and driving forces of the resilience of urban medical services in China from 2011 to 2021. The study found that: 1) The resilience level of urban medical services in China continued to increase year by year and overall, the spatial distribution showed a pattern of high in the coastal regions and low inland. There has been a trend towards a weakening of the regional differences, and some cities showed a certain degree of local polarization. 2) The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the resilience of urban medical services in China, which showed strong resistance and adaptability. 3) Based on the differences of dynamic factor combination, four medical service resilience driving models are identified: medical resource-oriented, fund-oriented, environment-dependent, and scientific research-dependent. 4) The resilience of medical services is influenced by many external factors. Population ageing is negatively associated with healthcare service resilience, while municipal sanitation capacity and the penetration rate of the Internet have a positive impact on the resilience of medical services. The paper analyzed the driving force model of the urban medical services resilience in China, which can provide practical reference for the construction and resilience improvement of medical services in different types of regions.

In recent years, under the background of a series of national development strategies and the transformation of economic geography patterns, the connections between cities, towns, and rural areas in China have become increasingly close, bringing about a more diversified population distribution than before. However, there are still few studies that simultaneously involve the spatial analysis of cities, towns, and rural areas, as well as the evolution patterns and underlying mechanism of population distribution in regions with different levels of development. Based on the data of the sixth and seventh national censuses (provincial data of Jiangsu Province), this study explored the spatiotemporal evolution of city, town, and rural population distribution and revealed the influencing factors of the comprehensive attraction of city-town-rural areas to the floating population in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2020. The results show that: 1) In the past 10 years, Jiangsu Province maintained a population spatial distribution pattern of dense in the south and sparse in the north, but the changes in the size of the resident population and floating population have shown noticeable geographical differences, which is manifested in the continued high growth rate of resident population in south Jiangsu, but the high growth rate of floating population is concentrated in central and north Jiangsu. 2) In the past 10 years, the high-value area of the ratio of floating population to resident population was still concentrated in south Jiangsu. The proportion increased in all cities and some towns in central and north Jiangsu, as well as slightly in some rural areas in south Jiangsu. 3) Comprehensive exploration of changes in the population distribution of the city-town-rural areas has found that although the trend of common growth of resident population in the three types of space was not obvious, the ratio of floating population to resident population in more than half of counties and cities showed the characteristics of city-town-rural area common growth. The increase in the comprehensive index of city-town-rural area attraction to floating population in central and north Jiangsu exceeded that of south Jiangsu. 4) Public affair investment of the government and regional industrial development had a significant positive impact on the comprehensive attraction of city-town-rural areas to floating population, which had a stronger effect in economically developed areas and areas with stronger industrial base. In contrast, advanced industrial structure only had a positive effect in south Jiangsu. Based on the correlation between the change in population distribution and the level of regional urbanization, as well as the analysis of its spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors in city-town-rural areas, this study put forward specific suggestions for the urban-rural integrated development of the population in different counties and cities.

Since the advent of scholarship initiated by John Brian Haley on the nexus between map and "knowledge-power", research in this domain has proliferated significantly. Nevertheless, extant studies predominantly emphasize the perspective of the original map creators, neglecting an examination of the map dissemination process from the perspective of the general map user. Utilizing the city planning map of Qingdao, purportedly crafted by German in 1910, as a case study, this study employed georeferencing techniques and a comparative analysis of map contents to elucidate the underlying urban planning truth and the historical intricacies hidden behind the map's representation. The results indicate that in the 1950s, some specific map users, who were also specialized urban and rural planning scholars, replicated and reconfigured a contemporary city map produced by German in 1910 and an urban planning map created by Japanese in 1915, resulting in the generation of an entirely new map. Consequently, this distorted map representation has engendered a totally new "historical reality" that subverts people's cognition and challenges the initial map interpretation, facilitated by the extensive propagation of authoritative textbooks. The interplay between the inherent values and ideologies of a specific social class as map users and the map representation in their participation process was further discussed. In essence, this study augmented and nuanced Haley's discourse on map power from the perspective of map users, while also contributing a novel dimension to the cartographic historical analysis, specifically focusing on urban planning maps.

Alluvial fans are common deposition landforms at the outlets of mountain streams (gullies). Maturely developed and stable alluvial fans are favorable sites for work and daily life in mountainous areas, but they are also potentially prone to debris flows and flash floods. The study of the geomorphic characteristics and development causes of alluvial fans can help to prevent and control geohazards and to rationally utilize soil and water resources, which has important scientific value and practical significance. Taking alluvial fans in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, southeast Tibet as case samples and combining Google Earth, remote sensing images, and field surveys, we statistically analyzed the geomorphic characteristics, spatial differences, and main types of the regional alluvial fans, preliminarily examined the causes for their spatial diversity, and discussed the changes of the regional alluvial fans under the influence of climate change. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The alluvial fan area fluctuates sharply in comparison with the slope in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, and the mainstem alluvial fans are in general smaller and steeper than those developed in major tributaries; the alluvial fans of the three tributaries show a trend of increasing in area (in median values) from the upstream to the downstream (that is, fan areas of Quzong < Bodui < Yigong), while the slope shows a tendency of decrease; the fan area is weakly correlated with the contribution basin area, the fan slope is negatively correlated with the basin area and positively correlated with the ruggedness of the basin, and there are obvious differences in the fitting relationships between the alluvial fans of the four analyzed areas and the morphometric parameters of the basins. Alluvial fan-basin morphology parameters in the four analyzed areas shows obvious differences in the fitting relationships. 2) The morphological characteristics of the three types of fans in the basin, namely, fans formed by flood, debris flow, or colluvial processes, are quite different, and their links with the basins from which they originate are different, as shown by the fact that the correlation between the debris flow fans and the basin morphology parameters is the strongest, while that of the colluvial fans is very weak. 3) Fan development is affected by factors such as precipitation, sediment supply, dominant dynamic processes and the role of the main river, among others. Under the influence of climate change (for example, warming, increased heavy rainfall events, and so on), new alluvial fans are constantly created in the basin and the size (or even type) of the original alluvial fans is changing.

Along with the rapid transformation of urban-rural relations in China, capital has become an important factor in reorganizing urban-rural elements and promoting the transformation and reconstruction of rural space in urban fringe areas. It is important to clarify its intervention mechanism to complement the interpretation of the dynamics of rural spatial reconstruction. This study constructed an analytical framework of the interaction between capital circulation and rural spatial transformation from the perspective of urban-rural interaction, and took Gangtou, a typical village in the urban fringe area of Guangzhou City, as an example to deeply analyze the stage characteristics of rural spatial transformation and its capital intervention mechanism in the Pearl River Delta urban fringe area. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial transformation of Gangtou Village has gone through three stages since the 1980s: initial hollowing out under the urban-rural market circulation of rural residents' capital with intergenerational alternation, urbanization and deep hollowing out under the intervention of industrial and commercial capital and limited urban-rural market circulation of surplus value, and initial fleshing out under the transformation of idle rural space by state-owned capital without land acquisition. 2) Capital promotes the spatial transformation of the countryside and the full penetration of the primary to tertiary industries by investing in coordinating the network of rural equity relations to directly transform the space and investing in infrastructure to improve the development environment. The countryside, on the other hand, can induce continuous capital injection by enhancing accessibility and accelerating the integration and restoration of natural and historical cultural resources. 3) Capital intervention realizes urban-rural capital transfer and promotes urban-rural interaction by revitalizing idle space and stimulating rural land and other surplus values. However, the existing capital interventions have strong policy welfare attributes and do not fully characterize shift in the rural-urban flow of surplus value, and the risks of weakening the main status of rural residents, low integration of urban-rural interaction subjects, and the "de-realization of capital" still exist.

Urban vitality stands as a pivotal driver underpinning the healthy and sustainable evolution of cities, exerting a direct influence on people's welfare, corporate advancement, and urban competitiveness. Adopting an urban organism viewpoint, we draw inspiration from the "vitality triangle" conceptual model and selected specific evaluation indicators from the three key aspects of growth metabolism, diversity, and mobility. The evaluation indicator system consists of six pivotal dimensions: population, economy, society, governance, environment, and external links. We assessed the vitality levels of 290 cities in China at the prefecture level and above by integrating a variety of data, including points of interest, social platforms, nighttime lighting, Baidu Index, population migration, corporate information, environmental monitoring, land use, population census, and statistics. The study revealed that high-vitality cities are mostly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta region, followed by urban agglomeration areas and provincial capitals. Low-vitality cities are widely distributed in the Northeast region, while cities in the North China Plain area generally exhibit moderate to low levels of vitality. China's urban vitality scores adhere to a power law distribution, accentuating the dominance of a limited subset of cities functioning at heightened vitality levels, while the majority of urban centers demonstrate relatively subdued vitality levels. Cities with large population sizes tend to be more vibrant. Development across the six dimensions showed synergistic effects, displaying spatial variation and agglomeration. Based on dimension scores, Chinese cities fall into five types: high overall vitality, moderately high overall vitality, moderately low overall vitality, government-oriented vitality, and environment-oriented vitality. This research represents a significant contribution to the framework of urban vitality studies, offering a guidance for the advancement and high-quality development of urban vitality in Chinese cities in the post-pandemic context.

Analyzing the intrinsic relationship between the function and value of arable land and the construction of a livable, workable, and beautiful countryside, and systematically diagnosing the degree of synergy of multifunction and value of arable land are of great practical significance for rural hollowing governance, and for comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. Based on the characteristics of arable land resources in typical areas of the main grain-producing region of China, this study explored the level of coupling and coordination of multifunction and value of arable land in Liaoning Province from 2005 to 2020 and its functioning mechanism from the perspective of multifunctionality and value coupling of arable land using the comprehensive evaluation model, coupling and coordination model, exploratory spatial analysis, and geographically-weighted regression method, and put forward the differentiated governance paths to solve the problem of rural hollowing accordingly. The research found that from 2005 to 2020: 1) The multifunctional coupling and coordination degree of arable land in Liaoning Province rose steadily, showing a pattern of better in the northwest than in the southeast, with some room for improvement. 2) The value coupling and coordination degree of arable land in Liaoning Province was in a steady state, forming a pattern of high in the core and low in the two wings, with large differences between cities. 3) The coupling and coordination degree of arable land multifunction and value in Liaoning Province demonstrated a low-speed growth, and the spatial clustering effects of the two were slowly increasing, with a good synergistic relationship being established on the whole. 4) The influence of the multifunctionality of arable land on its value in Liaoning Province was characterized by significant heterogeneity, that is, non-synchronous trends of change, non-equilibrium spatial and temporal differentiation, and path dependence of the dynamic correlation between the two. The purpose of this study was to analyze the coupling and coordination of the functions and values of arable land to explore the path of rural hollowing governance, promote the synergistic development of people-land-industry on the countryside of the main grain-producing region, and provide references for consolidating the foundation of food security and accelerating the modernization of agriculture and rural areas.

Geocooperation between neighboring countries globally facilitates forest conversion and land use change across border zones especially in the tropics. Compared with the disturbance of specific tropical forest types, research on border forest disturbance and its mechanism of response to geocooperation between countries still lags behind. Geoeconomic cooperation and competition among the countries of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and their neighbors (including Bangladesh, China, India, and Malaysia) as well as major extraterritorial powers have developed over three decades. However, the COVID-19 pandemic delayed geoeconomic cooperation and border development. A pressing question is whether the process of border forest disturbance was affected accordingly. With the Sentinel-2 10 m 2017-2021 land cover products, forest disturbance process in the 13 border zones between MSEA and their neighbors from two driving mechanisms of agricultural expansion and built-up area enlargement were examined using GIS spatial analysis, including forest conversion flow and kernel density. The main conclusions are: 1) Forest is the dominant land cover type in all border zones of MSEA and their neighbors, followed by cropland and rangeland, and built-up area is critical in the surrounding areas of border ports. 2) Forest disturbance represented the primary form of border land cover and landscape changes, with the area accounting for nearly 50%. Changes in cropland and rangeland have contributed to agricultural land expansion (90%) and built-up area growth (10%). 3) Agricultural land expansion and built-up area enlargement of port areas were the principal and secondary driving mechanisms of border forest disturbance, respectively. The former contributed to over 70%, while the latter accounted for 3% of the changes, yet showing an increasing trend year by year and notable national differences in direct and indirect effects on border forest disturbance. 4) The COVID-19 pandemic weakened forest disturbance in all border zones, particularly in Cambodia and its border with Laos, exhibiting synchronous and asynchronous effects on the slow-down of forest disturbance on both sides of the borders.

Express logistics is a direct reflection of intercity material flows and an important form of representation of urban connectivity. Taking 63 districts and counties in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as the basic research unit, this study constructed a 63×63 logistics linkage matrix based on logistics network data, and explored the spatial structure characteristics of logistics networks and their influencing factors by using social network analysis, GIS spatial analysis, and multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models. The findings show that: 1) The centrality of the network of districts and counties is basically consistent with the macro pattern of socioeconomic development level and town size, and the imbalance of logistics between districts and counties is notable, with Baiyun District having a prominent logistics function. 2) The overall network has formed a multi-center structure of "three nuclei and two auxiliaries", with Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen as the main cities, supplemented by Foshan and Zhongshan. The clustering and polarization of logistics links are significant, with network connections prioritized in core cities such as Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen. 3) The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area can be divided into four cohesive subgroups, which are characterized by a scattered distribution and zonal expansion, a typical core-periphery structure. 4) The formation of logistics networks is mainly influenced by the size of the resident population and GDP, while GDP per capita, per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents, average wages of employed persons, and total retail sales of consumer goods also play an important role. The study is of significance for enriching the theory of urban networks, promoting the coordinated development of logistics, and enhancing the level of logistics services and the comprehensive competitiveness of urban agglomerations.

Traditional household travel survey provides the basic data for urban traffic planning and the most authoritative record of urban residents' travel behaviors. With the development of information technology, position data represented by mobile signaling data have shown great potential in the field of temporal-spatial behavior research. However, whether the mobile signaling data can replace the travel survey data is controversial because the travel data accuracy of mobile signaling data is difficult to assess. How credible the identification results are and whether the travel characteristics of residents can be accurately measured remains to be answered. In this study, the travel survey data of Shanghai residents and mobile signaling data with similar dates were used to compare the differences in intensity, time, spatial distribution, purpose, and other characteristics of travels. This study also analyzed the degree of deviation and summarized the causes of errors. The research revealed that the mobile signaling data are more accurate in describing the per capita travel times of the travel population and the travel origin-destination (OD) distribution at the scale above the street, but less accurate in describing the travel time distribution and travel purposes. Our research suggests that the main reasons for the deviation in mobile phone data are the impact of incomplete location records on data quality, the impact of retention time thresholds, spatial thresholds, and home and workplace identification. Due to the above systematic errors, mobile signaling data cannot replace household travel survey data. Nevertheless, the accuracy of mobile signaling data analysis can be improved by sample screening, trip chain data recovery, and improvement of identification methods.

In recent years, machine learning models have been widely introduced into spatiotemporal travel behavior modeling and prediction research due to their superior predictive performance and flexibility, but their underlying research framework and technical routes are still unclear. This article reviewed the typical literature published in related fields from 2010 to 2022 to examine the impact of the application of machine learning algorithms on the spatiotemporal travel choice behavior research paradigm, summarize the key issues to be solved in the current application and the potential influencing factors and mechanisms that affect the effectiveness of spatiotemporal travel choice behavior modeling, and foresee the directions to be focused on in future research. The effective application of machine learning algorithms to the study of spatiotemporal travel choice behavior requires not only the support of model architectures and decision mechanisms that fit the decision scenarios, but also to overcome the inherent shortcomings of all learning processes and methods, and fully consider the impact of external research conditions on the simulation and prediction performance of spatiotemporal travel choice behavior. Existing machine learning models can already fit most spatiotemporal travel choice decision scenarios, and diversified and efficient machine learning algorithms will certainly give a strong impetus to the development of spatiotemporal travel choice behavior research. Limited model interpretability remains the fundamental reason why machine learning-based spatiotemporal travel behavior models are difficult to be widely trusted. Facing the opportunities and challenges of spatiotemporal travel choice behavior research in the era of big data, it will be an important development trend to fully integrate the respective advantages of machine learning algorithms and classical decision theories and models, while improving the simulation accuracy and model interpretability of spatiotemporal travel choice behavior.

Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) is considered a key driver of innovation and economic development in the knowledge economy era as an industry that provides knowledge and technology services. With the rise of the knowledge economy and the advanced industrial structure in the 1990s, scholars in China and internationally began to focus on the spatial distribution of KIBS and the process of knowledge diffusion, as well as its significant role in promoting industrial integration, regional innovation, and economic transformation. Since the twenty-first century, rapid economic globalization has propelled the application research of KIBS in geographical fields such as national and regional innovation, industrial clusters, and innovation networks. Under the new situation of globalization and the new research paradigms of economic geography, research on the integration of KIBS and various research paradigms of economic geography, the mechanism of impact of KIBS on the new information technology revolution and new quality productivity, the mechanism of impact of KIBS on industrial upgrading and regional transformation from the perspective of global-local interaction, global-local production network, and multiscale innovation space reconstruction are relatively insufficient. Based on the current research progress, the authors reviewed the key publications on KIBS in the field of geography in China and internationally, summarized the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of KIBS publications, and used the bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace 6.2.R6 to make a visual analysis of research hotspots in this field. We systematically summarized the research hotspot content and research trend of KIBS. Combined with the new situation of globalization and the major strategic issues of China's economic geography research, we put forward the prospect of KIBS geographical research focusing on KIBS and regional development transformation under the new trend of globalization, KIBS and new quality productivity, global-local innovation centers, KIBS and global-local innovation networks from the perspective of global-local interaction, and KIBS and multiscale innovation spatial coupling.

Ali Prefecture of Xizang, China is located in the middle and western sections of the China-India border, where the high altitude, continuous mountains, and crisscrossing valleys pose many restrictions on military activities. It was in this region that Chinese Xizang fought against Jammu's invasion from 1841 to 1842. The result of this war is closely related to the current border dispute between China and India. From the perspective of military geography, the military geographic pattern of Ali region underwent significant changes in the late Qing Dynasty. The three locations of Dongti, Chushule, and Shibuqi became the frontline of the military confrontation. At the beginning of the war, the Jammu army quickly passed through these three key locations and carried out a surprise attack. Xizang's army was forced to exchange space for time, and stroke a heavy blow to Jammu's army in Duoyu, recovering all lost territory. During the war, the main bases of operation of the Xizang army were located in the direction of Gorkha (Nepal). When they arrived in Leh, they were already over 2000 km away from their base. The Xizang army's attack was clearly unsustainable based on the analysis of time and distance factors. Thereby, the previous military structure of core-periphery was dramatically reversed, forming a new military geographic situation. When the Xizang army's attack exceeded its "peak", their situation shifted from advantaged to disadvantaged, forcing them to withdraw from Ladakh. This article aimed to reveal the relationships between wars and military geographic environments through military geographic analysis, and then identify key areas for war preparation and implementation, which is of great significance for the current national defense construction. Finally, the article put forward three recommendations for border security and national defense construction in the Ali region.

Rewilding is an important means of biodiversity conservation in the Anthropocene and under climate change. As the basic spatial carrier of rewilding, the scientific identification and protection of wilderness area is of great significance for improving the efficiency of biodiversity conservation. Taking the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case area and using 2020 as the time point, this study analyzed the concept and connotation of wilderness, and comprehensively evaluated the suitability of rewilding from the two dimensions of ecological factor suitability and ecosystem naturalness by using the suitability assessment of rewilding, spatial pattern analysis of wilderness area, and morphological analysis. The results show that: 1) The suitability index of rewilding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ranged from 0.1310 to 0.9332, and the spatial distribution of wilderness areas on the plateau showed obvious regional differentiation, with a spatial pattern of gradually declining from southeast to northwest. 2) The spatial structure of wilderness area was relatively simple, and the morphological characteristics were decentralized and large-scaled. The optimal wilderness area mainly concentrated in the evergreen broad-leaved forest belt of the southern wing of the eastern Himalaya, while the alternative and potential wilderness area gradually spread to the coniferous forest of the eastern mountains of Sichuan and Tibet, the grassland of the Qilian Mountains in eastern Qinghai, and the desert belt of the northern wing of the Kunlun Mountains in the northwest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 3) The optimization of wilderness area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is affected by the distribution of important ecological functional zones, especially the source zones of large rivers. Influenced by its natural geographical conditions and human activities, the wilderness area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is currently concentrated in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of the southern wing of the eastern Himalaya and the coniferous forest of the eastern mountains of Sichuan and Tibet in the east, while few and small in the source zones of large rivers in the west. The study results can provide a useful reference for improving the theory of conservation biology, optimizing the biodiversity conservation network, and enhancing the efficiency of biodiversity conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

In the process of rapid urbanization, regional human-environment relationships in rural areas have become increasingly complex, and these areas are facing the challenge of integrating limited resources to realize industrial transformation and development. From the perspective of the factor-structure-function transformation of the rural territorial system, this study elucidated the conceptual connotation and driving force of rural industrial restructuring. On this basis, it classified the typical patterns of rural industrial restructuring according to the development direction of the dominant industries, with a specific focus on Guangxi. The study then proceeded to construct the guarantee mechanism for rural industrial restructuring. The following four main conclusions were reached: 1) Rural industrial restructuring can be comprehended as the process of optimizing spatial layout, extending the industrial chain, and enhancing the industrial system through industrial cultivation, adjustment, upgrading, and transformation. This process is grounded in the integration of the basic factors of industrial development—such as labor, land, and capital—in the context of local development conditions and external market environment. Rural industrial restructuring is characterized by the diversification of subjects and business forms, aiming to achieve both the benign and balanced development of rural industries internally and the value output externally. 2) In the practice of industrial restructuring, external driving forces and endogenous development forces of the rural territorial system interact with each other to jointly promote the coupling and coordination of various factors related to industrial development. 3) Rural industrial restructuring comprises five typical patterns, including the specialization of agricultural production, the industrialization of traditional culture, the tourism-driven development, the agglomeration of manufacturing, and service-oriented commerce and logistics. 4) In terms of policy, emphasis should be placed on guiding the concentration of key factors of production in rural areas by breaking down institutional barriers; building modern rural industrial systems by optimizing the industrial structure and improving the industrial layout; and improving the benefit linkage mechanism by adhering to the principle that the central position of farmers should not be compromised. Through a comprehensive approach, an institutional arrangement can be made for promoting rural industrial restructuring and facilitating the revitalization of rural industries.