Mechanism of change in residents’ subjective well-being in rural tourism communities: The turning point of happiness from the development stage to the consolidation stage
Received date: 2023-01-16
Revised date: 2023-03-07
Online published: 2023-08-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871145)
Cross-research Project of Minzu University of China(2021JCXK10)
Rural tourism development is an important force to promote the rural revitalization strategy and can realize people's aspiration for a better life and improve their quality of life. Subjective well-being is an important representation of residents' quality of life. This study aimed to explore the formation mechanism of the "turning point of happiness" phenomenon in tourism destinations, and thus provide a scientific guidance for tourism to boost the realization of rural revitalization strategy. Based on the social representations theory and arousal modulation theory, this study selected two villages in the development stage (Enhe Village, Ergun City, Inner Mongolia) and consolidation stage (Shiwei Village, Ergun City, Inner Mongolia) to apply a simultaneous cross-sectional design, and used the fsQCA method to investigate configuration paths of the impact of values and perceived value on residents' subjective well-being. Based on comparison, we found that: From the development stage to the consolidation stage, the subjective well-being of residents in the tourism community showed a downward trend. There were significant differences in the social, cultural, and functional value perceptions of residents in the two places, and there were also significant differences between individualism and horizontal collectivism. Each dimension of perceived value and the values were not the necessary condition for forming residents' high-level subjective well-being. In the development stage (Enhe), the perceived economic and cultural value and horizontal collectivism played a more prominent role in forming residents' high-level subjective well-being. In the consolidation stage (Shiwei), the role of perceived economic and social values and individualism in forming residents' high-level subjective well-being was more prominent. The results show that: 1) Residents' subjective well-being is influenced by both perceived value and values. It is not only stimulated by external tourism impact, but also regulated by residents' internal social representation system. 2) There were differences in the antecedents of residents' subjective well-being between the development stage and the consolidation stage. The driving factors of perceived value changed from "economy + traditional cultural life" to "economy + extroverted social relations", and the effects of horizontal collectivism values weakened in the large enterprises. 3) The "turning point of happiness" resulted from the weakened effect of "material + independent self" on residents' subjective well-being in the first stage, while the "non-material + interdependent self" has not been fully awakened and supported in the second stage. The research holds that creating cultural value resonance core, expanding value co-creation circle, enhancing tourism value function, and following modern value transformation patterns are effective ways to transcend the "turning point of happiness" in tourism village governance.
LI Yanqin , SHI Jiawei , LUO Xiangyang . Mechanism of change in residents’ subjective well-being in rural tourism communities: The turning point of happiness from the development stage to the consolidation stage[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2023 , 42(8) : 1514 -1526 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2023.08.006
表1 案例社区基本特征Tab.1 Basic characteristics of the case communities |
特征 | 恩和村:发展期 | 室韦村:巩固期 |
---|---|---|
旅游资源 | 原生态自然景观(如天然草场及河畔景观)、传统民族风情(如巴斯克节、俄罗斯族民俗馆、俄罗斯族民俗体验活动) | 原生态自然景观(如天然草场及河畔景观)、传统民族风情(如巴斯克节),出现特色休闲景观(如界河大舞台、文化休闲广场) |
旅游市场 | 受室韦村旅游发展的带动,2006年开始家庭游试点;2018、2019年接待人次稳定在每年70万左右,2020年受疫情影响降至36万 | 2004年试点家庭游,2005年被CCTV评为“中国十大魅力名镇”,知名度快速增加;2018年和2019年接待人次稳定在每年100万左右,2020年受疫情影响降至40万 |
接待设施 | 床位3700张 | 床位6698张 |
发展模式 | 主体为“政府主导+居民自发”,企业引入相比室韦村较晚较少,外来投资开始增加并逐渐控制供给 | 主体为“政府主导+居民自发”,企业引入相比恩和村更早更多,外来资本进一步增加并占据主导地位 |
注:数据于2021年获取自恩和村与室韦村村委会。 |
表2 居民感知价值、价值观与主观幸福感比较Tab.2 Comparison of the samples' perceived value, values, and subjective well-being |
维度 | 测量题项 | 测量题项得分均值M | t检验 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
恩和村(n=247) | 室韦村(n=242) | t值 | P值 | |||
经济价值感知 | 收入、工作机会、经济地位 | 12.055 | 12.117 | -0.175 | 0.861 | |
文化价值感知 | 业余生活、文化生活、文化自豪感 | 11.961 | 12.955 | -2.977 | 0.003* | |
功能价值感知 | 居住环境、安全状况、基础设施 | 15.306 | 14.388 | 3.268 | 0.001* | |
社会价值感知 | 家人关系、村民关系、主客关系 | 12.845 | 12.061 | 2.664 | 0.008* | |
垂直集体主义 | 如果我的家人获得嘉奖,我会感到光荣; 我会为了家庭/集体的利益而努力 | 4.700 | 4.649 | 1.296 | 0.195 | |
水平集体主义 | 对我来说,与朋友共享时光是快乐的; 与他人合作会让我感觉很好 | 3.804 | 3.981 | -2.598 | 0.010* | |
个人主义 | 能完成他人实现不了的目标,我为自己而自豪; 对我来说,表现得比别人好是重要的 | 3.753 | 3.961 | -2.735 | 0.006* | |
主观幸福感 | 快乐、生活满意、掌控感、 家庭收入满意度、经济地位 | 3.679 | 3.654 | 0.443 | 0.658 |
注:*表示在5%水平差异显著。 |
表3 样本人口统计学特征Tab.3 Demographic characteristics of the samples |
变量 | 类别 | 恩和村 (频数) | 室韦村 (频数) | 变量 | 类别 | 恩和村 (频数) | 室韦村 (频数) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男 | 130 | 114 | 教育程度 | 小学及以下学历 | 53 | 32 |
女 | 117 | 128 | 初中学历 | 102 | 106 | ||
年龄 | 18~24岁 | 4 | 9 | 高中及大专学历 | 70 | 86 | |
25~34岁 | 31 | 40 | 本科及以上 | 22 | 18 | ||
35~54岁 | 104 | 118 | 是否参与旅游经营与服务 | 个人或家人参与 | 168 | 185 | |
55~64岁 | 72 | 54 | 未参与或已放弃 | 79 | 57 | ||
65岁及以上 | 36 | 21 | 家庭年收入 | 低于5万元 | 86 | 90 | |
民族 | 俄罗斯族 | 78 | 55 | 5万~ 20万元 | 143 | 132 | |
汉族 | 134 | 162 | 高于20万元 | 18 | 20 | ||
其他 | 35 | 25 |
表4 必要性条件分析Tab.4 Necessary condition analysis |
前因条件 | 恩和村(发展期) | 室韦村(巩固期) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
一致性 | 覆盖度 | 一致性 | 覆盖度 | ||
经济价值感知 | 0.780 | 0.782 | 0.782 | 0.793 | |
~经济价值感知 | 0.618 | 0.757 | 0.631 | 0.740 | |
功能价值感知 | 0.768 | 0.746 | 0.800 | 0.796 | |
~功能价值感知 | 0.613 | 0.783 | 0.621 | 0.745 | |
社会价值感知 | 0.724 | 0.808 | 0.783 | 0.818 | |
~社会价值感知 | 0.672 | 0.733 | 0.672 | 0.763 | |
文化价值感知 | 0.793 | 0.835 | 0.767 | 0.780 | |
~文化价值感知 | 0.646 | 0.749 | 0.642 | 0.750 | |
垂直集体主义 | 0.847 | 0.653 | 0.798 | 0.663 | |
~垂直集体主义 | 0.407 | 0.791 | 0.487 | 0.767 | |
水平集体主义 | 0.758 | 0.751 | 0.779 | 0.740 | |
~水平集体主义 | 0.617 | 0.768 | 0.628 | 0.800 | |
个人主义 | 0.786 | 0.760 | 0.786 | 0.713 | |
~个人主义 | 0.617 | 0.791 | 0.584 | 0.793 |
注:~表示逻辑运算的“非”。 |
表5 高主观幸福感的前因组态比较Tab.5 Comparison of causal configurations for the above-average subjective well-being |
组态 | 恩和村 | 室韦村 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1a | E1b | E2a | E2b | E3 | S1a | S1b | S2a | S2b | S3 | ||
经济价值感知 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
文化价值感知 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | × | · | · | · | · | |
功能价值感知 | ● | ● | × | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||
社会价值感知 | ● | ● | · | × | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
垂直集体主义 | · | · | · | · | · | · | ⓧ | ||||
水平集体主义 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
个人主义 | · | · | · | · | × | · | |||||
一致性 | 0.962 | 0.960 | 0.965 | 0.957 | 0.956 | 0.954 | 0.952 | 0.917 | 0.935 | 0.949 | |
原始覆盖度 | 0.429 | 0.413 | 0.424 | 0.352 | 0.427 | 0.421 | 0.371 | 0.513 | 0.506 | 0.300 | |
唯一覆盖度 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.052 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.023 | |
整体解的一致性 | 0.944 | 0.917 | |||||||||
整体解的覆盖度 | 0.544 | 0.633 |
注:“●”表示核心条件存在,“·”表示辅助条件存在,“ⓧ”表示核心条件不存在,“×”表示辅助条件不存在,空白表示条件可有可无[37];E1a等表示恩和村组态所属的子组态类别,S1a等表示室韦村组态所属的子组态类别。 |
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