Spatial transformation and Chinese environmental governance innovation from an urban political ecology perspective: An analysis of Shenzhen’s evolving waterscape
Received date: 2022-01-20
Revised date: 2022-06-22
Online published: 2022-11-28
Supported by
National Nature Science Foundation of China(41801132)
Colleges Special Innovation Project of Guangdong(2021WTSCX079)
Urban spaces encapsulate the characteristics, dynamics, and effects of urbanization. However, urban ecological spaces have received relatively inadequate academic attention in urban political research as they were traditionally considered dominated and controlled by humans under a binary ontology of social-natural dichotomization. Using the waterscape of Shenzhen City as an example, this study adopted an urban political ecology perspective to illustrate how Shenzhen's waterscape has evolved in the past four decades and how the underlying power structure has (re)produced such waterscape changes. We argue that water is an integral part of power and the shaping of changing waterscape intrinsically situates within various ontologies of water. Based on the approach of process tracing, this study identified three main time periods, during which urban waterscape in Shenzhen demonstrated distinctive features. In the first stage (1979-2005), the state relaxed the control of water and enabled the establishment of market instruments. The deployment of various power strategies, including discursive framings of water knowledge (for example, economic value of water and technocratic solutions to natural water scarcity), neoliberal reform in the water supply sector, and capital-intensive urban spatial configuration have jointly facilitated the commodification, transportation, and exploitation of water, resulting in ecological degradation and social inequalities. In the second stage (2006-2015), the shift from public-private-partnership (PPP) to the full nationalization in the water industries indicated that the state was not "hollowing out" despite the neoliberal reform in Shenzhen's urban development. Rather, it re-intervened in the provision of ecological services and, to a great extent, de-commodified water for sustainable economic development. In the third stage (2016-present), the socialist ecological civilization (SEC) paradigm has become the guiding principle which further justified the state's effort to reduce hydrosocial inequalities and empower the nature. The construction of "blue belts" that gives the public access to all urbanites and the discursive reframing of water that restructures the city's political and economic agenda have re-commodified water in a way that may boost Shenzhen's long-term economic development and competitiveness. The transformation of Shenzhen's waterscape has demonstrated a process of Chinese environmental governance innovation. It shows that although Shenzhen's neoliberal reform has resulted in ecological degradation and over-exploitation of water as witnessed in most cities in the world, the restructuring of state-market relations and the reproduction of waterscape have created a new path. The presence of state power and its delicate symbiosis with market tools might alleviate salient problems of capitalism such as inequalities and dispossession. These novel practices associated with Shenzhen's waterscape and spatial transformation could offer new insights into, and understanding of the Chinese model of sustainable, equal, and just urbanization.
WANG Yu , MAN Caixia , XU Ailin , SHI Qiujie . Spatial transformation and Chinese environmental governance innovation from an urban political ecology perspective: An analysis of Shenzhen’s evolving waterscape[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022 , 41(9) : 1755 -1769 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.09.016
表1 深圳河流和海域的水质状况(2000—2020年)Tab.1 Water quality of rivers and offshore areas in Shenzhen City during 2000-2020 |
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