Holocene environmental change and its impact on human activities in Xi’an
Received date: 2021-11-22
Revised date: 2022-02-07
Online published: 2022-09-28
Supported by
Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130507)
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Foundation(SKLLQG2013)
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Foundation(SKLLQG2106)
In order to reveal the Holocene environmental change and its impact on human activities in Xi'an, the environmental conditions of Holocene soil layer formation in Bailuyuan were examined by using the indicators of soil element content, CaCO3 content, and magnetic susceptibility. The results show that the middle Holocene paleosol in this area has been subjected to moderate chemical weathering and has not yet reached the potassium removal stage. The soil type is subtropical yellow brown soil. The average annual temperature during the development of this layer of paleosol was about 16 ℃ and the average annual precipitation was about 920 mm. The middle Holocene summer monsoon was dominant, and the precipitation brought by the summer monsoon was about 570 mm. The late Holocene loess was chemically weathered to a low degree and was characterized by alkaline brown soil. The average annual temperature during its development was 11-13 ℃ and the average annual precipitation was 600-700 mm. The activity of the late Holocene summer monsoon was similar to that of the winter monsoon, and the precipitation brought by the summer monsoon was about 350 mm. During 6000-5000 a BP in the late middle Holocene, the climate became cold and dry. During the cold and dry period, soil erosion was strong. The accumulated loess was eroded and disappeared in a large area and remained only in a few sections. The accumulation rate of sandstorm deposits in the late Holocene loess was at least 2.3 times that in the middle Holocene paleosol. The warm and humid climate in the middle Holocene led to strong soil viscosity, good water holding capacity, and sufficient soil water content, which was very conducive to the development of temperate crops and some subtropical crops and agricultural production at that time, and was the main reason for strong human activities and wide distribution of human settlements at that time. The late Holocene loess also has excellent soil property. During its formation, the precipitation and soil water content can basically meet the needs of agricultural production in temperate drylands, which is one of the important reasons for the gradual enhancement of human activities on the Guanzhong Plain in the late Holocene.
ZHAO Yan , YUE Dapeng , ZHAO Jingbo , LIU Le , LIU Yiting , YANG Yuzhe . Holocene environmental change and its impact on human activities in Xi’an[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022 , 41(7) : 1274 -1287 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.07.011
表1 白鹿塬WF剖面低频磁化率、CaCO3含量和Rb/SrTab.1 Low frequency magnetic susceptibility, CaCO3 content, and Rb/Sr of the WF profile in Bailuyuan |
层位 | 低频磁化率/(10-8 m3·kg-1) | CaCO3/% | Rb/Sr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
范围 | 平均值 | 范围 | 平均值 | 范围 | 平均值 | |||
L0 | 196.12~201.02 | 198.85 | 2.24~3.20 | 2.86 | 0.85~0.88 | 0.86 | ||
S0 | 187.76~238.95 | 204.39 | 0~1.33 | 0.53 | 0.91~1.07 | 0.99 | ||
Lt | 155.92~170.75 | 164.31 | 0~0.39 | 0.18 | 0.91~0.97 | 0.93 | ||
L1 | 120.03~197.05 | 153.16 | 7.61~18.04 | 12.34 | 0.54~0.73 | 0.61 | ||
全剖面 | 120.03~238.95 | 182.01 | 0~18.04 | 4.97 | 0.54~1.07 | 0.83 |
表2 关中平原地区古文化序列及人类活动Tab.2 Ancient cultural sequence and agricultural production on the Guanzhong Plain |
文化期 | 类型 | 地层年代/a BP | 灰坑数量/个 | 主要农作物 | 出土器具 | 出土动物遗存 | 经济模式 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
夏商 | 二里岗(商) | 3500~ | — | 粟、黍、稻、麦、豆等 | 青铜器大量出现 | 家畜占比高 | 以北方旱作农业为主 |
二里头(夏) | 3900~3600? | ||||||
龙山 | 客省庄二期 | 4400~4000 | 411 | 粟、黍、稻、豆等 | 磨制石器为主,另有多种陶器 | 家畜占比高 | 以农业和家畜饲养业为主 |
庙底沟二期 | 5000~4500 | 145 | |||||
仰韶 | 晚期(半坡晚期) | 5500~5000 | 538 | 粟、黍、稻等 | 磨制石器居多,另有彩陶 | 家畜占比高 | 以农业和畜牧业为主 |
中期(庙底沟) | 6000~5500 | 570 | |||||
早期(半坡) | 7000~6000 | 473 | 家畜与野生动物占比相当 | ||||
老官台 | 老官台 | 8000~7000 | 231 | 粟 | 打制石器为主 | 家畜占比低 | 采集、渔猎经济占主导 |
沙苑 | 沙苑 | 新石器时代初期 | 无农业生产工具痕迹,以狩猎和采集经济为主 |
[1] |
|
[2] |
|
[3] |
雷晨, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 渭河上游地区樊家城黄土-古土壤剖面Rb、Sr、Ba存留特征及意义[J]. 中国沙漠, 2019, 39(6): 90-98.
[
|
[4] |
|
[5] |
王丽娟, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 甜水沟全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化程度及意义[J]. 地理科学进展, 2011, 30(3): 379-384.
[
|
[6] |
戎晓庆, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 青海官亭盆地史前灾难性地表过程及其影响研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(8): 1319-1332.
[
|
[7] |
张威, 唐倩玉. 他念他翁山中段第四纪冰川沉积物时空分布特征与环境[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(6): 904-917.
[
|
[8] |
周家兴, 吴利杰, 于娟, 等. 铜川地区11.4-1.5 ka B.P.期间黄土地球化学风化特征及其古气候意义[J]. 地球与环境, 2019, 47(1): 64-73.
[
|
[9] |
吕厚远, 张健平. 关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系[J]. 第四纪研究, 2008, 28(6): 1050-1060.
[
|
[10] |
何瑾, 刘演, 田彦国, 等. 西辽河流域中晚全新世气候环境演变及其对农牧业演替的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(7): 1618-1633.
[
|
[11] |
包易格, 李小强, 刘汉斌, 等. 中国黄土高原北部地区新石器-青铜时代农业结构演变及其对区域生态环境的适应[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(3): 461-472.
[
|
[12] |
莫多闻, 王辉, 李水城. 华北不同地区全新世环境演变对古文化发展的影响[J]. 第四纪研究, 2003, 23(2): 200-210.
[
|
[13] |
周旗, 赵景波, 苏敏, 等. 西安地区全新世气候变化与土壤侵蚀研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2021, 58(6): 1404-1415.
[
|
[14] |
|
[15] |
庞奖励, 黄春长, 周亚利, 等. 湖北庹家湾剖面释光测年与地层年代学及记录的55 ka BP气候变化[J]. 地质学报, 2017, 91(12): 2841-2853.
[
|
[16] |
|
[17] |
欧阳椿陶, 李保生, 欧先交, 等. 萨拉乌苏河流域末次间冰期古土壤化学风化与古气候[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(5): 518-528.
[
|
[18] |
薛天翼, 王红亚. 湖泊(水库)沉积物分析在土壤侵蚀研究中的运用[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(7): 890-900.
[
|
[19] |
黄昌勇. 土壤学[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000: 151-152.
[
|
[20] |
熊毅, 李庆逵. 中国土壤[M]. 2版. 北京: 科学出版社. 1987: 67-78.
[
|
[21] |
宋瑞卿, 朱芸, 吕镔, 等. 青藏高原表土的色度特征及其环境意义[J]. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 2016, 11(1): 14-20.
[
|
[22] |
章庆辰, 高素华, 段运怀, 等. 我国热带、亚热带农业气候资源及其合理利用[J]. 自然资源, 1983, 5(1): 67-74.
[
|
[23] |
李秉成. 一万年以来西安东郊的植被和气候[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23(8): 120-123.
[
|
[24] |
李志文, 李保生, 孙丽, 等. 全新世中国东部亚热带地区气候变迁的古生物学证据[J]. 热带地理, 2015, 35(2): 179-185.
[
|
[25] |
郭书元, 詹伟, 王强. 河北省白洋淀地区中全新世丽蚌动物群及其生态环境意义[J]. 古地理学报, 2014, 16(3): 335-346.
[
|
[26] |
孙楠, 李小强, 尚雪, 等. 黄土高原南部下河遗址全新世中期的植被与气候: 基于木炭化石记录[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014, 34(1): 27-34.
[
|
[27] |
周天军, 吴波, 郭准, 等. 东亚夏季风变化机理的模拟和未来变化的预估: 成绩和问题, 机遇和挑战[J]. 大气科学, 2018, 42(4): 902-934.
[
|
[28] |
|
[29] |
西安市统计局, 国家统计局西安调查队. 西安统计年鉴2020 [M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2020: 5.
[Xi'an Bureau of Statistics, Xi'an survey team of National Bureau of Statistics. Xi'an Statistical Yearbook. Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 2020: 5. ]
|
[30] |
|
[31] |
张健. 区域生态环境历史变迁及其启示: 以黄渭洛河三角地带沙苑为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23(10): 84-88.
[
|
[32] |
|
[33] |
张小虎. 关中地区新石器时代文化发展规模的统计分析[J]. 华夏考古, 2013(2): 21-30, 44.
[
|
[34] |
庞奖励, 黄春长. 关中地区新石器文化发展与环境演变耦合关系研究[J]. 地理科学, 2003, 23(4): 448-453.
[
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |