The equity of urban park green space accessibility in large Chinese cities: A case study of Wuhan City
Received date: 2021-06-22
Revised date: 2021-09-14
Online published: 2022-06-28
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771167)
Urban park green space (UPGS) is an important part of the urban ecosystem. Good accessibility of UPGS can promote urban livability and improve residents' well-being. It is important to evaluate the fairness of UPGS accessibility. Taking the central city of Wuhan as a study case and 2020 as the research time period, this study measured the accessibility from the supply and demand aspects, evaluated the spatial characteristics of the accessibility of UPGS from both the local and global perspectives, and further explored the relationship between accessibility and residents' social and economic conditions, in order to explore its social equity. Our findings include: 1) The spatial distribution of accessibility of regional, city, and comprehensive level UPGS is better than that of community level UPGS. 2) The spatial pattern of the overall accessibility of UPGS in the central city area of Wuhan gradually decreases from the core to the periphery. The communities with more UPGS and higher UPGS density show a higher level of accessibility. 3) There is a positive spatial correlation between UPGS accessibility and residents' socioeconomic conditions. The communities with higher housing prices also have higher UPGS accessibility. Thereby we identified marked social inequality in terms of the UPGS accessibility for Wuhan. It is recommended that in the future we should be further concerned with the optimization and regulation of the layout of UPGS with more nuance. While implementing the universal strategies, we should adopt targeted strategies and implement precise policies for the needs of different regions and different social groups. This study contributes to the literature in several ways. Using multi-source data and new technology to optimize indicators and data sources, the quality of parks was measured from UPGS area, ecosystem service value (ESV), recreation facilities, and safety conditions and various traffic patterns, real-time conditions, and selection preferences of different age groups, and so on were considered. At the same time, this study paid attention to the social inequality of accessibility, which enriches the empirical content and case materials and provides a scientific basis for the layout of urban infrastructure and the practice of environmental justice.
Key words: urban park green space; multi-G2SFCA; accessibility; equity; Wuhan City
WANG Zilin , LI Zhigang , CHENG Hanbei . The equity of urban park green space accessibility in large Chinese cities: A case study of Wuhan City[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022 , 41(4) : 621 -635 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.04.007
表1 数据类型、来源及预处理Tab.1 Data type, source and preprocessing |
数据大类 | 数据子类 | 数据来源 | 软件及预处理 |
---|---|---|---|
基础地理数据 | 武汉行政区划数据 | 地理空间数据云 | ArcGIS 10.4 |
土地利用变化(LUCC)数据 | http://data.ess.tsinghua.edu.cn/ (2017年,精度为30 m×30 m) | ArcGIS 10.4(掩膜提取、栅格转面、地物分类提取) | |
路网数据a | OpenStreetMap开放共享数据库(www.openstreetmap.org) | ArcGIS 10.4(合并、相交) | |
社区数据 | 社区物业费标准 | 运用Python从安居客b、链家网c、搜房网d(https://wuhan.anjuke.com/community/、 https://wh.lianjia.com/xiaoqu/、https://wh.soufun.com/ )爬取武汉社区POI数据(三者互为补充) | ArcGIS 10.4(克里金插值、分区统计、创建渔网、属性表连接和关联、标识) |
社区建成时长 | |||
名称 | 运用Python从安居客b、链家网c(https://wuhan.anjuke.com/community/、 https://wh.lianjia.com/xiaoqu/ )爬取武汉社区POI数据(二者互为补充) | ArcGIS 10.4(提取相应经纬度的坐标点、人工法分类、相交)、PYcharm(爬取POI)、Datamap for excel(路线规划) | |
经纬度 | |||
户数 | |||
房价 | |||
UPGS数据 | 名称 | 运用Python从百度地图e(http://lbsyun.baidu.com/)的web API接口爬取武汉UPGS的POI数据 | |
经纬度 | |||
面积 | |||
人口数据 | 各出行方式的人口比例 | 2020武汉交通大数据分析、《2020武汉交通发展年度报告》 | 对全市数据与短期短途游憩锻炼目的综合分析 |
各年龄层人口比例 | 《武汉统计年鉴2020》《武汉市2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》《2020年湖北省国民经济和社会发展统计公报》 | 用全市数据代替 | |
高教育水平人口比例 | 武汉市第六次人口普查统计数据 | ArcGIS 10.4(克里金插值、分区统计、创建渔网、属性表连接和关联、标识) | |
社区人口密度 | |||
外来人口比例 |
注:a. 由于本文主要考虑居民日常出行及同城短期短途游憩,故路网数据舍弃铁路路线;b~e在ArcGIS 10.4、PYcharm、Datamap for excel中处理各经纬度数据时需注意wgs84、gcj02、bd09坐标系的转换。 |
表2 各类UPGS对各出行方式的服务半径Tab.2 Service radius of various UPGS for different modes of travel |
出行方式 | 速度/(km/h) | 社区型/km | 区域型/km | 全市型/km | 综合型/km |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
步行 | 5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 5 |
骑行 | 20 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 20 |
公交 | 30 | 3 | 9 | 18 | 30 |
驾车 | 50 | 5 | 15 | 30 | 50 |
表3 Multi-G2SFCA相关指标权重及赋分Tab.3 Weight and score assignment of related indicators of multi-G2SFCA |
公园质量特征权重 | 相关指标赋分及不同年龄居民需求比例 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
公园类型 | IFj | SAj | Dk1 | Dk2 | Dk3 | Dk4 | ||
w1 | 0.27 | 社区型 | 3 | 3 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
w2 | 0.19 | 区域型 | 5 | 7 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.21 |
w3 | 0.40 | 全市型 | 7 | 9 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.3 |
w4 | 0.14 | 综合型 | 9 | 5 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
表4 各区域中不同可达性的社区数量及占比Tab.4 The number and proportion of communities with different accessibility in each district |
区域 | 社区总量/个 | 低可达性 | 较低可达性 | 中等可达性 | 较高可达性 | 高可达性 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量/个 | 占比/% | 数量/个 | 占比/% | 数量/个 | 占比/% | 数量/个 | 占比/% | 数量/个 | 占比/% | |||||||
江岸区 | 893 | 197 | 22.06 | 139 | 15.57 | 222 | 24.86 | 241 | 26.98 | 94 | 10.53 | |||||
江汉区 | 617 | 150 | 24.31 | 119 | 19.29 | 142 | 23.01 | 139 | 22.53 | 67 | 10.86 | |||||
硚口区 | 510 | 117 | 22.94 | 122 | 23.92 | 111 | 21.76 | 120 | 23.53 | 40 | 7.84 | |||||
汉阳区 | 594 | 144 | 24.24 | 172 | 28.96 | 128 | 21.54 | 123 | 20.70 | 27 | 4.55 | |||||
武昌区 | 945 | 183 | 19.37 | 180 | 19.05 | 252 | 26.67 | 234 | 24.76 | 96 | 10.16 | |||||
青山区 | 253 | 57 | 22.53 | 76 | 30.04 | 59 | 23.32 | 45 | 17.79 | 16 | 6.32 | |||||
洪山区 | 856 | 376 | 43.93 | 137 | 16.00 | 155 | 18.11 | 126 | 14.92 | 62 | 7.25 |
表5 房价对UPGS可达性影响的空间回归分析结果Tab.5 Results of spatial regression analysis on the impact of housing price on UPGS accessibility |
变量 | 指标 | OLS结果 | 变量 | 指标 | SLM结果 | SEM结果 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
自变量 | ln房价 | 1.325***(0.306) | 自变量 | ln房价 | 1.234***(0.303) | 1.257***(0.310) |
控制 变量 | ln社区人口密度 | -0.358**(0.123) | 控制 变量 | ln社区人口密度 | -0.279*(0.122) | -0.357*(0.144) |
外来人口比例 | -3.448***(0.656) | 外来人口比例 | -2.789***(0.654) | -3.356***(0.776) | ||
高教育水平人口比例 | 4.414***(0.583) | 高教育水平人口比例 | 3.689***(0.584) | 4.391***(0.698) | ||
社区物业费标准 | -0.194(0.217) | 社区物业费标准 | -0.150(0.215) | -0.123(0.252) | ||
社区建成时长 | 0.202***(0.039) | 社区建成时长 | 0.169***(0.039) | 0.209***(0.045) | ||
结果 指标 | 常数 | -4.734*(3.027) | 结果 指标 | 常数 | -5.334*(2.995) | -4.312*(3.148) |
Moran's I(error) | 8.898*** | 空间滞后项 | 67.280*** | — | ||
LM(lag) | 78.542*** | 空间误差项 | — | 65.576*** | ||
Robust LM(lag) | 3.090* | Log Likelihood | -15067.730 | -15066.9 | ||
LM(error) | 76.258*** | AIC | 30149.8 | 30149.5 | ||
Robust LM(error) | 0.807* | SC | 30201.3 | 30194.6 | ||
LM(SARMA) | 79.348*** | R2 | 0.851 | 0.855 | ||
Log Likelihood | -15100.5 | N | 4668 | 4668 | ||
AIC | 30215 | |||||
SC | 30260.2 | |||||
R2 | 0.667 | |||||
N | 4468 |
注:*、**、***分别表示P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001;括号内值为标准误。 |
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