Effect of green space on residents’ place attachment: A case study of Guangzhou City
Received date: 2020-04-29
Request revised date: 2020-09-23
Online published: 2021-05-28
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41422103)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771167)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871140)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001147)
Beijing Key Laboratory of Megaregions Sustainable Development Modelling, Capital University of Economics and Business(MCR2019QN06)
Copyright
Under the dual impact of industrialization and urbanization, the built environment and social environment of local communities have changed dramatically. With the increasing pursuit of a high-quality residential environment, green space as a kind of scarce spatial resource can buffer the adverse environmental conditions and promote physical activity and social contact, and therefore exert an important influence on residents' place attachment to neighborhoods. Additionally, with the profound reform in the housing market, the heterogeneity of green space between gated neighborhoods and non-gated neighborhoods has become more prominent and attracts increasing attention. The association between green space and place attachment deserves an in-depth exploration. Using the data collected from a questionnaire survey conducted in 2015 from 23 Guangzhou neighborhoods and a multilevel linear model, this study explored the effect of urban green space on residents' place attachment, paying particular attention to the mediating role of residents' satisfaction with their living environment. The green space rate for each case neighborhood was extracted from the "Quick Bird-2" high-resolution remote sensing image data. The second focus of this study is on the difference between the gated neighborhoods and the non-gated neighborhoods with respect to the effect of urban green space. Our empirical findings suggest that: 1) Green space rate can directly enhance residents' place attachment to a neighborhood. 2) Residents' satisfaction with the living environment can mediate the relationship between green space rate and place attachment. 3) For the gated neighborhoods, residents' satisfaction with the living environment is a partial mediator—it partially explains the association between green space rate and residents' place attachment and indirectly promotes residents' place attachment. 4) For the non-gated neighborhoods, the association between green space rate and residents' place attachment can be fully explained by residents' satisfaction with the living environment. Based on these empirical results, this article suggests that the government should pay attention not only to the spatial distribution and the accessibility of green space, but also to residents' right of entering and using green space, their experience and feelings, and their subjective satisfaction with the living environment. In recent years, market forces such as the real estate developers have provided neighborhood services and resources for their residents, relieving the pressure on the government to maintain public goods and services. Through setting up boundaries, the gated neighborhoods can effectively guarantee residents' right to use green space and avoid the problem of free riding. But meanwhile, it has also enlarged the problem of inequality on green space use and therefore has led to the differences in place attachment between the gated neighborhoods and the non-gated neighborhoods. The right of using and entering green space becomes especially important—the territoriality and exclusiveness provided by the boundary of the gated neighborhoods can strongly arouse residents' sense of territory, and thus promote their place attachment. These conclusions can provide inspirations for optimizing local governments' neighborhood governance and urban planning policy. The municipal government should give priority to the vulnerable groups and reallocate public resources to improve subjective well-being and place attachment of all citizens.
WU Rong , PAN Zhuolin , LI Zhigang , LIU Ye , LIU Yuqi . Effect of green space on residents’ place attachment: A case study of Guangzhou City[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2021 , 40(3) : 441 -456 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.03.008
表1 绿地率与社区指标体系说明Tab.1 Green space rate and neighborhood-level index |
指标 | 说明 | |
---|---|---|
社区绿地 | 绿地率 | 社区行政面积范围内的绿地比率(%) |
建成环境 | 人口密度 | 社区常住人口与其行政面积之比(万人/km2) |
每万人POI数量 | 社区外1000 m面要素缓冲区范围内每万人POI数量(个/万人) | |
社会环境 | 邻里信任度 | 各社区受访者信任度测评结果均值 |
封闭社区 | 识别特征 | 物理性障碍、技术性障碍、人为监控、标记警示、设计特征、自然监控和信号暗示 |
表2 广州市样本社区概况Tab.2 List of 23 sampling communities |
社区名称 | 区属 | 封闭性 | 绿地率/% | 建成环境指标 | 社会环境指标 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人口密度/ (万人/km2) | 每万人POI数量/ (个/万人) | 邻里信任度 | |||||
广船社区 | 荔湾区 | 非封闭 | 4.9 | 9.12 | 2197 | 15 | |
扬仁东社区 | 荔湾区 | 非封闭 | 0.0 | 5.54 | 23422 | 15 | |
鹤洞社区 | 荔湾区 | 非封闭 | 8.5 | 1.82 | 2998 | 16 | |
仁生里社区 | 越秀区 | 非封闭 | 0 | 6.86 | 27299 | 16 | |
高第社区 | 越秀区 | 非封闭 | 0 | 30.23 | 4195 | 17 | |
桂花岗社区 | 越秀区 | 封闭 | 8.1 | 3.93 | 10983 | 15 | |
世昌社区 | 海珠区 | 封闭 | 0 | 9.66 | 12478 | 16 | |
大沙社区 | 海珠区 | 非封闭 | 18.9 | 1.80 | 2122 | 19 | |
大塘社区 | 海珠区 | 非封闭 | 5.1 | 6.63 | 5190 | 16 | |
岳洲社区 | 天河区 | 封闭 | 3.4 | 0.19 | 5305 | 17 | |
南富社区 | 天河区 | 封闭 | 21.3 | 1.92 | 2235 | 18 | |
荔苑社区 | 天河区 | 封闭 | 6.0 | 2.00 | 10933 | 19 | |
平乐社区 | 白云区 | 封闭 | 2.2 | 3.38 | 2282 | 18 | |
石桥头社区 | 白云区 | 非封闭 | 0 | 0.84 | 5796 | 20 | |
南航新村社区 | 白云区 | 封闭 | 2.0 | 28.91 | 9539 | 15 | |
颐和山庄社区 | 白云区 | 封闭 | 56.4 | 1.29 | 3363 | 18 | |
萧岗南社区 | 白云区 | 非封闭 | 3.2 | 10.75 | 1523 | 17 | |
德安社区 | 番禺区 | 非封闭 | 0 | 4.67 | 6105 | 16 | |
广奥社区 | 番禺区 | 封闭 | 10.9 | 4.11 | 3399 | 17 | |
星河湾社区 | 番禺区 | 封闭 | 17.6 | 1.48 | 4413 | 18 | |
大山村 | 番禺区 | 非封闭 | 13.2 | 3.42 | 2050 | 18 | |
黄埔花园社区 | 黄埔区 | 封闭 | 0 | 50.00 | 4845 | 15 | |
横沙社区 | 黄埔区 | 非封闭 | 44.3 | 0.30 | 4030 | 18 | |
均值 | 9.83 | 8.21 | 6813.13 | 16.91 | |||
标准差 | 14.45 | 12.08 | 6652.69 | 1.47 |
表3 地方依恋与居住满意度测度及指标量表Tab.3 Measurements of residents' place attachment and residential environment satisfaction |
项目 | Cronbach's α | 基于标准化项的Cronbach's α | 指标解释(1~5分) |
---|---|---|---|
社区依恋 | 0.836 | 0.838 | 我对社区有归属感 |
我对社区有情感依恋 | |||
我喜欢社区的生活氛围 | |||
我关注对社区的新闻和电视报道 | |||
成为社区的一部分对我来说很重要 | |||
我想在社区里长期住下去 | |||
跟社区居民建立关系对我来说很重要 | |||
居住环境满意度 | 0.813 | 0.821 | 对社区休闲娱乐设施的满意度 |
对社区绿化设施的满意度 | |||
对社区居住环境的满意度 |
表4 广州市样本社区社会人口特征Tab.4 Social-demographic characteristics of sampling communities in Guangzhou City (%) |
总样本 | 封闭社区 | 非封闭社区 | 总样本 | 封闭社区 | 非封闭社区 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 婚姻状况 | ||||||
男 | 51.6 | 50.6 | 52.5 | 已婚 | 80.4 | 79.2 | 81.7 |
女 | 48.4 | 49.4 | 47.5 | 未婚、离异或丧偶 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 18.3 |
政治面貌 | 受教育程度 | ||||||
中共党员 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 10.8 | 小学及以下 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 5.6 |
非中共党员 | 87.2 | 84.6 | 89.2 | 初中 | 25.9 | 18.5 | 32.0 |
在业情况 | 高中(中专) | 34.1 | 34.5 | 33.7 | |||
在业(含临时工) | 80.1 | 73.9 | 85.3 | 本科(大专)及以上 | 35.4 | 43.4 | 28.7 |
失业、待业或退休 | 17.8 | 22.7 | 13.7 | 家庭年总收入 | |||
在校学生 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | ≤2.5万元 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 3.5 |
家庭类型 | 2.5万~5.0万元 | 17.7 | 13.3 | 21.4 | |||
单人家庭 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 3.9 | 5.0万~10.0万元 | 42.6 | 41.3 | 43.7 |
核心家庭 | 62.8 | 60.9 | 64.6 | 10.0万~20.0万元 | 20.7 | 24.1 | 17.8 |
直系家庭 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 8.4 | ≥20.0万元 | 11.7 | 12.3 | 11.2 |
联合家庭 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 拒绝回答 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 2.4 |
其他 | 21.2 | 21.6 | 20.7 |
表5 总样本中介效应模型Tab.5 Mediation effect model for residents' place attachment of the sample |
变量 | 地方依恋(模型一) | 居住环境满意度(模型二) | 地方依恋(模型三) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | |
社区变量 | ||||||
绿地率 | 0.188*** | 0.069 | 0.471*** | 0.108 | -0.041 | 0.059 |
每万人POI数量 | 0.310*** | 0.074 | 0.290** | 0.112 | 0.153*** | 0.046 |
人口密度 | 0.105 | 0.119 | 0.155** | 0.077 | 0.030 | 0.109 |
邻里信任度 | 0.264** | 0.120 | 0.032 | 0.158 | 0.240*** | 0.073 |
个体变量 | ||||||
35~45岁 | 0.163 | 0.106 | -0.139 | 0.086 | 0.239*** | 0.089 |
45岁以上 | 0.265* | 0.159 | 0.035 | 0.123 | 0.227* | 0.129 |
性别 | 0.226* | 0.117 | 0.043 | 0.096 | 0.206** | 0.097 |
大学本科大专及以上 | 0.304** | 0.135 | 0.152 | 0.128 | 0.168 | 0.134 |
高中中专 | 0.018 | 0.092 | -0.011 | 0.082 | 0.014 | 0.075 |
中共党员身份 | 0.337** | 0.153 | 0.322** | 0.126 | 0.158 | 0.154 |
未婚、离异或丧偶 | 0.063 | 0.258 | -0.249 | 0.169 | 0.199 | 0.225 |
广州户口 | 0.144 | 0.136 | -0.048 | 0.081 | 0.173 | 0.140 |
家庭收入 | 0.413 | 0.317 | -0.088 | 0.127 | 0.353 | 0.256 |
居住时长 | 0.121* | 0.064 | -0.030 | 0.069 | 0.177*** | 0.063 |
房屋所有权 | 0.507*** | 0.195 | -0.023 | 0.145 | 0.442*** | 0.154 |
社区交往人数 | 0.073 | 0.104 | 0.035 | 0.047 | 0.062 | 0.084 |
中介变量 | ||||||
居住环境满意度 | 0.538*** | 0.057 | ||||
常量 | -0.768*** | 0.186 | -0.010 | 0.146 | -0.698*** | 0.146 |
样本数 | 1232 | 1232 | 1232 |
注:*、**、***分别代表P<0.10、P<0.05、P<0.01。下同。 |
表6 封闭社区与非封闭社区回归结果对比Tab.6 Mediation effect for residents' place attachment of gated neighborhoods and non-gated neighborhoods |
变量 | 封闭社区 | 非封闭社区 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型一 | 模型二 | 模型三 | 模型一 | 模型二 | 模型三 | ||||||||
系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | ||
社区变量 | |||||||||||||
绿地率 | 0.310*** | 0.109 | 0.303** | 0.121 | 0.148* | 0.088 | 0.139** | 0.062 | 0.451*** | 0.133 | -0.064 | 0.070 | |
每万人POI数量 | 0.297*** | 0.063 | 0.255*** | 0.086 | 0.157** | 0.063 | 0.240** | 0.107 | 0.178 | 0.138 | 0.142** | 0.068 | |
人口密度 | 0.011 | 0.099 | 0.158** | 0.062 | -0.069 | 0.090 | 0.310*** | 0.108 | 0.101 | 0.137 | 0.240*** | 0.089 | |
邻里信任度 | 0.194*** | 0.069 | 0.190* | 0.101 | 0.098* | 0.056 | 0.293 | 0.188 | -0.065 | 0.215 | 0.314*** | 0.107 | |
个体变量 | |||||||||||||
35~45岁 | 0.099 | 0.142 | -0.180 | 0.137 | 0.181 | 0.137 | 0.174 | 0.160 | -0.142 | 0.101 | 0.250* | 0.144 | |
45岁以上 | -0.010 | 0.218 | -0.152 | 0.223 | 0.064 | 0.185 | 0.382* | 0.215 | 0.098 | 0.125 | 0.291* | 0.173 | |
性别 | 0.033 | 0.100 | -0.166 | 0.132 | 0.124 | 0.079 | 0.372** | 0.182 | 0.226** | 0.111 | 0.254* | 0.152 | |
大学本科(大专)及以上 | -0.068 | 0.158 | 0.010 | 0.177 | -0.078 | 0.193 | 0.642*** | 0.208 | 0.288 | 0.180 | 0.394* | 0.205 | |
高中(中专) | 0.107 | 0.124 | 0.063 | 0.137 | 0.080 | 0.088 | -0.043 | 0.135 | -0.025 | 0.113 | -0.050 | 0.113 | |
中共党员身份 | 0.211 | 0.218 | 0.390** | 0.180 | 0.003 | 0.199 | 0.389 | 0.253 | 0.237 | 0.180 | 0.261 | 0.249 | |
未婚、离异或丧偶 | -0.165 | 0.257 | -0.191 | 0.140 | -0.075 | 0.223 | 0.299 | 0.377 | -0.355 | 0.283 | 0.513 | 0.317 | |
广州户口 | -0.020 | 0.111 | -0.049 | 0.071 | 0.005 | 0.122 | 0.347 | 0.239 | -0.005 | 0.155 | 0.381* | 0.230 | |
家庭收入 | 0.441 | 0.284 | 0.194 | 0.272 | 0.351 | 0.346 | 0.593 | 0.391 | 0.025 | 0.139 | 0.458 | 0.326 | |
居住时长 | 0.204*** | 0.071 | -0.100 | 0.091 | 0.255*** | 0.065 | 0.070 | 0.111 | 0.012 | 0.097 | 0.102 | 0.118 | |
房屋所有权 | 0.689*** | 0.246 | 0.154 | 0.213 | 0.610*** | 0.155 | 0.442* | 0.262 | -0.146 | 0.179 | 0.411* | 0.228 | |
社区交往人数 | 0.257*** | 0.023 | 0.084** | 0.039 | 0.206*** | 0.037 | -0.069 | 0.125 | -0.014 | 0.062 | -0.042 | 0.108 | |
中介变量 | |||||||||||||
居住环境满意度 | 0.529*** | 8.12 | 0.526*** | 0.087 | |||||||||
常量 | -0.332** | 0.154 | 0.349*** | 0.127 | -0.514*** | 0.156 | -1.010*** | 0.244 | -0.148 | 0.193 | -0.836*** | 0.223 | |
样本数 | 566 | 566 | 566 | 666 | 666 | 666 |
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