Received date: 2020-03-06
Request revised date: 2020-05-12
Online published: 2020-12-28
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23070303)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971220)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41731286)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41931293)
Copyright
In recent years, rural geographers have made in-depth research on the utilization of resources, environmental change, economic development, spatial system, and regional pattern of rural areas. However, the research on the subjects/actors of rural development is relatively weak. Most of these studies focus on the temporal and spatial changes of population and interregional migration. In contrast, insufficient attention is paid to the subgroups of rural development subjects/actors. Rural elite is one of the main subjects of rural governance in China and an important force to promote the modernization of rural governance. Rural elite can often stimulate endogenous motivations, integrate external resources, and organize people to carry out a series of actions based on policy guidance and village resources to promote rural transformation and development. In-depth research on the roles, activities, and problems of rural elite in rural governance has important practical significance. This article analyzed the related concepts of rural elite and explored the active role of rural elite in maintaining the stability of rural society, promoting the economic development of villages, driving entrepreneurship, and fulfilling social responsibilities. We also analyzed the negative effects of autocracy and "distributed order" caused by the concentration of power, and discussed the obstacles and deficiencies of rural governance by rural elite. Rural elite refers to the individuals who are recognized by most villagers in a specific rural area, have strong motivation of development, personal ability, and social network, and are willing to lead or have driven rural development through own expertise. Generally, rural elite is the "engine" for promoting progress, the "locomotive" for collective action, the pioneer for village development, the "bridge builder" for external contact, and the leader of rural vitalization. However, if the supervision mechanism is absent, rural elite may also bring negative effects on the democracy, economic development, and law and order of local areas. In order to better realize the modernization of the rural governance system and governance capacity in China, it is recommended to further strengthen case studies of rural elite governance, deepen the theoretical research of rural elite governance, and explore innovative models for training rural elites. Specifically, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the emerging mechanism and cultivation model of rural elites, deepen the research on the mechanism, mode, and effect of governance by rural elites, pay attention to the new situation and problems of governance by rural elites, and explore the data and methods for the research on rural elites. Strengthening the research of rural elite is helpful for enriching the content and theory of rural geography.
LI Yurui , CHANG Guijiang , CAO Lizhe , LONG Hualou . Rural elite and rural development[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020 , 39(10) : 1632 -1642 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.10.003
表1 典型时期的乡村治理模式Tab.1 Rural governance models in typical historical periods |
时期 | 主要治理内容 | 乡村治理主体 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|
传统社会阶段 | 催粮征税、除盗安民、修桥修路、救济赈灾 | 县级行政机构;乡里组织、乡村士绅、地方宗族 | 国权不下县,“县政绅治”; 国权+绅权+族权 |
土地改革时期 | 土地改革与乡村建设 | 党和政府;农民协会、乡村农民大会、农民代表会 | 实现了耕者有其田; 乡村治理具有强制性 |
农业合作化时期 | 农业的合作化改造 | 党和政府;互助合作组;初级农业生产合作社 | 集体劳动、共同生产; 乡村治理具有强制性 |
人民公社时期 | 建立和巩固人民公社制度 | 党和政府;公社、生产大队、生产队 | “政社合一”;集体化、军事化;乡村治理具有强制性;城乡二元结构矛盾突出 |
改革探索时期 | 改革农业生产经营体制;探索村民自治路径 | 党和政府;村“两委”;乡村能人 | 市场化、自治化程度提高;开始“乡政村治”;城乡二元结构矛盾和三农问题突出 |
新农村建设时期 | 破解三农问题; 推进精准扶贫; 建成小康社会 | 党和政府; 村“两委”;驻村工作队; 合作经济组织;乡村能人 | 自治和法治并行; 以工哺农、以城带乡; 精准扶贫取得明显成效 |
乡村振兴时期 | 城乡发展不平衡; 乡村发展不充分; 推进农业和农村现代化 | 党和政府; 村“两委”;驻村工作队; 合作经济组织;乡村能人 | 脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴有机衔接; 全面建成小康社会; 围绕乡村振兴进行全面部署和推进 |
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