Research progress and implication of the “neural turn” in human geography
Received date: 2019-05-23
Request revised date: 2019-07-26
Online published: 2020-09-28
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871127)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41630635)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41601133)
Copyright
Neuroscience is the science of the 21st century. The theoretical research results of neuroscience are affecting daily life, environment, space, context, and place profoundly. It provides a new way of thinking and method to explain human's mind and behavior. In the context of post-modernism, the understanding of self-consciousness in human geography has become fragmented. Non-presentation theory and embodied cognitive geography claim that in most of the time, people are "unconscious". Subject self-consciousness is irrational, which takes place in the "outflows" daily life world. It emphasizes the showing, performance, and practice of the body. The meaning of the real world should be obtained through embodied cognition and behavior. They found evidence from neuroscience that led to a "neural turn" in geography. The "neural turn" devotes to linking human's mind and behavioral traits to biological evidence. It is different from inter-disciplinary debates that are breaking down the disciplinary boundaries between social culture and natural sciences. The laboratory methods cannot reflect the real world, and the social science methods are difficult to get rid of subjective factors. The "neural turn" can provide a research perspective of combining the-first-person and the-third-person for human geography. This article reviewed the recent studies on the "neural turn" in Western human geography. "Neural turn" research mainly concentrated in three aspects: space perception, embodied affect, and behavior practice. It has involved economic, political, social, cultural, public policy, tourism, and education topics. The application of neuroscience in human geography can also be applied to multiple scales of space such as country, city, community, and body. Neuroscience perspective as a new path is used in urban planning, environmental design, tourism development, and public policy, among others. At the same time, the technical tools of neuroscience have become new data collection methods in human geography. Neural technology can capture imperceptible physiological changes in the human body in order to detect neural activity caused by mind and behavior in a particular environment and context. The collection of physiological data can surmount the representation of text and symbols to discover non-representational results. Brain images and eye tracking technologies have been applied in geography, presenting predictable visions for the future. At present, Chinese human geography pays little attention to neuroscience. This article is hoped to provide some reference and enlightenment for the study of Chinese human geography. The dialogue between neuroscience and human geography is still in its infancy and needs more empirical research. In this process, human geography can carry out more cooperative research to produce more knowledge spillover. At the same time, these studies need to explore the topic of Chinese localization in order to better realize the people-oriented approach in the research and application of Chinese human geography.
WANG Min , LIN Mingliang , ZHU Hong . Research progress and implication of the “neural turn” in human geography[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020 , 39(7) : 1182 -1195 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.07.011
表1 神经科学主要的非侵入性方法及其应用展望Tab.1 Major non-invasive approach in neuroscience and prospect of applications |
观测对象 | 方法名称 | 原理 | 数据产物 | 应用 |
---|---|---|---|---|
大脑 | 计算机断层扫描(CT/CAT)、磁共振脑成像(MRI)、功能性脑成像(fMRI)、功能性近红外光谱技术(fNIRS) | 利用大脑在认知事件刺激下发生的磁性、电流或新陈代谢变化进行测定 | 大脑图像 | 观测特定脑区的变化,从而判断环境刺激与对应大脑功能的关系 |
脑电图(EEG)、事件相关电位(ERP) | 记录神经突触活动产生的电流 | 脑电变化过程数据 | 观测大脑处理认知事件的应激变化 | |
皮肤 | 皮肤电活动(EDA) | 人的皮肤微弱的电流活动受到认知、情绪变化的影响而变化 | 皮肤电变化过程数据 | 观测情绪、认知变化过程 |
心脏 | 心率(HR)、心率变异系数(HRV) | 心脏的舒缩会引起动脉血管内的压力变化,从而导致管壁发生搏动 | 心率变化数据 | 观测情绪变化过程 |
眼球 | 眼动仪(Eye-tracking) | 捕捉人眼球反射的红外线 | 视觉指标、瞳孔数据、注视点轨迹和热点图 | 观测眼球运动过程,推导认知和情感的变化 |
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