Market structure and competition of the three major airlines in China
Received date: 2019-01-22
Request revised date: 2019-05-26
Online published: 2020-05-28
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41722103)
Copyright
Air China, China Eastern Airlines, and China Southern Airlines are the three major state-owned airlines in China, and they have significant influences in the air transportation market. Market competition of the three airlines has always been an important research topic in economics, management, and geography. Based on the flight schedule data, this study constructed a market share index and a market overlap index and used them to examine the structure and competition of the three major airlines on the Chinese and international markets in 2005 and 2015. The results are as follow: 1) The markets of the three major airlines have expanded rapidly over the decade of 2005-2015. In China, the three airlines have added navigation airports mainly in the central and western regions, especially in Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Guizhou Province. These provinces are the new major market competition places. Among the three major airlines, China Southern Airlines has the largest number of absolutely dominant airports and flight routes, China Eastern Airlines has the largest increase, and Air China has a relatively small market. 2) Spatially, the three major airlines show significant regional differences in the domestic key markets, and each has a great advantage in its respective hub airports. The dominant routes of the three major airlines mainly form radial networks around their hub airports. Routes concentrated in domestic air transportation are mainly represented by competition among two of the three major airlines. With increasing market competition, the market shares of the three airlines in most of the major domestic airports and routes decreased. 3) In the international market, East Asia and Southeast Asia are areas where the three major airlines have focused. Their navigation airports, flights, and competing airports are mostly located here. In particular, Japan and South Korea are the countries of most severe competition of the three major airlines. However, the competition of the three major airlines in the international flight routes is not obvious—this is because they mainly set up routes between their hub airports and international airports, and their operating bases are very different.
Key words: airlines; flight frequency; market competition; spatial structure; China
DU Delin , WANG Jiaoe , WANG Yi . Market structure and competition of the three major airlines in China[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020 , 39(3) : 367 -376 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.03.002
表1 三大航空公司通航机场和航段数量Tab.1 Airports and airlines with scheduled flights of the three major Chinese airlines |
航空 公司 | 年 份 | 通航机场/个 | 通航航段/条 | 航班投放量/万趟 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
国内 | 国外 | 国内 | 国际 | 国内 | 国际 | ||||
CA | 2005 | 72 | 32 | 199 | 58 | 4.63 | 0.68 | ||
2015 | 105 | 60 | 284 | 109 | 30.27 | 6.38 | |||
MU | 2005 | 73 | 43 | 255 | 58 | 5.36 | 0.74 | ||
2015 | 126 | 62 | 568 | 131 | 41.23 | 6.82 | |||
CZ | 2005 | 97 | 39 | 395 | 61 | 7.71 | 0.52 | ||
2015 | 125 | 65 | 650 | 139 | 62.32 | 7.16 |
表2 三大航空公司国内通航机场区域分布Tab.2 Regional disparity of airport distribution of the three major Chinese airlines (个) |
区域 | 2005年 | 2015年 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA | MU | CZ | CA | MU | CZ | ||
东部 | 28 | 35 | 41 | 37 | 44 | 41 | |
中部 | 19 | 15 | 26 | 36 | 35 | 44 | |
西部 | 25 | 23 | 30 | 32 | 47 | 40 | |
合计 | 72 | 73 | 97 | 105 | 126 | 125 |
表3 三大航空公司国外通航机场分布Tab.3 Distribution of international airports of the three major Chinese airlines (个) |
主要通航国家(地区) | 2005年 | 2015年 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA | MU | CZ | CA | MU | CZ | |||
东亚 | 日本、韩国、朝鲜、蒙古 | 10 | 21 | 15 | 16 | 22 | 12 | |
东南亚 | 菲律宾、缅甸、泰国、新加坡、越南、印度尼西亚、老挝、马来西亚 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 17 | 15 | |
南亚 | 印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 5 | |
中亚 | 哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |
欧洲 | 德国、英国、法国、荷兰、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、意大利、希腊、奥地利、 俄罗斯(欧洲区域) | 8 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 5 | 6 | |
北美洲 | 美国、加拿大 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 6 | |
其他 | — | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 13 | |
合计 | — | 32 | 43 | 39 | 60 | 62 | 65 |
表4 三大航空公司在国内前10位机场航班频率占比Tab.4 Proportion of the three major Chinese airlines' flight frequency in the top 10 airports of China (%) |
机场 | 2005年 | 2015年 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
排名 | CA | MU | CZ | 排名 | CA | MU | CZ | ||
北京首都 | 1 | 37.9 | 13.1 | 17.1 | 1 | 41.9 | 13.5 | 16.4 | |
广州白云 | 2 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 54.0 | 3 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 53.4 | |
上海浦东 | 3 | 8.7 | 36.4 | 12.3 | 2 | 8.2 | 27.6 | 9.7 | |
上海虹桥 | 4 | 9.0 | 42.4 | 11.9 | 6 | 6.4 | 34.3 | 9.5 | |
深圳宝安 | 5 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 29.4 | 4 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 28.8 | |
成都双流 | 6 | 38.5 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 5 | 27.5 | 11.3 | 13.4 | |
昆明巫家坝/长水 | 7 | 12.3 | 46.6 | 21.1 | 7 | 5.1 | 42.2 | 14.6 | |
西安咸阳 | 8 | 10.0 | 26.7 | 14.0 | 8 | 6.6 | 31.6 | 16.7 | |
杭州萧山 | 9 | 25.8 | 13.2 | 22.3 | 9 | 17.5 | 8.7 | 16.3 | |
重庆江北 | 10 | 26.6 | 15.1 | 16.5 | 10 | 15.2 | 8.3 | 17.7 |
注:昆明机场于2012年由巫家坝国际机场搬迁至长水国际机场。 |
表5 三大航空公司在国内前10位航段航班频率占比Tab.5 Proportion of the three major Chinese airlines’ flight frequency in the top 10 routes of China (%) |
排名 | 2005年 | 2015年 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
航段 | CA | MU | CZ | 航段 | CA | MU | CZ | ||
1 | 北京首都—上海虹桥 | 31.3 | 41.7 | 0 | 北京首都—上海虹桥 | 32.5 | 48.9 | 3.2 | |
2 | 上海浦东—深圳宝安 | 5.5 | 26.3 | 32.7 | 北京首都—深圳宝安 | 28.7 | 0 | 26.8 | |
3 | 广州白云—上海虹桥 | 3.5 | 32.5 | 32.2 | 北京首都—成都双流 | 50.0 | 0 | 10.5 | |
4 | 北京首都—成都双流 | 61.8 | 0 | 0 | 上海虹桥—深圳宝安 | 0 | 38.5 | 20.1 | |
5 | 北京首都—广州白云 | 40.3 | 0 | 50.0 | 广州白云—上海虹桥 | 6.8 | 30.7 | 26.5 | |
6 | 北京首都—深圳宝安 | 40.7 | 0 | 29.6 | 北京首都—广州白云 | 33.5 | 0 | 47.0 | |
7 | 广州白云—海口美兰 | 0 | 2.9 | 55.6 | 北京首都—杭州萧山 | 46.3 | 11.9 | 4.0 | |
8 | 北京首都—西安咸阳 | 40.3 | 35.9 | 8.3 | 北京首都—昆明长水 | 21.9 | 46.3 | 13.1 | |
9 | 深圳宝安—海口美兰 | 0 | 5.2 | 9.8 | 广州白云—杭州萧山 | 19.4 | 13.3 | 36.5 | |
10 | 广州白云—杭州萧山 | 34.9 | 18.5 | 39.4 | 广州白云—成都双流 | 36.8 | 0 | 33.4 |
表6 三大航空公司国外机场的市场重叠度Tab.6 Overlap of international airports among the three major Chinese airlines (%) |
航空 公司 | 2005年 | 2015年 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA | MU | CZ | CA | MU | CZ | ||
CA | — | 56.3 | 59.4 | — | 60.0 | 58.3 | |
MU | 41.9 | — | 53.5 | 58.1 | — | 62.9 | |
CZ | 48.7 | 59.0 | — | 53.8 | 60.0 | — |
表7 三大航空公司国际航段的市场重叠度Tab.7 Overlap of international routes among the three major Chinese airlines (%) |
航空 公司 | 2005年 | 2015年 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA | MU | CZ | CA | MU | CZ | ||
CA | — | 15.5 | 17.2 | — | 19.3 | 11.9 | |
MU | 15.5 | — | 0 | 16.0 | — | 6.1 | |
CZ | 16.4 | 0 | — | 9.4 | 5.8 | — |
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