Influence of human capital on the livelihood strategy of farming households in poor mountainous areas: A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China
Received date: 2019-04-25
Request revised date: 2019-06-27
Online published: 2019-09-25
Supported by
National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.41461040)
National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.41601176)
Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education(No.13YJCZH050)
Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education(No.14YJC790063)
Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education(No.15YJCZH101)
Copyright
Human capital is the key factor for building farmers' livelihoods and examining farming households' livelihood strategy is important for promoting livelihood transformation and rural revitalization. Taking Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province in the mountainous area of southwest China as the case study area, this study measured the impact of human capital on farming households' livelihood strategy by using the survey data from 508 farmers in 2018 and applying regression models. The results show: human capital is an important factor of farmers' livelihood choices in mountainous areas, and different types of human capital have different impacts on farmers' livelihood strategy, with clear spatial differences. Education level and health condition have positive effects on off-farm livelihood strategy, with most significant impacts in the high mountain villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and health condition has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the river valley villages. Off-farm skill training has a significant positive impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the high mountain villages, followed by the semi-mountain and river valley villages; agricultural skill training has a negative impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the river valley villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and agricultural skill training has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the high mountain villages. Young adult labor force tend to choose off-farm livelihood, and the aging problem of farming population is getting worse, with the high mountain villages being the most significant, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and the river valley villages being less obvious. Income gaps between farm and off-farm livelihood types is the fundamental reason affecting farmers' livelihood choices, and poor rural public services and lack of development opportunity are important reasons that affect farmers' livelihood choices. Finally, based on the above conclusions, this article explored the dialectical relationship between human capitals, labor off-farm employment, and rural development and its policy implications.
HE Renwei , FANG Fang , LIU Yunwei . Influence of human capital on the livelihood strategy of farming households in poor mountainous areas: A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019 , 38(9) : 1282 -1893 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.09.002
图1 研究区域的地理位置及样本村落的分布Fig.1 Geographical location of the study area and distribution of sample villages |
表1 不同类型村落特征及农户样本分布Tab.1 Characteristics of different types of villages and distribution of the sample of farmers |
村落类型 | 主要特征 | 村落名称 | 农户样本/户 | 样本比例/% | 非农收入比例/% | 人均年纯收入/(元/人) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高山区村庄 | 海拔高度>2200 m,全部为彝族居民,是山区发展最落后的地带。劳动力教育文化水平和劳动技能低,生态环境脆弱,自然灾害频发,基础设施和公共服务设施落后。村庄贫困发生率约为24%。农业以传统农业和牧业为主,山区特色农业资源丰富,但开发程度低 | 巴久村、且木村、阿洛村、马觉村、啊吼村、则果村(喜德县6个村) | 159 | 31.30 | 30.16 | 4301 (农为主型) 7346 (非农为主型) |
二半山区村庄 | 海拔高度1700~2200 m,彝族与汉族杂居,社会经济在山区中处于中游水平。劳动力素质、交通、公共服务等比高山区略好,但仍远远落后于河谷区。村庄贫困发生率约为11.5%。农业以传统农业为主,适宜于种植烤烟、核桃等经济作物 | 田坝村、店子村、沙坝村、迫夫村、波罗村、三联村(冕宁县6个村) | 174 | 34.25 | 41.50 | 6687 (农为主型) 13308 (非农为主型) |
河谷区村庄 | 海拔高度<1700 m,全部为汉族居民,是山区社会经济发展的精华地带。劳动力素质、交通、公共服务、市场意识等在3个村庄类型中最佳。村庄中贫困发生率低于1%。农业资源禀赋佳,现代农业初具雏形,葡萄、洋葱、石榴等经济作物已基本实现专业化生产 | 凤凰村、柏枝村、新华村、安宁村、鹿马村、大德村(西昌市6个村) | 175 | 34.45 | 57.26 | 20107 (农为主型) 19967 (非农为主型) |
总体 | — | — | 508 | 100 | 43.38 | 11963 |
Tab.2 Descriptive statistics of variables |
变 量 | 单位 | 变量说明 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 标准误 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
生计策略 | LS_Type | - | 农户生计类型 | 0 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
Income_Rto | % | 非农收入占生产性总收入的比例 | 0 | 99.00 | 43.38 | 27.91 | |
人力资本 | education | a | 劳动力(16~60岁)平均受教育年限 | 0.50 | 11.50 | 5.70 | 2.83 |
health | - | 劳动力平均健康状况 | 1 | 5 | 4.19 | 0.74 | |
training1 | % | 参加过非农培训的技能劳动力比例 | 0 | 100 | 22.89 | 25.57 | |
training2 | % | 参加农业技能培训的劳动力比例 | 0 | 100 | 15.05 | 27.64 | |
laborage | - | 家庭劳动力平均年龄 | 25 | 65 | 41.98 | 8.93 | |
laborage2 | - | 家庭劳动力平均年龄的平方 | 625 | 4225 | 1841.73 | 811.80 | |
社会资本 | spending | 元 | 亲戚、朋友人情往来支出 | 50 | 6800 | 1479 | 994 |
FPC | - | 参加农民专业合作社情况 | 0 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.47 | |
金融资本 | cashincome | 万元 | 家庭年人均现金收入 | 0.14 | 6.35 | 1.36 | 1.03 |
自然资本 | arableland | hm2 | 人均耕地面积 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
forestland | hm2 | 人均林地面积 | 0 | 0.68 | 0.26 | 0.22 | |
物质资本 | fixassets | 万元 | 家庭固定资产市场价值 | 1.58 | 33.50 | 7.76 | 5.68 |
村庄特征/村庄可达性 | dis | km | 村庄到县城的交通距离 | 11.80 | 56.60 | 32.67 | 13.66 |
time_dis | h | 村庄到县城的时间距离 | 0.32 | 4.01 | 1.23 | 0.88 | |
altitude | m | 村庄平均海拔高度 | 1470 | 3102 | 2022.87 | 479.83 |
表3 全样本回归分析结果Tab.3 Full sample regression analysis results |
解释变量 | 被解释变量: LS_type (生计类型) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logit(1) | Logit(2) | Logit(3) | Logit(4) | Logit(5) | Probit(6) | |
education | 0.364*** | - | - | - | 0.287** | 0.198** |
(0.083) | - | - | - | (0.132) | (0.087) | |
health | - | 0.752* | - | - | 0.685* | 0.634* |
- | (0.427) | - | - | (0.363) | (0.341) | |
training1 | - | - | 1.012*** | - | 0.968*** | 0.865*** |
- | - | (0.34) | - | (0.316) | (0.273) | |
training2 | - | - | -0.305* | - | 0.446* | 0.415* |
- | - | (0.157) | - | (0.276) | (0.228) | |
laborage | - | - | - | 0.973** | 0.897** | 0.848** |
- | - | - | (0.412) | (0.435) | (0.359) | |
laborage2 | - | - | - | -0.003* | -0.005* | -0.004* |
- | - | - | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
spending | 0.008** | 0.007** | 0.009** | 0.008** | 0.011** | 0.009** |
(0.004) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.004) | |
FPC | -0.825 | -0.725 | -0.783 | -0.764 | -0.664 | -0.565 |
(0.521) | (0.558) | (0.524) | (0.589) | (0.456) | (0.395) | |
cashincome | 0.198** | 0.154** | 0.165** | 0.162** | 0.158** | 0.107** |
(0.071) | (0.069) | (0.067) | (0.068) | (0.076) | (0.045) | |
arableland | -0.799** | -0.837** | -0.632** | -0.735** | -0.838** | -0.468** |
(0.331) | (0.352) | (0.264) | (0.332) | (0.399) | (0.202) | |
forestland | -0.048 | -0.125 | -0.010 | -0.074 | -0.138 | -0.062 |
(0.119) | (0.127) | (0.119) | (0.131) | (0.142) | (0.078) | |
fixassets | -0.105 | -0.102 | -0.111 | -0.175 | -0.238 | -0.120 |
(0.24) | (0.153) | (0.149) | (0.203) | (0.256) | (0.129) | |
dis | -0.003* | -0.004* | -0.003* | -0.003* | -0.002* | -0.002* |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
time_dis | -0.093* | -0.017* | -0.075* | -0.131* | -0.186* | -0.065* |
(0.051) | (0.010) | (0.039) | (0.002) | (0.010) | -0.037) | |
altitude | -0.001** | -0.001** | -0.001** | -0.001** | -0.001** | -0.001** |
(<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
常数项 | -12.725*** | -11.768*** | -10.889*** | -9.879** | -11.124*** | -10.075*** |
(1.625) | (1.305) | (1.449) | (1.291) | (1.521) | (1.720) | |
N | 508 | 508 | 508 | 508 | 508 | 508 |
Pseudo R2 | 0.421 | 0.415 | 0.413 | 0.431 | 0.534 | 0.542 |
chi2 | 132.348 | 136.742 | 154.717 | 146.118 | 131.008 | 172.613 |
注:括号内为标准差,*、**、***分别表示P < 0.1、P < 0.05和P < 0.01。下同。 |
表4 分村庄类型样本回归分析结果Tab.4 Regression analysis results of samples in different village types |
解释变量 | 被解释变量: LS_type (生计类型) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高山区村庄 | 二半山区村庄 | 河谷区村庄 | ||||||
Logit(1) | Probit(2) | Logit(3) | Probit(4) | Logit(5) | Probit(6) | |||
education | 0.423*** | 0.378*** | 0.295** | 0.234** | 0.237* | 0.165* | ||
(0.136) | (0.121) | (0.143) | (0.107) | (0.132) | (0.097) | |||
health | 0.965** | 0.874** | 0.725* | 0.654* | 0.563 | 0.494 | ||
(0.459) | (0.431) | (0.414) | (0.361) | (0.515) | (0.457) | |||
training1 | 1.328*** | 1.205*** | 0.978*** | 0.875*** | 0.768*** | 0.665*** | ||
(0.316) | (0.273) | (0.316) | (0.273) | (0.276) | (0.223) | |||
training2 | -0.256 | -0.227 | -0.454* | -0.437* | -0.576** | -0.549** | ||
(0.272) | (0.243) | (0.246) | (0.238) | (0.267) | (0.258) | |||
laborage | 1.084*** | 0.961*** | 0.927** | 0.873** | 0.759* | 0.718* | ||
(0.345) | (0.339) | (0.415) | (0.398) | (0.435) | (0.379) | |||
laborage2 | -0.008** | -0.007** | -0.006** | -0.005** | -0.005* | -0.004* | ||
(0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | |||
FPC | -0.543 | -0.472 | -0.679 | -0.587 | -0.728** | -0.634** | ||
(0.836) | (0.787) | (0.462) | (0.434) | (0.336) | (0.317) | |||
常数项、其他控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
N | 159 | 159 | 174 | 174 | 175 | 175 | ||
Pseudo R2 | 0.445 | 0.459 | 0.274 | 0.265 | 0.646 | 0.637 | ||
chi2 | 64.21 | 78.523 | 23.59 | 30.693 | 28.569 | 33.353 |
表5 稳健性检验(OLS)Tab.5 Robustness test (ordinary least squares) |
解释变量 | 被解释变量: Income_Rto(非农收入比例) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
总样本(1) | 高山区村庄(2) | 二半山区村庄(3) | 河谷区村庄(4) | |
education | 0.023** | 0.061*** | 0.019** | 0.017* |
(0.011) | (0.018) | (0.008) | (0.009) | |
health | 0.074* | 0.134** | 0.084* | 0.046 |
(0.040) | (0.066) | (0.049) | (0.082) | |
training1 | 0.243*** | 0.287*** | 0.253*** | 0.198*** |
(0.057) | (0.065) | (0.078) | (0.064) | |
training2 | 0.132* | 0.092 | 0.128* | 0.181*** |
(0.073) | (0.108) | (0.071) | (0.032) | |
laborage | 0.044** | 0.020*** | 0.029*** | 0.103* |
(0.028) | (0.006) | (0.010) | (0.057) | |
laborage2 | -0.002** | -0.003*** | -0.002** | -0.002* |
(0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
spending | 0.064** | 0.052** | 0.034** | 0.081* |
(0.029) | (0.024) | (0.014) | (0.044) | |
FPC | -0.055 | -0.007 | 0.038 | -0.072*** |
(0.057) | (0.038) | (0.031) | (-0.033) | |
cashincome | 0.003* | 0.004* | 0.006** | 0.003 |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.018) | |
forestland | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.004 |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.067) | |
arableland | -0.047** | -0.038** | -0.052** | -0.058** |
(0.022) | (0.015) | (0.024) | (0.028) | |
fixassets | -0.025 | -0.048 | -0.037 | -0.009 |
(-0.026) | (-0.078) | (-0.40) | (-0.031) | |
dis | -0.0005* | -0.002* | -0.003* | -0.058* |
(0.003) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.032) | |
time_dis | -0.011* | 0.014* | 0.086* | 0.246* |
(0.006) | (0.008) | (0.052) | (0.015) | |
altitude | -0.001** | -0.001** | -0.001** | 0.001** |
(<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
常数项 | -0.816*** | -0.352* | -0.694* | -1.967*** |
(0.216) | (0.183) | (0.402) | (0.614) | |
N | 496 | 147 | 174 | 175 |
R2 | 0.633 | 0.746 | 0.752 | 0.768 |
F | 49.356 | 68.582 | 44.790 | 46.437 |
[1] |
郭秀丽, 周立华, 陈勇 , 等. 2017. 典型沙漠化地区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响: 以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[J]. 生态学报, 37(20):6963-6972.
[
|
[2] |
何仁伟 . 2013. 典型山区农户生计空间差异与生计选择研究: 以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学.
[
|
[3] |
何仁伟 . 2018. 城乡融合与乡村振兴: 理论探讨、机理阐释与实现路径[J]. 地理研究, 37(11):2127-2140.
[
|
[4] |
何仁伟, 李光勤, 刘邵权 , 等. 2017. 可持续生计视角下中国农村贫困治理研究综述[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 27(11) : 69-85.
[
|
[5] |
何仁伟, 李光勤, 刘运伟 , 等. 2017. 基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析方法及应用研究: 以四川凉山彝族自治州为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 36(2):182-192.
[
|
[6] |
何仁伟, 刘邵权, 陈国阶 , 等. 2013. 中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向[J]. 地理科学进展, 32(4):657-670.
[
|
[7] |
何仁伟, 刘邵权, 刘运伟 , 等. 2014. 典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局: 以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[J]. 山地学报, 32(6):641-651.
[
|
[8] |
李立娜, 何仁伟, 李平 , 等. 2018. 典型山区农户生计脆弱性及其空间差异: 以四川凉山彝族自治州为例[J]. 山地学报, 36(5):134-147.
[
|
[9] |
李实, 杨修娜 . 2015. 我国农民工培训效果分析[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版), ( 6):35-47.
[
|
[10] |
李晓楠, 李锐, 罗邦用 . 2016. 农业技术培训和非农职业培训对农村居民收入的影响[J]. 数理统计与管理, 34(5):867-877.
[
|
[11] |
刘彦随 . 2018. 中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J]. 地理学报, 73(4):637-650.
[
|
[12] |
马文武, 刘虔 . 2019. 异质性收入视角下人力资本对农民减贫的作用效应研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 29(3):137-147.
[
|
[13] |
蒙吉军, 艾木入拉, 刘洋 , 等. 2013. 农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究: 以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 49(2):321-328.
[
|
[14] |
彭小辉, 史清华 . 2018. 中国农村人口结构变化及就业选择[J]. 长安大学学报(社会科学版), 20(2):89-98.
[
|
[15] |
涂丽 . 2018. 生计资本、生计指数与农户的生计策略: 基于CLDS家户数据的实证分析[J]. 农村经济, ( 8):76-83.
[
|
[16] |
王美英 . 2017. 凉山连片特困地区精准扶贫实践困境与破解对策: 基于凉山布拖县的调查分析[J]. 贵州民族研究, 38(5):56-61.
[
|
[17] |
韦惠兰, 祁应军 . 2016. 农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析: 以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 36(2):540-548.
[
|
[18] |
俞福丽, 蒋乃华 . 2015. 健康对农民种植业收入的影响研究: 基于中国健康与营养调查数据的实证研究[J]. 农业经济问题, ( 4):66-71.
[
|
[19] |
苑会娜 . 2009. 进城农民工的健康与收入: 来自北京市农民工调查的证据[J]. 管理世界, ( 5):56-66.
[
|
[20] |
赵文娟, 杨世龙, 王潇 . 2016. 基于Logistic 回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究: 以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J]. 资源科学, 38(1):136-143.
[
|
[21] |
郑长德 . 2008. 凉山彝族自治州少数民族人口变化研究[J]. 西北人口, 29(4):49-54.
[
|
[22] |
|
[23] |
|
[24] |
|
[25] |
DFID. 1999. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets[M]. London, UK: Department for International Development.
|
[26] |
|
[27] |
|
[28] |
|
[29] |
|
[30] |
|
[31] |
|
[32] |
|
[33] |
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |