A review of urbanization impact on nitrogen cycle
Online published: 2015-06-15
Copyright
Nitrogen (N) cycle has been poorly characterized in urban ecosystems. In China, urbanization is an important process that alters urban ecosystem and urban nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. Human activities have more than doubled the nitrogen inputs to urbanized areas, and the sources, magnitude, spatiotemporal patterns, and drivers of N fluxes have been mediated by human activities. The imbalance of nitrogen cycle has far exceeded the safe limits of urban sustainable development in some urban areas in China. The urbanized areas are facing a series of environmental problems induced by excessive emission and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Urban smog is becoming very serious in a large number of Chinese cities. However, owing to the limited knowledge on the role of humans in the N biogeochemical cycle and the complexity and uncertainty of urban ecosystems, ecological research of nitrogen emission, deposition, transformation, removal, and retention in urban areas is relatively weak. Thus, comprehensively quantifying changes of nitrogen cycle in urbanized areas and understanding the effects of human activities, such as urbanization and economic development, on the variations of reactive nitrogen fluxes, have been a crucial topic in urban ecological research. This article reviews the state-of-the-art research in this field on the basis of comparison and analysis of Chinese and international studies. The problems exist in current research were summarized and future areas of research aiming at a much improved understanding of the scope of the anthropogenic N problem are discussed. With serious nitrogen pollution and environmental effects in urban areas, it is essential to carry out a long-term study of nitrogen flux and nitrogen budget to investigate the problem of nitrogen imbalance. It is necessary to think beyond the control of pollutant emissions and approach the issue and solution from an urban planning perspective and conduct comprehensive studies to understand the variation of nitrogen input and output trends and driving mechanisms.
Key words: urban smog; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen budget; urban ecosystem; urbanization
GAO Qun , YU Cheng . A review of urbanization impact on nitrogen cycle[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015 , 34(6) : 726 -738 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.06.008
Fig.1 Nitrogen circle in urban ecosystem(Baker et al, 2001; Han et al, 2011)图1 城市生态系统氮循环过程(Baker et al, 2001; Han et al, 2011) |
Fig.2 Industrial Nr sources and circle(Gu et al, 2013)图2 工业氮源循环过程(谷保静等, 2013) |
Fig.3 The nitrogen flow model in food sources(Wei et al, 2008)图3 食物氮源流动模式(魏静等, 2008) |
Tab.1 Global studies that focus on nitrogen circle of urban scale since the 21st century表1 21世纪以来国内外城市尺度城市发展的氮循环影响研究工作 |
| 研究区域 | 研究内容 | 研究方法 | 文献来源 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 美国亚利桑那凤凰城(CAP) | 城市生态系统氮收支平衡 | 质量平衡法 | Baker et al, 2001 |
| 美国马里兰巴尔的摩市(LTER) | 城市流域生态系统氮通量和持留 | 质量平衡法 | Groffman et al, 2004 |
| 瑞典斯德哥尔摩市 | 基于模拟不同城市发展情景产生的氮负荷提出城市空间扩展方向 | 水文学模型模拟 | Jansson et al, 2007 |
| 法国巴黎市 | 氮流在城市食物消费中的流动情况 | 物质流分析 | Barles, 2007 |
| 加拿大多伦多市 | 氮流在城市食物消费中的流动情况 | 物质流分析 | Forkes, 2007 |
| 美国亚利桑那凤凰城(CAP) | 城市大气氮沉降空间格局特征 | 干湿沉降采样及统计分析 | Lohse et al, 2008 |
| 中国惠州市 | 与人类活动有关的氮流在环境系统和人类生产生活系统的状况 | 物质流分析 | Ma et al, 2008 |
| 中国贵阳市 | 城市大气氮沉降空间格局特征 | 氮稳定同位素分析 | 刘学炎等, 2009 |
| 中国大杭州区域(GHA) | 城乡复杂系统内氮循环状况 | 物质流分析 | Gu et al, 2009 |
| 中国南昌市 | 城市化对森林氮循环的影响 | 离子树脂采样及统计分析 | Chen et al, 2010 |
| 中国北京都市区 | 城市地区净人类活动氮累积研究 | 氮输入输出清单 | Han et al, 2011 |
| 中国大上海地区(GSA) | 城市化对城乡区域氮流动及其驱动力的影响 | 物质流分析 | Gu et al, 2012 |
| 美国佛罗里达彭萨科拉市 | 城市景观特征影响河口氮负荷 | 景观指数分析 | Yang, 2012 |
| 中国厦门市 | 城市发展过程中食物氮消费的变化 | 物质流分析 | 于洋等, 2012 |
| 中国北京市 | 城市化对土壤氮循环的影响 | 土壤理化性质分析 | 陈帅等, 2012 |
| 中国北京都市区 | 城市生态系统地表水氮污染和来源识别 | 氮稳定同位素分析 | Ren et al, 2014 |
| 中国北京都市区 | 大都市地区的快速增长与在食品生产消费体系中氮磷的流动变化关系 | 物质流分析 | Ma et al, 2014 |
| 巴西里约热内卢市 | 大城市发展对相邻地区生态系统氮循环的影响 | 降雨采样及统计分析 | De Souza et al, 2015 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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