The Effects of the Household Land Use Objects Change on the Gr ain and Ecology in China
Received date: 2008-02-01
Revised date: 2008-03-01
Online published: 2008-03-25
Land use has effects on grain and ecology security by changing the landscape and the intensification all over the world. How to keep a balance between meeting human needs and maintaining land diversity is the focus of scientists around the world. Great land use change has taken place in China, which will have great effects on the global grain and ecology security. Many researches about the land use change and the effects have been conducted, but few researchers analyzed the household land use objective change with the economic development in China. In this paper, the household land use objectives are divided into four phases and different phases have different effects on grain and ecology security in China. The four household types include subsis-tence land use phase, subsistence and profit optimization phase, profit maximization phase and landscape effect maximization phase. In the first phase, the household land use objective is to gain the family grain needs, but the technical margin yield is very low, so the household has to expand the cultivated land and change the grass and forest land into cropland. In the second phase, the household land use objective is to meet family grain needs and will make good use of other lands to make more profit. They will make good use of the land and improve the intensification. Many households are at this phase and produce high grain yield, which is the support of grain security in China. However, the intensification in land use has negative effects on ecology. At the third phase, the household land use goal is to make money, and farmers will configure the land, labor and the capital to pursue the highest profit. If the land size is too small, they will decrease the input, but the technical margin yield is high. At the last phase, the household has gone beyond seeking for the subsistence and the money, and they will use the land according to the landscape needs. They will decrease the production and input, which leads to the diversity of agricultural lands.
Key words： China; grain and ecology effects; household; land use
KONG Xiangbin,ZHANG Fengrong . The Effects of the Household Land Use Objects Change on the Gr ain and Ecology in China[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2008 , 27(2) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.02.015
[1] Abu Muhammad Shajaat Ali. Population pressure, environmental constraints and agricultural change in Bangladesh: examples from three agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 55, Issue 2, September 1995, Pages 95~109.
[2] Andrew Balmford, Aaron Bruner, Philip Cooper, Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature. Science, 2002, 297.
[3] Dana L. Jackson and Laura L. Jackson, Eds. Natural Habitat Reconnecting Food Systems with Ecosystems. Science, 2002, (298):15.
[4] David Tilman,Peter B. Reich, Johannes Knops,Diversity and Productivity in a Long- Term Grassland Experiment. Science ,2001, (294): 26.
[5] David, Schimel. Climate Change and Crop Yields: Beyond Cassandra. Science,2006, (312): 30.
[6] G Philip Robertson,Scott M,Swinton. Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture. Front Ecol Environ, 2005, 3(1): 38~46.
[7] Jonathan A. Foley, Ruth DeFries, Gregory P. Asner. Global Consequences of Land Use. Science, 2005, (309): 22.
[8] P Tittonella, B Vanlauwea, P A Leffelaarb, E C Roweb, and K E. Exploring diversity in soil fertility management of smallholder farms in western Kenya I. Heterogeneity at region and farm scale. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Volume 110, Issues 3 ~4, 1 November 2005, Pages 149~165.
[9] Paul R Ehrlich,Donald Kennedy. Millennium Assessment of Human Behavior. Science, 2005,(309):22.
[10] Peter Kareiva,Sean Watts, Robert McDonald,Tim Boucher. Domesticated Nature: Shaping Landscapes and Ecosystems for Human Welfare. Science,2007, (316):29.
[11] Peter M Vitousek, Harold A Mooney, Jane Lubchenco, Jerry M. Melillo. Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems. Science,1997, (25): 277.
[12] R E GREEN ETAL. The Future of Farming and Conservation. Science,2005, (27): 308.
[13] Stuart Rojstaczer, Shannon M Sterling, Nathan J Moore. Human Appropriation of Photosynthesis Products. Science, 2001, (21):294.
[14] Warren Gold, Kern Ewing, John Banks., Collaborative Ecological Restoration. Science, 2006, (30):312.
[15] 孔祥斌, 张凤荣, 齐伟. 基于农户利用目标的集约化农 区土地利用驱动机制分析- 以河北省曲周县为例. 地理 科学进展, 2004, 23( 3) .
[16] 孔祥斌, 张凤荣, 徐艳, 齐伟. 集约化农区近50 年耕 地数量变化驱动机制分析.自然资源学报,2004, 19( 1) .
[17] 孔祥斌, 刘玲玲. 不同类型农户农用地收益的确定方法 研究. 农用地分等定级估价理论·方法·实践.北京, 中国 地质出版社, 2004.
[18] 孔祥斌, 张凤荣, 齐伟. 集约化农区土地利用变化对水 资源的影响- 以河北省曲周县为例. 自然资源学报, 2004, 19( 6) .
[19] 孔祥斌, 张凤荣, 齐伟, 徐艳. 集约化农区土地利用变 化对土壤养分的影响. 地理学报, 2003, 58 ( 3) : 333~ 342.
[20] 孔祥斌, 张凤荣, 徐艳, 齐伟. 集约化农区耕地利用变 化及其驱动机制分析. 资源科学, 2003,25 ( 3) : 57~63.
[21] Fengrong Zhang,Xiying Hao, Ru Wang and Yan Xü, Xiangbin Kong.Changes in soil properties in southern Beijing Municipality following land reform. Soil & Tillage Research, 2004.
[22] Xiangbin Kong, Fengrong Zhang, Yan Xu.Influence of Land Use Change on Soil Nutrients in an Intensive Agricultural Region of North China – A Case Study. Soil & Tillage Research 88, 2006, 85~94.
[23] Arild, Angelsen. Agricultural expansion and deforestation: modelling the impact of population, market forces and property rights.Journal of Development Economics, 1999, 58:185~218.
[24] Angelsen A. Shifting Cultivation Expansion and Intensity of Production: The Open Economy Case, Working Paper WP 1994: 3. Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen.
[25] Angelsen, A. Shifting cultivation and 'deforestation'. A study from Indonesia. World Development 23, 1995, 1713~1729.
[26] Ellis F. Peasant Economics. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1988.
[27] Singh I, Squire L, Strauss J, Eds. Agricultural Household Models. Extensions, Applications and Policy. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1986.
[28] 宋乃平,张凤荣. 重新评价“以粮为纲”政策及其生态环 境影响. 经济地理, 2006, 26(4): 630~631.
[29] 张凤荣, 孔祥斌等. 都市何妨驻农田- 基本农田保护与 城市空间规划的一点设想. 中国土地, 2005, (6):13~14.
[30] Hong Yang, Xiubin Li. Cultivated land and food supply in China. Land Use Policy 17 , 2000, 73~88.
[31] 李秀彬. 土地利用变化的解释. 地理科学进展, 2002, 21 ( 3) : 198~201.
[32] 刘成武, 李秀彬. 1980 年以来中国农地利用变化的区域 差异. 地理学报,2006,61(2):140~142.
[33] 孔祥斌, 刘灵伟, 秦静, 苗宇新. 基于农户行为的耕地质 量评价指标体系构建的理论与方法. 地理科学进展, 2007, 26(4):76~77.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |