The modernization of agricultural production conditions is indispensable to the implement of agricultural modernization, which includes agricultural mechanization, agricultural irrigation, extensive use of chemical fertilizers and other farm chemicals, and agricultural electrization, etc. In this paper, based on the statistical information for the last 20 years, the progress and problems in agricultural production conditions during the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture in Shandong Province are analyzed. For example, the composition of agricultural mechanism was not rational, the construction standard of farmland irrigation works was low, and the proportion of chemical fertilizers was improper. To solve these problems, some measures are put forward: (a) Service system of agricultural mechanism must be improved, including agricultural mechanism socialization and marketability; (b) Farmland capital construction must attach most importance to water conservancy facilities and improve scientific technology in farmland water conservancy construction; (c) The consumption of phosphate must be increased, and pollution of the environment caused by the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides must be reduced; and (d) We must continue to put the strategy of scientific education in agriculture in practice and speed up the use and extension of new scientific knowledge and new techniques in agriculture.