Received date: 2005-08-01
Revised date: 2005-10-01
Online published: 2005-11-25
Ecological security is critical to sustainable development of human society in the 21st century, which has been paid great attention to by Chinese government since 2003. Firstly, introducing many different understandings on the concept of ecological security, this paper summarizes ecological security concept as follows: Ecological Security is an interdiscipline of natural sciences and social sciences. The concept of ecological security connotes (1) the health, integrity and sustainability of ecosystems and (2) the ecosystems services contributed to human welfare. Ecological security has the characteristics of globality， nonreversibility of ecological damage and chronicity of ecological recovery. Secondly, this paper reviews the research progress on ecological security and puts up a frame of ecological security that is the health, integrity and sustainability of ecosystems, the ecosystems services, and the analysis and assessment of ecological security. The main researches focus on the regional construction and management of ecological security. But the weak researches are on ecological security with globalization and climate change; especially, there is no generally recognized concept of ecological security now, and little new methods of analysis and assessment on ecological security are developed recently. Thirdly, 3 basic theories are concluded on ecological security developing in over 10 years: (1) Assessment of ecosystems health and environmental risk; (2) National interests in environmental /ecological security; and (3) Ecological right theory and legal practice. And several main research methods on ecological security are sum up too. Finally, the research proposal outline in the future is offered: a. to make and bound the concept of ecological security; b. to build the theory for ecological security subject; c. to develop the research methods; d. to build the assessment systems; and e. to make the decision-support model for the regional sustainable development.
Key words： ecological; environmental; review; security; sustainable development
CHEN Xing,ZHOU Chenghu . Review of the Studies on Ecological Security[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2005 , 24(6) : 8 -20 . DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2005.06.002
[1] Miranda A. Schreurs，Dennis Pirages．Ecological Security In Northeast Asia．Seoul, Korea：Yonsei University Press，1998.
[2] P J. Simmons．Introduction．Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP) Report1．
[3] P. J. Simmons．FOREWORD．Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP) Report3 / Report3a.pdf， http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=6620，1997.
[4] Patricia M. Mische．Assuring Ecological Security For The 21st Century -- How Can The UN's Role Be Strengthened? ．http://www.globaleduc.org/ecologic.htm
[5] Dennis Pirages．Ecological Security: Micro-Threats to Human Well-Being．Occasional Paper No.13，Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda，1996.
[6] Geoffrey D. Dabelko，David D. Dabelko．Environmental Security: Issues of Conflict and Redefinition． Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP) Report1． http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.publica tions&group _id=6483
[7] 曲格平． 关注生态安全之二：影响中国生态安全的苦干问题． 环境保护，2002（7）.
[8] 周 珂． 生态安全应纳入环境资源法学的调整对象． http://riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp?ID=626， 2002-12-24.
[9] 陈国阶． 论生态安全． 重庆环境科学，2002，24（3）.
[10] 曲格平． 关注生态安全之一：生态环境问题已经成为国家安全的热门话题． 环境保护， 2002（5）.
[11] 杨京平 主编． 生态安全的系统分析． 北京: 化学工业出版社, 环境科学与工程出版中心，2002．131~132，129.
[12] 肖笃宁，陈文波，郭福良． 论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容． 应用生态学报, 2002,13(3).
[13] Katrina S. Rogers．Ecological Security and Multinational Corporations． Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP) Report3 / Report3a.pdf， http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=6620，1997.
[14] 郭中伟． 建设国家生态安全预警系统与维护体系——面对严重的生态危机的对策． 科技导报，2001（1）.
[15] 肖笃宁， 冷疏影． 国家自然科学基金与中国的景观生态学． 中国科学基金，2001（6）.
[16] Malin Falkenmark．Human Livelihood Security Versus Ecological Security - An Ecohydrological Perspective．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，29~36.
[17] 李文华． 可持续发展的生态学思考． 中国生态学学会通讯，2000（1）（特刊）.
[18] 刘沛林． 从长江水灾看国家生态安全体系建设的重要性． 北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2000，37（2）.
[19] Carl Folke．Entering Adaptive Management And Resilience Into The Catchment Approach．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，37~41.
[20] David Molden．Balancing Human Livelihood Security and Ecological Security in a Catchment Based on Hydronomic Zones Approach．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，14~28.
[21] Geoffrey J. Matthews．Hydrosolidarity – How To Link To The Economic Development Perspective．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，42~51.
[22] A. Rajagopal．Balancing Upstream Agriculture Security With Downstream Aquaculture ‘Prosperity’ - Some Reflections From India．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，61~64.
[23] Antoine Sendama, Jacob Granit．A New Approach To The Joint Management Of River Basins In The Lake Victoria Basin．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，65~71.
[24] 王礼茂， 郎一环. 中国资源安全研究的进展及问题. 地理科学进展, 2002，21（4）.
[25] 朱一中, 夏 军, 谈 戈. 关于水资源承载力理论与方法的研究. 地理科学进展，2002，21（2）.
[26] Walter Reid．The state of the planet．NATURE，2002，417：112~113.
[27] 马克明，孔红海，关文彬，傅伯杰． 生态系统健康评价：方法与方向． 生态学报， 2001，21(12).
[28] Werner L. Kutsch, Wolf Steinborn, Mathias Herbst, Rainer Baumann, Jan Barkmann, Ludger Kappen．Environmental Indication: A Field Test of an Ecosystem Approach to Quantify Biological Self-Organization．Ecosystems，2001（4）：49~66.
[29] Schneider J, Kay J J．Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics．Math Comput Model．http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/u/jjkay/pubs/life_as/text.html，1994(19): 25~48.
[30] Schneider J, Kay J J．Complexity and thermodynamics:towards a new ecology．Future． http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/u/jjkay/pubs/futures/text.html，1994（24）：626~647.
[31] Ulanowicz R E．Ecosystem integrity: a causal necessity，In: Westra L, Lemons J, editors. Perspectives on ecological integrity．Dordrecht(NL): Kluwer，1995，77~87.
[32] Kay J J. A Non-equilibrium Thermodynamic Framework for Discussing Ecosystem Integrity．1991，15（4）：483~495.
[33] Kay J J，Regier, H Uncertainty, Complexity, And Ecological Integrity: Insights from an Ecosystem Approach．In：Crabbe P.，Holland A.，Ryszkowski L.，and Westra L., eds. Implementing Ecological Integrity: Restoring Regional and Global Environmental and Human Health．The Netherlands: Kluwer，2000.
[34] 於 琍， 曹明奎，李克让. 全球气候变化背景下生态系统的脆弱性评价. 地理科学进展, 2005，24（1）.
[35] 李 瑾，安树青，程小莉，王云静，卓元午，覃风飞．生态系统健康评价的研究进展． 植物生态学报，2001，25（6）：641~647.
[36] UNEP. Global Environment Outlook3. London: Earthscan Publication Ltd, 2002. 91.
[37] 陈向荣，吉前华，孔祥文． 基因工程植物的安全性问题． 生态科学，2003，22(1)：82~85.
[38] 金鉴明． 环境领域若干前沿问题的探讨． 自然杂志，2002，24（5）：249~253.
[39] 马丹炜，邝先慧，王跃华． 生物安全问题的社会生态风险分析． 西南民族大学学报. 人文社科版，2003，24(12).
[40] Robert Costanza, Ralph d’Arge, Rudolf de Groot, et al．The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital． Nature，1997，387（15 May）：253~260.
[41] Marten Scheffer, William Brock, Frances Westley．Socioeconomic Mechanisms Preventing Optimum Use of Ecosystem Services: An Interdisciplinary Theoretical Analysis．Ecosystems，2000（3）: 451~471.
[42] Robert Costanza．Social Goals and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services．Ecosystems，2000（3）：4~10.
[43] 傅伯杰， 刘世梁， 马克明． 生态系统综合评价的内容与方法． 生态学报，2001，21（11）.
[44] 何池全， 崔保山，赵志春． 吉林省典型湿地生态评价． 应用生态学报，2001，12（5）.
[45] 李文华, 欧阳志云, 赵景柱 主编． 生态系统服务功能研究． 北京:气象出版社, 2002,1~27.
[46] 欧阳志云，李文华． 生态系统服务功能内涵与研究进展． 北京：气象出版社，2002．
[47] 王长征，刘 毅. 经济与环境协调研究进展. 地理科学进展，2002，21（1）.
[48] 关文彬，谢春华，马克明，牛健植，赵玉涛，汪西林． 景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途径． 生态学报，2003，23（1）.
[49] Kenneth H. Keller．Unpackaging The Environment．Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP) Report3 / Report3a.pdf， http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=6620
[50] 中东的水资源危机． http://www.cbe21.com/subject/geography/html/07010101/20012/200122_4.html
[51] 杜万平． 论我国生态安全的刑法保护．http://riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp?ID=797， 2003,5,28.
[52] 郭沛源． 警惕国际贸易危及生态安全． 环境保护，2003,2.
[53] 王权典． 我国生态安全应对入世挑战的法律思考． http://riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp?ID=485，2002.11.27
[54] Nancy Lee Peluso，Michael Watts (Eds.) ．Violent Environments．Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press，2001
[55] 王权典， 周 珂． 国家环境安全及其法律保护比较研究． 环境保护，2003（2）.
[56] 蔡先凤． 试论国际生态安全法的发展和实施现状． 安徽理工大学学报（社会科学版），2003，15(3).
[57] Malin Falkenmark．Human Security Versus Ecological Security-Compatible Or Non-Compatible Goals?．Proceedings, SIWI Seminar, Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment–Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity．Stockholm，Sweden：Stockholm International Water Institute，2002，6~13，11.
[58] 王朝科． 建立生态安全评价指标体系的几个理论问题． 统计研究，2003，（9）：17~20.
[59] 宋冬梅, 肖笃宁, 申元村. 我国沿海地区生态城市建设评价. 地理科学进展, 2004, 23（4）.
[60] 左 伟, 周慧珍, 王 桥． 区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究． 土壤,2003（1）.
[61] 左 伟， 王 桥， 王文杰， 刘建军，杨一鹏． 区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究． 地理学与国土研究，2002，18（1）.
[62] FAO Proceedings．Land Quality Indicators and their Use in Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development．Proceedings of the Workshop organized by the Land and water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department，1997，2~5，106.
[63] Schaeffer D J，D K Cox． Establishing ecosystem threshold criteria, In: Costanza R., B.G.Norton & B.D.Haskell Eds. Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management．Washinton, D.C.: Island Press，1992．157~169.
[64] 陈 浩， 周金星， 陆中臣， 尤联元， 卢金发． 荒漠化地区生态安全评价—以首都圈怀来县为例． 水土保持学报, 2003,17（1）：58.
[65] 焦学军． 生态安全的监测与评价． 防护林科技，2003，（4）.
[66] 王韩民． 生态安全系统评价与预警研究． 环境保护，2003，（11）：31.
[67] Peter C. Schulze, Robert A. Frosch．Overview: Measures of Environmental Performance and Ecosystem Condition．Washington, DC: National Academy Press，1999.
[68] 王根绪，程国栋，钱 鞠． 生态安全评价研究中的若干问题． 应用生态学报，2003,14（9）：1551~1556.
[69] Norton S B, Rodier D J, Gentile J H. et al．A framework for ecological risk assessment at the EPA．Environ Toxic Chemi，1992, （11）：1663~1672.
[70] 俞孔坚． 生物保护的景观生态安全格局． 生态学报,1999,19（1）.
[71] 角媛梅, 肖笃宁． 绿洲景观空间邻接特征与生态安全分析． 应用生态学报, 2004, 15（1）.
[72] 臧淑英，倪宏伟, 李艳红. 资源型城市土地利用变化与湿地生态安全响应——以黑龙江省大庆市为例． 地理科学进展,2004,23（5）.
[73] 刘胤汉，管海晏，李厚地等． 西北五省（区）生态环境综合分区及其建设对策． 地理科学进展，2002，21（5）.
[74] 李素美． 生态安全的经济评价方法及总体思路． 山西林业科技，2003，（2）.
[75] 曹 伟． 生态足迹分析方法与城市生态安全． 规划师，2003，19(1) .
[76] 熊德国, 鲜学福, 姜永东． 生态足迹理论在区域可持续发展评价中的应用及改进． 地理科学进展, 2003，（22）6.
[77] 罗贞礼． 土地利用生态安全评价指标的系统聚类分析． 湖南地质，2002，21(4).
[78] 崔保山，杨志峰． 湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系1． 理论生态学报，2002，22（7）.
[79] 郭华东，徐冠华． 星载雷达应用研究． 北京：中国科学技术出版社，1995.
[80] 陈述彭，陈 星． 地球信息科学的理解与实践． 地球信息科学，2004，6（1）
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |