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  • Original Articles
    Synthetical Reconstruction of the Precipitation Series of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Holocene
    HOU Guangliang, E Chongyi, XIAO Jingyi
    2012, 31(9): 1117-1123. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.001
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    The precipitation change over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Holocene is of great importance to the study of global change in the past. There is a lack of practical and effective methods to reconstruct precipitation in a large-scale region in the previous studies on global change, and in order to solve this problem, this study takes the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the research area and combines the method of partitioned space simulation of ancient precipitation and multi-area weighted method for the purpose of reconstructing the precipitation series of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Holocene. As the vegetation variation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can well reflect the precipitation change, this study mainly takes pollen as the circumstantial evidence, selects ten pollen reconstructed precipitation series of sampling points on the plateau, acquires 716 signaled quantitative precipitation records and reconstructs the precipitation series of the plateau in Holocene. With the help of GIS analysis, based on the geographical simulation of spatial distribution of modern plateau precipitation, and integrated with the ancient precipitation records, this paper quantitatively reconstructed the 200-resolution precipitation series of the plateau during the Holocene. The results indicated that during the Holocene the precipitation went up rapidly, reaching a peak of 500 mm at 9 ka BP, 170 mm more than that in modern times. The period 9-5.6 ka BP was a moist period with the total precipitation 80 mm more than that at present. However it showed a downward trend. Since 5.6 ka BP the precipitation went down compared with the present time with small fluctuation. Synthetic series are comparable to the other records in a high or low resolution, which means synthetic series are representative and accurate.
  • Original Articles
    A Study on Characteristics and Sediment Rating Curves of Floods in the Inner Mongolian Reach of the Yellow River
    SHI Changxing, SHAO Wenwei, FAN Xiaoli, ZHOU Yuanyuan, HE Li
    2012, 31(9): 1124-1132. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.002
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    In the series of annual runoff and sediment load recorded at Toudaoguai station in the period of 1950-2009, three abrupt changes in the years 1969, 1986 and 1996 were identified. According to the three abrupt changes, the hydrological series in the Inner Mongolian reach were divided into four periods. Summer flood peaks were identified from the series of daily water discharge and sediment concentration recorded at six hydrological stations along the Inner Mongolian reach, and statistical analysis was carried out on the frequency distribution of water discharge and sediment load as well as the sediment rating curves of the flood peaks. It was revealed that the water discharge and sediment load of the flood peaks decreased gradually from the earlier to the later periods, with both their percentages in the annual total and the water discharge corresponding to the peaks of product of the water discharge frequency and sediment load being reduced by about two times from the period 1954-1968 to 1996-2006. These changes could be attributed to the flow regulation by large dams and to the flow reduction by climate change, water diversion in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolian reach and other human interferences. It was found that changes in water and sediment input before the 1990s only altered the relation between water discharge and sediment load coarser than 0.005 mm at the entrance of the Inner Mongolian reach, with a tendency of coarser sediment being entrained by the larger flows. In the Inner Mongolian reach, no tendency was identified in the changes of relation of water discharge and sediment load due to the adjustment of sediment scour and deposition before the 1990s. As a result of the great variations of water and sediment inputs in recent years, although there was not an observable change in the sediment transport regime, the sediment rating curves of either the total load or the load of each particle size group became steep, showing an increasing tendency of sediment transport capacity of the larger flows.
  • Original Articles
    Study on the Variations of Lake Area & Volume and Their Effect on the Occurrence of Outburst of MUDUI Glacier Lake in Southeastern Tibet
    YANG Ruimin, ZHU Liping,WANG Yongjie, CHU Duo
    2012, 31(9): 1133-1140. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.003
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    Glacial lake outburst is one of the main hazards on the Tibetan Plateau. It is very important to understand the detailed information of variations and reasons of glacial lake area & volume for evaluating the possibility of glacial lake outburst and its damage degree. Midui Glacial Lake is a typical moraine-dammed lake, which had an outburst on July 15th in 1988. In this study the authors extract this lake areas in different stages from the topographic map (1:5000) taken in 1980 and TM images in 1988, IKONOS in 2001, ALOS in 2001/2007/2009/ 2010. The lake volumes in different stages are calculated by using the lake areas and the bathymetric survey results. Meanwhile, the authors monitor the relative lake water level changes by using automatic water gauges. Results show that the area and water volume of Midui glacial lake were 64×104 m2 and 699×104 m3, respectively before its outburst on June 15th in 1988. There was a water loss of 601.83×104 m3 due to this outburst and the relative lake level decreased by 17.18 m. However, the out flow bed was still higher than the lake bottom so that there were still 97.17×104 m3 water volume in the lake after the outburst. In recent years, the lake area and volume have been continually increasing due to the increase of glacial melting water caused by climate warming. There is a less possibility of lake outburst according to present increasing rate of the lake area & volume. However, if the outflow of the lake is blocked or a large amount of external materials (glacier breakdown, landslide) were filled into the lake, the lake level will rise sharply and a new outburst will occur.
  • Original Articles
    Holocene Palaeofloods Recorded in the East Xunyang Reach in the Upper Hanjiang River
    WANG Longsheng, HUANG Chunchang, PANG Jiangli, ZHA Xiaochun, ZHOU Yali, LI Xiaogang, ZHANG Yuzhu
    2012, 31(9): 1141-1148. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.004
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    Integrative studies of palaeoflood hydrology were carried out in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River. Two sets of palaeoflood slackwater deposits were found in the east Xunyang reach. The very typical flood slackwater deposits were identified in the slope clastic deposit profile. The NGK site in the bedrock gorges was chosen for palaeo-hydrology study. On the basis of field survey, sediment samples were taken for analyzing grain size distribution and magnetic susceptibility. The results of field observation and grain-size and magnetic susceptibility indicate that these slackwater deposits are very typical and that they have been deposited by suspended sediment load in the floodwater of the Hanjiang River. Stratigraphic correlation with ETC profile of Jinghe River basin and JJTZ profile downstream of the NGK site shows that the palaeoflood events occurred at 9000-8500 a BP and 3200-2800 a BP respectively. The flood peak discharges were reconstructed to be 45630-50220 m3/s. Reconstruction of modern flood (2010.07.18) and comparison with the gauged discharge proved the hydrological method used and its results were reliable. And the relationship between drainage area and flood peak discharge illustrated that the reconstructed discharges were reasonable. A relationship between peak discharge and occurrence frequency at 10000-year time-scale was established. This result is very important for flood design in the hydraulic engineering, soil and water conservation and flood control, and for understanding the response of fluvial systems to global climate change.
  • Original Articles
    Variability of Precipitation in the Yongjiang River Basin during 1956-2010
    CHEN Ruizhi, SANG Yanfang, WANG Zhonggen, LI Zongli
    2012, 31(9): 1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.005
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    Global climate change enhances the uneven distribution of water resources in many basins and regions, and it further causes the hydrological extreme events (e.g., floods, drought) occurring concurrently, and more unexpectedly and frequently. In this paper, the Yongjiang River Basin is chosen as the study area, and the daily precipitation data measured during the period 1956-2010 were analyzed by the precipitation concentration degree and the Mann-Kendall (MK) test methods, aiming to investigate the precipitation variability in this region. The results show the obvious inter-annual variations of precipitation were observed in the Yongjiang River Basin. After the 1980s, a significant downward trend of the PCD value of precipitation was detected by the MK test, which was mainly attributed to the decreasing proportion of the flood season precipitation in the annual precipitation, especially in May; while the proportion of precipitation in the nonflood season increases, especially in January. The storms with a rainfall of 50-100 mm/day shows an upward trend. In summary, an attenuation action of flood is detected in the Yongjiang River Basin, which is favorable for the water resources development and use in this region.
  • Original Articles
    Inhomogeneity Characteristics of Intra-annual Precipitation on the Loess Plateau During 1959-2008
    LIU Xianfeng, REN Zhiyuan, ZHANG Chong, LIN Zhihui
    2012, 31(9): 1157-1163. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.006
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    This article aims to analyze the inhomogeneity characteristics of inter-annual precipitation on the Loess Plateau, and to provide reference for local vegetation construction and ecological recovery, rational use of water resources, and the prevention and control of soil and water loss. Precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP) were used to analyze the inhomogeneity characteristics of inter-annual precipitation and its trend in recent 50 years based on 51 meteorological stations of the Loess Plateau from 1959 to 2008, and EOF, correlation analysis and trend analysis were also employed. The results are shown as follows. (1) The annual precipitation of the Loess Plateau is between 50-850 mm, with a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. (2) The PCD of the Loess Plateau region is between 0.53 and 0.75, which gradually increased from the southeast to the northwest, while the PCP is mainly observed in the mid- and late July. (3) In spatial distribution, PCD mainly manifests a north-south reverse pattern with a decreasing trend, while PCP consists of two main centers (east-west reverse and southwest and east-other areas reverse). (4) In terms of changing trend, the average trend coefficient of PCD on the Loess Plateau is 0.005, while that of PCP is -0.21. The regions with obviously increased PCD are mainly distributed in Ningxia and the Mount Wutai in Shanxi, and the areas with obviously decreased PCD include Yangquan of Shanxi and Menyuan of Qinghai, while PCP shows a decreasing trend in most parts of the Loess Plateau. (5) PCD shows a positive correlation with annual precipitation, most of which has passed the significant level 0.05, while PCP has a slight correlation with precipitation, the places that has passed the significant level 0.05 are only distributed in Xingxian of Shanxi, Luochuan of Shaanxi and Guyuan of Ningxia.
  • Original Articles
    Spatio-temporal Distribution of Precipitation in Poyang Lake Basin Based on TRMM Data and Precision Evaluation
    LI Xianghu, ZHANG Qi, SHAO Min
    2012, 31(9): 1164-1170. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.007
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    Based on the precipitation data of Poyang lake basin based on TRMM (tropical rainfall measuring mission) satellite 3B42 V6 during 1998-2007, this paper studies the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation. And the precisions of TRMM data are evaluated for different sub-basins, rainfall intensities and seasons through the observation rainfall data obtained from 40 weather stations, which fills in a gap in the previous studies. The results show that the heavy rain events generally occur in the northern part of Poyang lake basin (Xiushui and Raohe sub-basins) based on TRMM and observation data, which can cause signal attenuation of radar and make a large error for TRMM. The class of 10~50 mm makes the greatest contribution to the total rainfall, accounting for about 60%. The temporal distribution of precipitation in the lake basin shows that there is a dry spell from January to mid-March and a wet spell from late March to September, and another dry spell is observed after September. The spatial distribution presents that more rainfall is observed in the eastern and western parts of the basin than in the central parts. It is also found that the rainfall is 300~400 mm less than observed data in the mountainous areas of southern Jiangxi province, which may be affected by elevation and gradient of landform. So, there is a limitation for TRMM to measure the heavy rain events and the rainfall in mountainous areas.
  • Original Articles
    Measurements of Soil Condensation Water on Different Types of Underlying Surfaces in Extreme Arid Region
    GUO Bin, LI Weihong, HAO Xingming, LI Baofu, CAO Zhichao
    2012, 31(9): 1171-1179. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.008
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    Condensation water is an important water source in arid ecosystems. To understand the characteristics of soil condensation water during growing season in extreme arid regions, micro-lysimeters and neutron probe were used to measure the amounts and duration of soil condensation water on different types of underlying surfaces (Populus euphratica forest, Tamarix bushes and bare land) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The results showed that the maximum total soil condensation amount occurred on the surface of bare land. The minimum total soil condensation amount was accumulated on the underlying surface of Populus euphratica forest. Soil condensation amounts of the connected treatment were significantly larger than those of the unconnected treatment (t<0.01). The average daily soil condensation amount varied with types of underlying surfaces with the maximum condensation amount occurred on the underlying surface of Tamarix bushes, while the minimum condensation amount was created on the underlying surface of Populus euphratica forest. ANOVA analysis results indicated that the average daily soil condensation amounts on different types of underlying surfaces were significantly different (P<0.01). Diurnal dynamics trend of soil condensation amounts on different types of underlying surfaces showed a clear double-peak curve. Soil condensation water began at 22:00 and ended at 09:00 the next morning. The formation of soil condensation water was mainly affected by atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, soil surface temperature, wind speed and types of underlying surfaces. The results may assist in the calculation of rational ecological water demand and provide scientific supports for ecological restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.
  • Original Articles
    Characteristics of Drought Disasters and Climate in Ordos Plateau during the Qing Dynasty
    XI Xiumei, ZHAO Jingbo
    2012, 31(9): 1180-1185. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.009
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    Based on materials collection and analysis, this paper studies grades, frequency and periodicity of the drought disasters and characteristics of the climate in Ordos Plateau region during the Qing Dynasty. The results show that the drought frequency is relatively high in this region during the Qing Dynasty (averaged 0.34 times/ year, and most were mild and moderate drought events. This paper divides the Qing Dynasty into several phases according to the drought frequency in this region. The phases of frequent drought occurrences include 1701-1780, 1821-1845 and 1876-1911. The phases of seldom droughts occurrence includes 1644-1700, 1781-1820 and 1846-1875. About 90% of the drought disaster events were observed in spring and summer or from spring into summer. In different time scales, the cycles of drought disaster occurrences are respectively 7a, 23a, 29a and 54 a. Each grade of droughts has a short quasi-cycle of 5a and the extreme droughts of first principal cycle are 17a. The occurrence of the droughts had two main reasons. One was dry and windy regional climate environment, and the other was human agricultural activities leading to vegetation damage and land desertification. This paper infers that the annual rainfall is 200~250 mm, and that the annual evaporation is 2400~2600 mm in extreme and severe drought years. The Qing dynasty climate in this region can be divided into six stages which are 1644-1700, 1701-1780, 1781-1820, 1821-1845, 1846-1875 and 1876-1911, respectively, and the corresponding annual rainfall is much, little, much, little, much and little, respectively, while the characteristics of evaporation and sandstorm weathers are little, much, little, much, little and much, respectively. What's more, this paper infers that 1762-1766, 1875-1878, 1899-1902 are three dry phases. During the three phases, the annual rainfall was about 230 mm, and the evaporation was about 2500 mm, with frequent windy dust weather and drying trend in the Ordos Plateau region.
  • Original Articles
    Advancements of the Metrics of Evapotranspiration
    SONG Lulu, YIN Yunhe, WU Shaohong
    2012, 31(9): 1186-1195. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.010
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    Evapotranspiration (ET) is very important for water cycle, and is determinant for the estimation of water and heat transfer in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC). Quantitative estimation of ET is the base of appraising terrestrial NPP, water conservation valuation, regional water consumption, soil water transport and crop production. It is important for studies on global climate change. More and more ET models and associated measurements are being reported in the literature and used to develop, calibrate and test important ET process models. The ET data can be derived from a range of measurement systems including lysimeters, eddy covariance, Bowen ratio and sap flow. In addition, the satellite-based remote sensing and direct models (e.g. radiation- based models and combination models) can also been important methods to evaluate the ET. This paper distinguished the methods of ET evaluation into ET measuring and ET modeling, with outline of different types of ET models and ET measurements involving principles, merits and disadvantages. Key issues and development direction in ET were evaluated to provide a guide to evaluate accurately ET for other researches.
  • Original Articles
    Gridding Reconstruction of Cropland Spatial Patterns in Southwest China in the Qing Dynasty
    LI Shicheng, HE Fanneng, CHEN Yisong
    2012, 31(9): 1196-1203. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.011
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    On the basis of modern cropland spatial pattern, we designed a method to quantify the relationship among topography (including altitude and slope), production potential of climate (including light, temperature and water), population density and cropland spatial pattern. Then the method was used to reconstruct cropland spatial pattern with a resolution of 10 km by 10 km in Southwest China for 6 periods between 1661 and 1784 in the Qing Dynasty. The results are shown as follows. (1) As a whole, the changes of cropland spatial pattern in Southwest China can be described in two respects. One is the expansion of cultivated area, which are mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The grid cells with small cropland fractions (0~10%) decreased by 24.0% during the past 250 years. The other is enhancement of cultivation intensity, which are obvious in the Sichuan Basin and the central-eastern parts of Yunnan Province. The grid cells whose cropland fractions are relatively large (>30%) increased by 10.3% during the past 250 years. (2) The process of cropland change in Southwest China in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into three periods. The cultivation recovery period (1661-1724)--the grid cells whose cropland fractions are small (0~10%) decreased by 11.4%; the slow cultivation expansion period (1724-1820)-the grid cells whose cropland fractions are small (0~10%) decreased by 7% while the grid cells with relatively large cropland fractions (>30%) increased by 7%. The postwar abandonment of cropland in some parts of the study area and recovery period (1820-1911)-the grid cells whose cropland fractions are small (0~10%) decreased from 75.0% to 72.2% while the grid cells whose cropland fractions are relatively large (>30%) increased from 9.1% to 10.9%. The results of correlation analysis indicate that the reconstruction is reasonable to some degree.
  • Original Articles
    Spatial Structure Evolution of Urban Land Use in Shenyang during 1910-2010
    SUN Yan, LIU Zhiqiang, WANG Qiubing, LIU Hongbin
    2012, 31(9): 1204-1211. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.012
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    In research of spatial structure evolution of land use of Shenyang in recent century, this paper used the multi-temporal and multi-source historical data, with the special historical period divided into 5 stages of research from 1910 to 2010. With the support of the single land use type dynamic degree, land use type transfer matrix and the method of spatial, we analyzed various city land use type, structure, mutual transfer and distribution characteristics of Shenyang in the past century. The results showed that: living land increased by 118.81 km2, industrial and commercial land increased by 148.21 km2, transportation land increased by 130.97 km2, presenting an increasing trend, while utilities land, green spaces and other land use generally went up slowly. In different periods land use structure was obviously different, and residential land had been dominant, accounting for an average of 32.36%, which declined in proportion after the founding of New China, but the industrial and commercial land use increased by 25.17% on average. In addition, conversion of each land use type was divided into three parts: transfer, transferred and constant, among which, non-construction land shifted to various land types accounted for the largest proportion, and constant part of the same land use has the greatest proportion, while the quantity transferred to the residential land and transportation land was the greatest. With the time went, the ratio of residential land was gradually reduced in the central area of the city, and in the sub-center the ratio increased first and then decreased. The proportion of industrial and commercial land increased gradually from central to marginal area, and the proportion was the highest in the marginal area. Public utilities land was outwardly gradually decayed, and in the center of the city public utilities accounted for a larger proportion. It is concluded that land use spatial structure in Shenyang presented a circular pattern from the inside to the outside.
  • Original Articles
    Study on Land Use/Cover Changes and Soil Salinization in Dry Areas: A Case Study of Shaya County in Xinjiang
    SUN Qian, TASHPOLAT·Tiyip, DING Jianli, ZHANG Fei, MAMAT·Sawut, HAN Guihong
    2012, 31(9): 1212-1223. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.013
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    This study, taking the typical oasis of Shaya, Xinjiang as an example, used three temporal images combined with field surveys. With the application of remote sensing, GIS and GPS, this paper investigates the distribution and changes of the slight-moderate and heavy saline land, and examines the relationship between the slight-moderate saline land, heavy saline land and other types of landscapes. Combining with the water-salt dynamics in the study area during the last 20 years, it analyzed the distribution of the saline soil moisture content, pH value, degree of mineralization and the chemical composition, and conducted a study on land use/cover changes and salinization effects in the dry area. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) From 1989 to 2009, various types of land use/cover changes significantly affected the study area and there was frequent conversion of one type into another, with comprehensive land use degree being 0.476% in the study area. Between the former nine years and the latter eleven years, the rate of deterioration of slight-moderate and heavy saline land showed a decreasing trend after the first increase. Although the salinization was mitigated, it was still unable to reverse the gradual salinization in the study area and the heavy saline land continued to increase. (2) The soil in the study area was alkaline, and the major soluble ions were Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42-. It is reported that soil alkalization was caused mainly by NaCl, followed by MgCl2 and Na2SO4. The soil moisture content at a 0~ 10 cm depth was low, while that at depths of 10~30 cm and 30~50 cm was higher. Although soil moisture content of the sampling points at differtent depths were different, but the trends were similar. Different depths of soil and types of saline soil also had a large difference, and the most surface soil salinity was different between different depths. (3) During the 20 years, the area conversion of farmland to slight-moderate and heavy saline land accounted for 3.484% and 0.418%, respectively. The transformation between water body, desert, others (gobi, sand and clay, etc.) and saline land (slight-moderate and heavy saline land) was very weak. The conversion of slight-moderate and heavy saline land to each other was frequent.
  • Original Articles
    Land Use Change Simulations in Loess Hilly Areas Based on CLUE-S Model: A Case Study in Xianyang Loess Tableland Areas of Shaanxi Province
    TIAN Yichao, REN Zhiyuan
    2012, 31(9): 1224-1234. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.014
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    Based on the remote sensing image interpretation in 2000, and combined with hydrology and water resources data, this paper evaluates optimal allocation of the soil and water resources in quantity and spatial configuration. On this basis, it simulates the land use change scenarios in Xianyang loess hilly areas through the application of binary logistic regression, CLUE-S model and SPSS 19.0 statistical analysis software. The results are shown as follows. (1) From the quantity results of optimal allocation of land and water, it is indicated that arable land, grassland, water area and unused land are decreasing, while the woodland and construction land areas are showing an increasing trend. (2) From the point of view of ecology, the results of optimal allocation of the soil and water resources in the loess hilly areas can reflect ecological value and economic benefits of land ecosystem. It is estimated that the ecological benefits would increase from 153.13 million yuan in 2000 to 154.45 million in 2020, and the land economic benefits would rise from 6.84901 billion to 7.19021 billion yuan in the 20 years. (3) From the results of spatial optimal allocation of water and land resources in the past 10 years and the next 10 years, we can come to a conclusion that the construction land has increased dramatically, and the increased area is mainly concentrated in the surrounding areas of original construction land. The areas with most significant construction land changes are mainly concentrated in the Qindu District of Xianyang city and Sanyuan county.
  • Original Articles
    Research on the Driving Factor Measurement of the Construction Land Expansion in Chizhou City, Anhui Province: Based on the STIRPAT Model
    ZHANG Leqin, CHEN Suping, WANG Wenqin, XU Xinwang
    2012, 31(9): 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.09.015
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    In this study, we analyzed the construction land expansion and measured the driving factors by using the spatial analysis model and STIRPAT model, as well as the methods of the literature analysis, comparative analysis and mathematical analysis of the partial least squares regression. The results are shown as follows. (1) The average annual expansion rate for the construction land of Chizhou City was 3.36% from 2000 to 2010, 1.70% from 2000 to 2005 and 4.62% from 2006 to 2010. (2) The marginal elastic coefficient of population, per capita GDP, secondary industry contribution, social fixed asset investment, per capita greenery area, urbanization, and the ratio of off-farm population corresponding to the expansion of construction land were 0.1835, 0.0779, 0.1320, 0.5821, 0.3419, 0.1939, and 0.0415 respectively. Some concrete measures have been taken to slow down the expansion of construction land, including the implementation of land use planning, intensification of land use regionalization, restriction of the land used for real estate and industrial construction, formulation of the development strategy, optimization of the economic structure, regulation of the land used for the landscape and urbanization level, and strengthening of the government supervision. This research can help provide a scientific basis to establish the land use planning and management strategy for the Chizhou municipal government. Moreover, it can provide a reference for the research on the driving factors of prefecture-level urban land use.