This paper probe into and study on the theoretic basis of ecosystem monitoring, evaluation and adjustment along the border of Yunnan Province, using the theory of Global Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The key points are whether ecosystem can be effectively monitored and adjusted, which features can be identified and monitored by 3S technologies, and in what spatial and temporal dimension they can be monitored and adjusted. Secondly, the method and key technology, including the setup of method & technology system, building of index system, multi-dimension effect and dimension transformation, mathematic model building, and controlling & adjustment mode and decision making, etc., were researched. Thirdly, in case study section, the background database was built, and then large, medium and small dimension sample areas were used in current situation assessment for the whole region, impact assessment for major riverbed, typical road sector and key ports, and forecasting for the border region, respectively. At last, comprehensive controlling and adjustment mode and scheme were made up, and the research results was displayed in dynamically and virtually. From these research activities we got some conclusions, i.e., at first, the study on the theory, method and technology of 3S based ecosystem monitoring, assessment and adjustment, is an important contribution to ecological-environment issues along mainland border of China; secondly, trans-boundary ecological-environment is an item which can be monitored, evaluated and adjusted using 3S technologies which are the most suitable ones extending and strengthening human being’s ability of perception and procession to the nature. Fourthly, what we had done in this field is the beginning for our group, further work will be done deeply and widely.
The heart of sustainability study is measurement, and the ecological footprint (EF) model gradually becomes an important way to measure sustainability. Since it adopts a common standard, the study results of EF model could be comparable and easily understood. The EF analysis is designed to calculate the demand of a given population on nature by a common unit, namely bio-productive area, and its goal is to estimate the sustainable state by studying whether the demand exceeds the available supply. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of its application in China and abroad systematically. EF model has now been applied to measure the sustainability of many nations, cities and regions as well as for globe itself. And its applied field has been extended to land demand forecast, tourism sustainability measurement, environment impact assessment and so on. With the development of application, the EF method has been gradually modified and upgraded. To get integrated trade information, some studies took input and output calculation instead of original calculation method. The system of local productivity parameter is applied to show the regional characteristic. The bio-productive area types have been reclassified to consider greenhouse gases other than CO2 and emission sources other than energy use. The goal of long time-series research is to overcome static weakness. With other sustainable development indices, it could be easily to make available policies. At last, the paper gives a prospect on the development of EF models’ application. The index system should be modified to present the characteristic of study object. We must enhance the EF’s forecast ability and boost up the development of application in environmental, social and economic fields in China.
Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD) is an endemic osteoarthropathy distributed from North-east to South-west of China. Most disease areas are located in temperate zone and warm temperate zone with forest brown soil and cinnamon forest soil. Tibet is one of the serious and active areas of KBD now. It mainly distributes in mountain and canyon areas located in wetness and half wetness areas of plateau temperate zone. The cultivated soils are mountain brown soil, mountain cinnamon soil, mountain grey cinnamon soil and plateau shrubby steppe soil. This paper studies the relationship between the KBD distribution and the cultivated cinnamon soil and cultivated grey cinnamon soil distributions through comparison analysis of areas of different subgroups of cinnamon soil and grey cinnamon forest soil in KBD affected counties and non-KBD affected counties. The results show that: mountain cultivated Semi-Luvisols, cinnamon and grey cinnamon soils are main soil types in KBD affected area in Tibet. 89.4% of cultivated cinnamon and 97.4% of cultivated grey cinnamon soils are distributed in KBD counties. For similar cultivated Semi-Luvisols’ environment, KBD tends to distribute in South slopes of Nyainqentanglha Mountain, North bank of Brahmaputra River. While most areas in North slopes of Himalayan Mountain are KBD areas, South bank of Brahmaputra River are non-KBD areas. It indicates that the area affected by KBD is probably related with the lithology and substance’s source of soil mother materials. Further more, the severity of soil and water loss was a likely important factor impacting on KBD distribution in Tibet. Soil loss and erosion is mostly concentrated on KBD affected area, and non-KBD affected counties tend to distribute in areas with flat topography and weak soil loss and erosion. It is important to probe the relationship of KBD distribution and prevalence with the territorial differentiation of soil in typical KBD affected areas and the degree of soil loss and erosion in Tibet.
Nitrogen mineralization is one of the most important processes in the nitrogen cycling. The soil net nitrogen mineralization in an Aneulolepidium Chinensis grassland was studied using the resin-core technique from July 20 to August 26, 2004. Influences caused by different length of incubation intervals and the experimental disturbance to soil nitrogen transformation processes were also discussed in the paper. The Aneulolepidium Chinensis grassland locates in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that the accumulated amount of net nitrogen mineralization was 4.44 KgN.ha-1 during the study period; average daily rate was 0.12 KgN.ha-1.d-1. The length of incubation intervals brings significant impact on net N mineralization measurement. After 37 day continued incubation, the amount of net nitrogen mineralization was 14.07 KgN.ha-1; the measurement was influenced greatly by the root decomposition. The net N mineraliazation rate correlated with soil moisture (R=0.67, P=0.22). Resin-core incubation technique causes little disturbance to the grassland soil and is a good method to study the net N mineralization of the temperate grassland in field.
Today, mining has become an important means of social production and economic development. But mining also results in a series of eco-environmental problems, leading to ecological degradation and environmental pollution in mining area and restricting regional sustainable development. In the paper, the eco-environmental effects are systematical analyzed. And based on successful experiences of land reclamation in typical mining areas, land reclamation technologies are summarized, including technology of integrating operation of mining and land reclamation, technology of reutilization of mining castoff, technology of air pollution prevention, technology of transfiguration engineering, technology of soil metal pollution prevention, technology of soil cultivation and improvement, technology of vegetation restoration, and technology of water and soil conservation.
Based on temperatures of 171 observations from 1961 to 2003 in Gansu province, the year mean temperature, highest temperature, lowest temperature, accumulated temperature above 0℃,10℃, and negative accumulated temperature beneath 0℃ were collected to analyze. The results showed that year mean temperature of 1987~2003 was significantly higher than that of 1961~1986; especially the lowest temperature increment appeared markedly. The lowest temperature rising played a main effect on climate warming in Gansu province. Climate warming was more clearly in winter than in summer. The accumulated negative temperature reduced obviously. As the trends of climate changing has shown warming since late 1980s in Gansu province，thermal resource is increased, planting areas of heliophilous plants are expanded, the northern planting boundary of crop spreads further to north and it is beneficial to winter and spring animal. However, because of lack of water resources, Impacts of climate warming on agriculture is more negative then positive.
The tide of the deregulation is sweeping across the world. China is also taking substantial, albeit still cautious, measures to deregulate its airline industry. The airline reorganization in 2002 was one of the notable events during the course. It has far-reaching impacts on China’s airline industry and aviation network structure. Based on analysis of reorganization process and policy implications, this paper examines the effect on network structure caused by the reorganization from the perspective of connectivity, hub structure and geographic coverage. The study shows that the subjects and methods of decision-making on aviation network have greatly changed after reorganization, from the official administration of Civil Aviation Authority of China to the business management of airlines. The reorganization not only extended the geographical coverage of major airlines, but also improved their aggregate network connectivity. The networks of the “Big Three” are now shifting from single hub to multi-hubs and the adoption of hub-and-spoke structure becomes more obvious. The reorganization has optimized the resources of airlines and improved their competitiveness. Further deregulation will benefit the aviation industry as a whole.
Oasis cities are the typical region of arid zone, which have the densest human activities and the most sensitive relationship between human and environment． It is positively worth studying oasis cities of China for theoretical and practical reasons． The history of research on oasis cities in China is firstly looked back, which started in 1980s, boomed in the middle of 1990s and are deepening in recent years．The emphasized directions of research are different in three periods． Based on many study productions of oasis cities in China, four main representative focuses can be summarized: (1) Exploration of the spatial features of oasis cities． Relying on the background of arid land, oasis cities embody special characteristics in different space dimensions, which are macroscopic layout, urban system and microscopic landscapes, respectively． (2)Research on mechanism of oasis urbanization． Different factors, including landform, water and land resources, mineral resource, human requirements and economic developing levels, have different effects on the forming and developing of oasis cities． All of these factors are acting on development course of oasis cities all along, with different intensions in different stages. (3) Region response of environmental system to the development of oasis cities. Oasis urbanization has been manifested to give negative influences on the environment of some arid areas but to give positive ones in others. (4) Research on the restriction of water to oasis cities． Water resource is the key aspect of development in oasis cities, but is not an absolute barrier． Many ways to sustainable development of water resource in oasis cities are taken forward． The study of oasis cities is facing favorable opportunities in the near future. Three trends can help deepen the study, which are wider study field, crossing and amalgamation of multi-subjects, and synthesis of new methods and new techniques.
Cities seperated in space are connected together by spatial interactions (SI) between them. But the studies focusing on the SI are relatively few in China mainly because of the scarity of data. This paper deals with the SI in terms of rail passenger flows in 1990s, which is an important aspect of the network structure of urban agglomerations. By using a data set consisting of 1991 and 2000 rail O-D passenger flows between nearly 200 cities, intercity rail distance O-D matrixes, and some other indices. It is found that the attenuating tendency of rail passenger is obvious, but the gravity model cannot explain the change over time. Then a further study is carried out based on the hub-and-spoke framework under which the error of gravity model is explained. And by analysis of dominant flows and spatial structure of flows, we find that passenger flows have a trend of polarizing to hubs while the links between hubs upgrades, and some driven factors for the re-organization process of the structure of urban agglomerations are discussed.
Space, as one basic concept in geography, is an important resource and existent form of substance. The regional spatial economy study has become one of four schools in modern geography. The paper reviewed the development of theories and methods in this field. The studies of regional spatial economy in western countries has developed maturely, which can be divided into three stages, that is, the beginning, the developing, and the advancing period; while the theories development of spatial theory studies in China drops behind in western countries and does not constitute a set of relative theories with Chinese characteristics, mainly focusing on their application in planning practices. Finally, the paper summarized the characteristics and shortages of regional spatial economy research in China. The author considers that it is necessary to integrate the advantages of geography，economics，statistics and sociology to study spatial structure. In particular，using system theory to cognize，diagnose，simulate and forecast spatial structure should be one of primary consents in the future research.
Traditional GDP can reflect the gross income situation of one country or one region, which is a consolidated standard for measuring the economic development degree of the country or the region. However, the traditional GDP account cannot include the loss of natural resource and environment pollution because of human′s activities by the means of realistic capital and the depreciation . Therefore, Traditional GDP cannot reflect not only the contribution of natural resource to economic development, but also the relationships between the economic development, resource and environment. Green GDP is the real summation of people′s wealth after taking out the loss of natural resource and environment pollution in one country or one region; thus, it can reflect the people′s income situation of the country or the region. In the article, based on the narrow sense of Green GDP, taking Datong city in Shanxi province as an example, and referencing the condition of ecology resource and environment, a resource and environment virtual number index system is established, the calculation method of the Green GDP is discussed, and Green GDP of the city in 2002 is calculated. The results show: In 2002, natural resource loss is 6386 million yuan, or 29.29% of GDP; environment pollution loss is 2218 million yuan, or 10.18% of GDP; and Green GDP is 13133 million yuan, only taking over 60.24% of GDP. The results indicate that the problems of resource and environment are very obvious and should be resolved as soon as possible. Suggestions include: to use all sorts of resource scientifically, moderately and reasonably, to build up the resource price conceptions of market, control pollution, and to reinforce environment conservation and governing seriously.
The concept and essence of marginalisation of arable land and marginal land were defined first, then the character of the marginalisation of arable land use was discussed, and finally, the diagnostic criterion was set up in this paper. The most commonly accepted definition of a marginal agricultural situation is one at the margin of economic viability. Agricultural marginalisation could be considered to be a process, driven by a combination of social, economic, political and environmental factors, by which certain areas of farmland cease to be viable under an existing land use and socio-economic structure. A process of agricultural marginalisation with areas of farmland which cease to be viable may produce a number of different responses from farmers. For example, some may attempt to improve viability and combat marginalisation, whereas others may run down or abandon agriculture altogether. These responses will result in some important changes of arable land use in terms of the degree of intensity, the planting area, the conversion of land use, the management system of arable land use and the abandonment of cultivated land. The marginal return, the degree of intensity and the area of planted crops are three main indexes to diagnose the marginalisation of arable land use. Generally speaking, if the marginal income is negative in the progress of arable land use with such characters as “decline in the degree of intensity and in the planted area, or even the abandonment of arable land”, we can judge that there are marginalisation phenomena in the progress in the land use. However, different kinds of marginalistion of arable land use have different diagnostic criteria.
In combination with the methods of RS, GIS and Statistics, the process and trend of LUCC in the Area of Middle and Lower Reach of Jialingjiang River are thoroughly studied by establishing mathematical models in the range, speed, trend index and regional differences of LUCC based on the remote sensing imagery data of 1972, 1986 and 2000. The main results are as follows. (1) From 1972 to 2000, the areas of grassland, farmland and unused land are respectively decreased by 26834.18 hm2、6886.68 hm2 and 217.84 hm2, while those of woodland, cultivated land and water area are respectively increased by 19844.89 hm2、12964.45 hm2 and 1129.36 hm2. Disconnecting the period by 1986, the area of cultivated land and water area increased at all times, while those of grassland and unused land decreased, and woodland decreased in the first period and then increased in the second period. The farmland was in reverse considering the change of area. (2) From 1972 to 1986, based on the order of the output speed, the six kinds of these land-uses were arranged by grassland, woodland, farmland, unused land, water area and cultivated land. As to the input speed, the order is cultivated land, woodland, grassland, farmland, water area and unused land. In view of general change index, these land-uses were ranked as grassland, cultivated land, woodland, farmland, water area and unused land. The input speed of cultivated land and water land was beyond their output speed remarkably, while that status of woodland was on the contrary, which was in the state of balance. From 1972 to 1986, to separately calculate the indexes in the same way as above, the respective arrangement of the results were unused land>grassland>farmland>water area>woodland>cultivated land, cultivated land>unused land>woodland>water area>grassland>farmland, and cultivated land>unused land>grassland>woodland>water area>farmland. Cultivated land was not quite stable, whose input speed was beyond output speed notably. (3) The land use of Chongqing, Jiangbei and Hechuan had changed mostly in the period according to the change index, and the results were from 0.231% to 0.272%. The values in Gungyuan, Wangcang were from 0.114 to 0.126%. The values in Jiange, Cangxi, Langzhong, Nanbu, Xichong, Nanchong Pengan, Yuechi and Wusheng were from 0 to 0.090%.
Karst rocky desertification problem is one kind of important geo-ecological calamity existing in the karst area. Early warming analysis of karst rocky desertification calamity include designing alarms, marking alarms condition, seeking the alert source, analyze alarm sign and forecasts the degree alarming etc. on the foundation of early warming analysis of karst rocky desertification, risk assessment of karst rocky desertification calamity is that carrying on calamity dangerous appraising, and combining analysis of damage, and hopes to lose to assessment, and the purpose depends on the development state to assess and monitors karst rocky desertification and bad environment effect that causes. Constructing to build Early Warning and Risk Assessment Model System for Karst Rocky Desertification Hazard，(KRDH.EWAMS), will firstly build that one set conceptualization model of logically and reasonable fitting calamity early warming and risk assessment for karst rocky desertification, on these grounds, differentiate the growth degree of karst rocky desertification, diagnose the latent power degree, and accounting business damage, assessing the harm degree, the early warming dangerous degree. On the basis of temporal-spatial change analysis and driving mechanism diagnosis on karst rocky desertification, this paper takes early warning and risk analysis on karst Rocky Desertification Hazard, designs Early Warning and Risk Decision Supporting System for Karst Rocky Desertification Hazard, makes up early Warning and risk models for karst Rocky Desertification Hazard, and provides scientific foundation for rational land use and prevent calamity in karst area.
