Many ecological and environmental problems in China and the difficulties emerging in the progress of sustainable development are always related to land use and its change. So it is necessary to find ways to solve such problems that determine the necessity and importance of the comprehensive researches on land use. The research literature on land use reflects the level, current situation and trend of the researches, which have important scientific value and strategic significance in showing the land use researches in China, providing scientific basis for policy formulation of regional sustainable development and identifying hotspot region and problem in the land use researches. This paper further analyzed the aspects of quantity, study area, method, topics and changes of Chinese literature on land use in China in the latest 30 years by the method of bibliometrics, and explored the current situation and trend of researches on land use based on 4531 relevant papers covering the period 1978-2007 that were gained through incomplete searches for and analysis on the literatures in recent 100 years. The literature analysis showed that: (1) The numbers of Chinese literature on land use in the latest 30 years steadily increased from 2 articles in 1978 to 796 in 2007, and the quality of the papers improved gradually, especially, both kept a trend of rapid development in the past 10 years. (2) The percentage of papers on case researches of the special study area was low (only 16.8%), however, the number of theoretical papers and reviews took up quite a few. (3) The number of papers on LUCC and their driving forces were the most (33.6%), and papers on land use classification and partitioning were fewer (7.15%) in the distribution of research topic. (4) In view of the study area, the researches are mainly distributed in eastern China, but the trend of the new research was focused on western China, especially environmental sensitive area, such as arid farming-pastoral zone, rural-urban fringe recently. The researches which took the geographical unit or watershed as the case study area were more than that taking the administrative division as the case study area. (5) On technical aspect, 3S technique, experiment and modeling were used to the land use research, which increased the scientificity and technicality of the research and changed the features of the way of using data, that is to integrate the multisource remote sensing data with field investigation, thematic data and statistical data. The main trend and direction of theory and method on land use research included the urgent further and integrated study of land use theory at a coupled human-environment system, the strengthening and deepening of case study in typical geographical units, the deepening and integrating of the methods used in mechanism study, the multi-scale construction of land use coupled system, the unification of data standardization and establishing the share platform of data, enhancing the quantitative research on the evaluation indexes and model of land use and regional sustainable development.
In view of the chaotic state of its measurements, the article discriminates several different concepts and the corresponding measurements of land use intensity and appraises the characteristics and application field of these measurement methods. These measures include input or output indicators, physical or monetary indicators, overall indices or single-item measurement, within-type or across-type measurement, and measurement of primary or secondary intensity. This paper claims that land use intensification or disintensification are two essential ways to realize reasonable utilization of land resources, rather than themselves the targets of land use. The essence of land intensification (or disintensification) is the resource substitution. Thus land intensification can be defined as a phenomenon of employing capital or labor to substitute land resources, through which the relationship can be constructed between two types of land use changes, namely, quantity and intensity changes of land use. In order to serve the study of land use changes, the basic measure of land use intensity should be input of capital and labor per unit land area during the specific spell, while the output indices can only be regarded as the surrogate ones. Finally, from the viewpoint of the demand of land use change studies, some suggestions are given for the index selection of land use intensity.
Urban land use presents the social economic activities through the coverage of physical component filled in three-dimensional space. More analyses on urban land use often focus on the aspect of urban expansion or urban inner intensive utilization, and few pays any attention to a comprehensive analysis including area extension and intensity growth. To some extent, this impacts the objective understanding of urban land use. Under the support of high -resolution remote sensing images, adopting the studying index such as single land use change rate, comprehensive dynamic degree of land use, land use relative change rate, intensity growth index and so on, integrating land use alteration and land use intensity change, this article analyzes the urban land use growth in the built-up area of Shijiazhuang city from 1994 to 2002. This paper found: The comprehensive analysis of the integrated land use alteration and intensity change is helpful to comprehend urban land use change correctly, and intensity growth index can integrate two aspects of urban land use change effectively. Arable land loss is continuing during the urbanization process in Shijiazhuang, and cropland is still the main way to meet urban development need, although land intensive use has been another important source for land use growth. As a whole, urban spatial organization is oriented to land intensive use in a way of circle pervasion, and urban land use trends to be more reasonable. Urban land use change displays prominent difference in spatial dimension, and land use in central area develops more vertically, while other areas adopt the filling, outward expansion and urban renewal to achieve the growth of urban land use target. Land use change also represents location differences in land use type in a way that land use change in central area mainly centralizes on the type with advanced urban attribute such as commercial land, and the premier in other areas is the inferior quality type such as industrial land and so on.
The rapid progress in the urbanization level and the construction of a new socialist countryside formed a tremendous pressure on the construction land supply and the protection of farmland. Rural residential land areas are scattered sites in disorder at present, which makes it possible to use the existing potential for the extensive excavation of construction and occupation of less farmland. Taking Nanyue District as a case, this paper studies the rural residential land by using GIS spatial analysis, landscape index analysis and other methods. It also analyzes the three main influencing factors, including socioeconomic environment, natural environment and production environment, on rural residential land distribution. Based on the analysis of the influencing factors, the authors put forward some suggestions on the adjustment of the distribution of rural residential land.
Beginning date of greenness period of vegetation (BGP) is closely related to seasonal dynamics of the lower atmosphere and is therefore an important variable in influences and feedback mechanisms of global climate variation to terrestrial ecosystem. Detecting BGP using remotely sensed data at regional or global scales has become an advanced topic in geography and ecology. Based on the processed NOAA/AVHRR NDVI data, the study is to use Logistic fitting model on cumulative frequency of NDVI to compute BGP of China by pixels from 1982 to 1999, count the annual average BGP of every vegetation type and bio-climate district, and analyze the interannual change trends, spatio-temporal dynamic change feature of BGP of various spatial types. The results indicate that: (1) BGP have an advance trend in most regions and obviously advance in North China Plain, northeast Guizhou, the middle and south Hunan, west Guangxi and typical grassland area of east Inner Mongolia. (2) The regions in which inter-annual fluctuation of BGP are over 10 days are mainly distributed in the area covered with agricultural vegetation types, the areas covered with evergreen vegetation types and the areas covered with steppe vegetation types. Thereinto, the fluctuation of BGP in Hetao plain, Guanzhong basin, east Henan, west Sichuan basin, Guangdong, Taiwan and so on, are over 15 days. (3) BGPs of the other vegetation types except temperate desert show an advance trends. (4) With the reduction of annual accumulative temperature and increase of drought indices, BGP of various bio-climate areas delay. An advance of BGP is found in South China, East China, Central China, North China, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China and Tibet, whereas a delay occurred in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Northwest China. (5) BGP of all vegetation types evidently delay in 1982, 1983 or 1984, which may be associated with the strong EI-Nino effect in the 1982-1983 period.
Using technology of remote sensing and geographical information system, the paper analyzed four remote sensing images of Tetraena mongolica distribution area in different periods (1977, 1990, 2000, 2005) to study the dynamic changes of landscape composition in the study area. Through some substitutive indexes of climate fluctuation and human activities, the paper analyzed the variation characteristic of driving factors on landscape dynamics at time scale. On this basis, the method of Principal Component was applied to analyze the influence and the contribution rate of different factors to landscape dynamics of T. mongolica's habitats. The results showed that the landscape composition of T. mongolica's habitat has been changed largely and the population inhabited area of T. mongolica has been decreasing while farmland, urban and industrial land, desertified land and else vegetations increased largely. The temperature, the mean wind velocity and the gale days had a process of rising continuously while the precipitation in the distribution region of T. mongolica had a process of reducing from the 1980s. The disadvantageous change of climate had a disadvantageous impact on T. mongolica's growth and reproduction. Meanwhile, with population growth, industrial development and rapid urbanization, the survival entironment of T. mongolica becomes more serious. There were consanguineous relationship between the dynamic changes of landscape composition and the trend of drought and human activities. From the contribution of the information of Principal Components, the contribution rate of human activities was 55.66% , and that of natural factors was 44.34% . Therefore, human activities were the main reasons for the decrease of T. mongolica population area and the changes of landscape structure in its habitat.
The spatial similarity between water erosion and its influencing factors at different spatial scales is analyzed based on the information entropy theory. Four grades of river basins including the Yellow River basin, Yanhe basin, Xingzihe basin and Zhifanggou basin are taken as case studies. By comparing the spatial similarities between water erosion and a certain influencing factor on different grades of basins, the spatial scaling effects of soil erosion are quantitatively analyzed. The results provide different contributions of the indexes of precipitation, landform, soil type and vegetation to soil erosion at different spatial scales. And the order of the factors' importance to soil erosion at a certain spatial scale is also obtained. As a whole, with the basin scale enlarging, the control effects of micro-factors decrease, and the control effects of macrofactors increase simultaneously. The quantitative analysis method of soil erosion spatial scaling and the study results are significant in dealing with the problems of scale conversion and regional universality of soil erosion assessment models.
With progress and development of earth information science， "3S" technique has become a much more effective tool to study soil erosion. This paper introduces approaches and limits within soil erosion study, on the basis of references analysis, both at home and abroad, and considers that overseas researchers studying soil erosion with "3S" mainly focus on global and regional soil erosion surveys, and ecological effects of soil erosion. And Chinese scientists who study soil erosion with "3S" have focused on regional soil erosion survey, dynamic of regional soil erosion and constructed soil erosion models. It is pointed out that the widely used soil erosion models combined with GIS are USLE and RUSLE, which are empirical models based on statistics short of monitoring data, and have lower accuracy caused by models, RS imagery and scale of DEM. The study on soil erosion factors is short of accordination with methodology and model of synthesis assessment. Finally, the possible tendency of "3S" technique using in soil erosion study is forecasted, and suggested to develop soil erosion model suited to local conditions, combined soil erosion model with that of hydrology.
Drainage area (A) is a lumped variable as all the environmental variables are involved within it, and specific sediment yield (Ys) is an index of soil erosion intensity of some drainage basin. Since the 1950s, study on the relationships between drainage area and specific sediment yield has attracted attention at home and abroad, and more and more work about Ys -A relationships has been conducted in recent years. Under this condition, the achievements of Ys-A relationships were summarized and analyzed in this paper, and then 5 types of Ys-A relationships were identified,including the direct, the reverse, the firstly increased and then decreased, the firstly decreased and then increased, and no specific relations, followed by reasonable explanations of the 5 -typed relationships. The essential reason for the specific sediment yield changes with drainage area was pointed out that it is just the response to functions of the environmental variables in river basins, and there is no essential relationship between specific sediment yield and drainage area. It could be extended that all the possibilities could occur with the increase of the drainage area for the specific sediment yield if variables influencing soil erosion and sediment transport were changed for a certain river basin.
Collapse and the corresponding environmental geologic hazards because of mining activities have exerted serious impact on sustainable development of the mining area. The rapid control of the collapse and rehabilitation of the eco-environment are a very important prerequisite to the harmonious development of economy and environment. This paper analyzed the influencing factors and development mechanism for karst collapse of iron mining areas in Laiwu city based on the in situ investigations. Five indexes were selected to assess the hazard of the karst collapse, then the risk degree of the study area was assessed. Finally, the strategies based on the research results were put forward. The results of this research provide scientific basis for planning regional ecological restoration and sustainable development. And the assessment indexes and the method proposed in this paper serve as valuable reference for similar researches.
Different regions have different leading industry directions and regional combination models. It is an important task of regional planning to choose the most appropriate industry development direction and the combination model according to the conclusion of suitability evaluation for regional development direction. Obviously, the suitability evaluation for regional development direction is the foundation of regional industry layout and combination model plan. This paper, taking Dalian as a case study, discusses the theory, work route, technical link and expression of suitability evaluation for regional development direction systematically from two aspects of quantitative and qualitative analyses, on the basis of defining related concepts and principles of the suitability evaluation work of single factor and comprehensive factors supported by popular and general GIS technology.
Along with the socio-economic development， the various contacts between cities and regions are becoming more and more close and complicated. Although the research on regional characteristic and difference was dominant in geography thoroughly， traditional positive research on economic location and contacts was weak in quantitative methods， one of the main reasons was the shortage of statistic data. However， more and more researchers are studying in this field and many methods and techniques have been explored. They study it from different aspects and scales using quantitative and qualitative methods. City is an open system， and we can not imagine that a city can not develop if it has no contact with other cities. Research on the main direction of city economic contact is important to the city and region's development. This paper has researched on the main direction of city economic contact of central cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and the city of Shanghai. With the aid of the gravity model， we calculated the foreign economic contact intensity of important central cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and the city of Shanghai mostly by using the research methods of nodes analysis，transport network analysis and interaction strength analysis and so on. Supplemented by these indices， we can quantifiably analyze and point out the hierarchical characteristics of the economic contact spatial structure of Shanghai metropolitan area. It is found out that the foreign economic contacts intensity of important central cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and the city of Shanghai is becoming higher and higher， and the difference between them is larger and larger， which indicate that the direction and route of the contact axes are regular and accord with the foreign economic contact intensity？ The foreign economic contact intensity of Shanghai is powerful and follows the rule of distance decay， which leads to a regional layered spatial structure. The inner economic contact intensity of Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou economic circle is very close. The foreign economic contact intensity of Nanjing and Hangzhou is not very powerful ，and its central status should be boosted as soon as possible. Transportation is the uppermost obstacle to weaken the foreign economic contact intensity of Ningbo. In a word， as to the foreign economic contact intensity， the economic level of the important central cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and the city of Shanghai region is the essential qualification. Improving the condition of transportation， especially the freeway construction， is the critical factor to improve the development of economy， and also the one of leading methods to strengthen the economic contact intensity between regions. Of course， there are many other factors， which influence the intensity of the economic contact， such as distance， administrative regionalization， history and so on. Finally， we evaluate the foreign economic contact intensity of important central cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and the city of Shanghai and put forward some relevant advices and measures.
There are rich cultural landscapes in the vast rural space worldwide. As the crystallization of the working people's wisdom of several times, the traditional rural cultural landscape is also the important carrier of regional culture, especially for traditional culture. But with the development of modernization, urbanization and industrialization, both the physical and spiritual situations of rural areas are experiencing tremendous changes, and the traditional rural cultural landscape is facing unprecedented challenges. Over commercialization and rapid modernization have become key problems for the landscape conservation, and one of the most serious consequences is that the characteristic of integrity and continuity of regional cultural landscape suffers destruction and especially the traditional culture has gradually disappeared. So researchers at home and abroad give much attention to it and they have got many results. On the basis of reviewing the researches progressing on the traditional rural cultural landscape over the past 20 years, the paper concludes that previous researches concentrate on the character, evolvement and conservation with the feature of multidisciplinary study. The development mechanism and corresponding control measures are the foci of all the studies. But both the research contents and the research degrees need to be lucubrated. Finally, the authors also put forward some themes to which special attention should be paid in the coming days.
Starting from the analysis of the developing background and situation in various development zones in Tianjin, this paper reviewed the relationship between city and development zone as well as the contribution of development zone to urban development in Tianjin. The development zone construction becomes an important economic growth pole in Tianjin and brings along the urban economic development of the whole city. Based on this fact, the relationship between development zone and urban spatial structure evolvement is clarified. The type of development zone and urban spatial structure evolvement belongs to the double-core one. The rapid economic growth of development zone and construction lead to expansion of urban space in Tianjin. The development zone inf1uences urban spatial structure of Tianjin from two aspects, one is bringing on the increase of urban space, and the other is the change of urban morphology. Using land use vector data of the three periods in the mid -1980s, 1995 and 2000 at a scale of 1:100,000 and the CBERS-02 data in 2007, and taking GIS as an analysis method, the changes by automatic classification and integration by man and machine were interpreted for CBERS-02 data. Then it was overlapped with the former data. So we obtain dynamic changes information of urban expansion throughout the study period. Then the urban land area change and spatial expansion rules are summarized. In the 1990s, various development zones were established at a large scale and industrial space sprawled out-of-order rapidly, making urban space layout change from single-core growth to axes spreading out along the Hahei River. Consequently, the double-center and group urban layout structure comes into being, which is described as one shoulder pole carries two sides, taking central urban area and Binhai new area as head and assistant center as well as a double-core with clear division of industrial and commercial functions.
This article analyses the influence of metro system on commercial space structure along the line by taking Guangzhou metro lines 1, 2 and 3 for example and explains it from the perspective of behavior geography. The development of metro system has strengthened the grade-differentiation of commercial space. The convergence effect has been intensified on business center at urban central area, and the divergence effect has been enlarged between city proper and suburbs. The investigation into consumer behavior shows that shopping center is becoming the ruling type of operation in contemporary consumer society. The investigation into business operators in terms of location determination shows that the tendency of polarization of business center is becoming stronger. This paper points out that the metro does not improve all business environment along the line, but accelerates the centripetal effect of the commercial types by fast traffic in suburbanization. The metro strengthens business center status in built-up area because of the main role of shopping center. The metro shapes the structure of commercial space of shopping center orientation. This structure is derived from the choice of consumer behavior. The metro also accelerates the development of business districts revolved around the transfer station.
Based on analyzing complex network theory applied in aviation, railway and urban transportation, we conclude that complexity of transportation network comes from its systematic complexity, and that the general analysis method of complex network ignores the attribute of geographic space, which brings out many problems in analyzing real-world network. Complex network analysis based on statistical physics is mostly about theoretical analysis or data modeling on topology network, which has greater disparity in transportation networks and dynamic mechanism. Transportation network includes four kinds of network structure: demand network, organization network, route network and infrastructure network, and is a compound networked structure with open complex system. Transportation is a kind of science which focuses strongly on practical application, so it needs a recurrent force to drive theory to modal and method, then to practice. We put forward in future some vital aspects of complexity analysis on transportation network, which includes (1) elemental recognition on the structure complexity of transportation system; (2) network complex analysis based on geographic spatial characteristics; (3) analysis and application of network structure based on organization and efficiency; (4) interplay between the network structure and flow caused by interaction; (5) character of local structure of network and its effect on global structure; and (6) network evolution affected by systemic open.
