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  • Original Articles
    LIU Chuang
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    One of the most outstanding achievements in Chinese history of geography studies during the 20th century is that from the comprehensive physical geographical regionalization. There are seven specific themes of the Comprehensive Physical Geographical Regionalization of China at least during the last half century, while the very beginning one was published by Professor LIN Chao from Peking University in 1954. China is a huge country with great pressure on agriculture, natural resources and environment. How to make the regional development more efficiently, the way of Comprehensive Physical Geographical Regionalization could be useful method to help scientists and decision makers to identify the differential features in the regional scale. From 1958~1983, five different themes had been developed for supporting agriculture development in China. Prof. HUANG Bingwei from Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences led the activities, Prof. REN Mei’er from Nanking University, Prof. HOU Xueyu, ZHAO Songqiao from Chinese Academy of Sciences, Prof. XI Chengfan from Ministry of Agriculture of China proposed themes with revisions from different opinions. Even so, the hierarchical approach and the top-down methodology make them more successful in geography teaching, agriculture development and food support.   With the economic development and the population increased rapidly during the last 20 years in China, more and more pressures come on ecosystems and environment. It is recognized that China has to deal with the challenges from the regional development and adaptation of the global environmental change. At the same time period, the earth observation systems and related moderate scale data has been accumulated, these are valuable information for monitoring environment change. About 280TB data from EOS are archived in China, and only a very small part of them are used in the Comprehensive Physical Geographical Regionalization of China. A new methodology supported by the EOS data in moderate scale for the Comprehensive Physical Geographical Regionalization of China is discussed and propose in this paper, including the methods of data capturing, data mining with computational models and the data sharing issues ad well. A new theme of the Comprehensive Physical Geographical Regionalization of China for the natural resources, environment and sustainable development with the methods from both of top-down and bottom-up ways has been incubated.   This paper has been presented in the Anural Conference of China National Committee, for IGBP, 2004, Beijing, and I would like to present it to Professor LIN Chao also for celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first theme of Comprehensive Physical Geographical Regionalization of China, which was created by him.

  • Original Articles
    ZHANG Lei, SHEN Xujian, YANG Yinkai, CHENG Xiaoling, JIANG Wei, WU Yingmei
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    As the scales of population and economy growing up continually, China’s regional development is facing a greater concrete challenge from its resources supply and environmental protection. Our intent is to place the changing pattern of man-land relationship in China’s regional development. A lengthy time perspective is combined with a cross-element approach—five basic natural resources and environment—and addressed through two general models. The findings are salutary. First, the resource and environment base of the seven regions are very diversified. Secondly, rapid economic growth is the determining factor to promote the polarization of the man-land relationship in China’s regional development. Finally, Northeast China is the last hope for the country’s future development when the over-intensity of human activities in most parts of East and Central China, and the over-fragile environment in West. The implications of such findings for China’s sustainable development and environmental management are enormous.

  • Original Articles
    TU Shuxin, WEI Chaoyang
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    Environmental problems have become a serious concern to human beings. Bioremediation technology is one of the efficient ways to remediate polluted environments and restore the degraded ecological systems, which in turn helps realize the sustainable development of human society. Great progresses have been achieved in China’s current research and application on bioremediation, with focus on microbial bioremediation of organic pollutants, phytoremediation of heavy metal contamination, ecological restoration of mining wastelands and garbage filling grounds, reuse of solid wastes and restoration of eutrophic lakes and swamps. A series of breakthrough have been made in screening for both special microbes and hyperaccumulating plant species as candidates for remediation of organic and heavy metal contaminants. Up to 50 of microbes which could efficiently degrade pesticides, petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 12 of hyperaccumulating plants for As, Cd, Mn and Zn have been identified; the mechanisms on the role of bioremediation have been intensively explored. More attention in the future studies for sustainable development of bioremediation should be paid on expanding fields of theoretical studies, developing the related molecular genetic engineering technology, monitoring and conducting risk assessment of environment pollutants as well as building the framework on legislation and standards for ecological restoration.

  • Original Articles
    LI Yonghua, WANG Wuyi, YANG Linsheng, LI Hairong
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    Mercury is a highly toxic trace element that is now present in various environment media and food worldwide. People concerns over mercury pollution have substantially elevated in recent years because new findings indicate that adversely effects may be taking place at lower concentrations than previously thought. Monitoring of this pollution and the circulation of the matter in biosphere is therefore a most important and urgent task. In recent years, many countries have been faced these issues and scientists from multiple disciplines have involved in these study areas. Mercury is adversely affecting both humans and wildlife, especially to the developing nervous system. The toxicity to organisms depends on the chemical form, the amount, the pathway of exposure and the vulnerability of the person exposed. Natural releases due to mobilisation of naturally occurring from the Earth’s crust, current anthropogenic releases from the mobilization of mercury impurities and intentional extraction and use of mercury, and re-mobilisation of historic anthropogenic deposited mercury are the main sources of mercury to the biosphere. The available data indicated that mercury is present all over the globe especially in fish and marine mammals in concentrations that adversely affect human beings and wildlife. These levels have led to consumption advisories in a number of countries warning people, especially sensitive subgroups such as pregnant women and young children, to limit or avoid consumption of certain types of fish from various waterbodies. Mercury is probably among the best-studied environmental toxicants. However, in the field of Environmental Biogeochemistry, further researches are need to provide new information to improve understanding of issues relevant to mercury, including its fate and transport, health and environmental impacts, and the role of human activity. The three aspects listed below should not be delayed, namely, understanding of the natural mechanisms affecting the fate of mercury in and between the environmental media, such as mobilization, transformation, transports and intake, understanding of the human conduct in relation to mercury anthropogenic releases, and understanding of methylation, biomagnification, and other interaction of mercury with other chemical and non-chemical stressors on ecological receptors.

  • Original Articles
    JIANG Dong, WANG Jianhua
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    Coastal zones play a very important role in wind energy resources exploration in China. Offshore wind is an attractive energy source due to the potential of very high wind power as a result of relatively low sea surface roughness. The great variation of wind field near the ground baffles wind energy resources assessment. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from remote sensing satellites have been achieved over the oceans on a continuous basis. Their unique characters, including independence on daylight, uninfluenced from clouds, high spatial resolution and large spatial coverage, make them a very useful tool for acquiring main parameters of wind fields in ocean areas. Main data sources are ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites of Europe, the RADARSAT-1 satellite of Canada, and the latest European satellite ENVISAT.  SAR-derived sea wind maps may be estimated from empirical scatter meter algorithms that are valid for open sea conditions. With recent development of spatial information techniques, methodology and algorithm for retrieving wind vectors from SAR onboard satellite become mature. The physical principle is that capillary waves and short gravity waves at the sea surface created by the instantaneous wind field backscatters electromagnetic radiation in the C-band as emitted and received by the SAR instrument. Relationship between backscatter coefficient and sea surface wind field was established based on Bragg mechanism, and key factors such as wind direction and speed were derived. Empirical algorithms, the so-called scatterometer models CMOD-4 and CMOD-IFR, relate the backscattered signal to wind speed.  The paper gave a brief review in this area. Means for wind field retrieval and validation were presented in detail. Problems and application prospect in China were also discussed.

  • Original Articles
    YANG Shuhe, YAN Haili, GUO Liying
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    Based on the data of land use/land cover of Yulin in northern Shaanxi, the process of land use change and its eco-environmental effects were quantified and analyzed, the results indicate: the land use pattern had a large change in the last 15 years. Farmland decreased by 405.98 hm2, and forestland and grassland increased by 17 157.02 hm2 and 107 975.17 hm2. The transitional quantities of no use land to grassland are the largest, and the following is degradation of grassland. The general quality of regional eco-environment has improved in the last 15 years. However, the trends of both improvement and degradation in eco-environment were coexist, and displayed their spatial heterogeneity in county-level. The land use change in Yulin has obvious regional difference, and in north wind-sand area the change is more serious and the process of land use change is more active. The spatial rule of eco-environmental effect caused by land use change presents: wind-sand area in north has a better improvement in eco-environment than that of hilly-donga in south. The main factors causing eco-environment change of improvement and degradation are transition of forest and grassland, and tree planting and forestation have the most distribution to the improvement of eco-environment, with its distribution ratio 74.8%.

  • Original Articles
    FENG Jianmin, WANG Tao, XIE Changwei, QI Shanzhong
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    Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River is a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. During the last half century, especially the last 30 years, the Eco-environment degraded very quickly influenced by natural factor together with human activities, in which water environmental changes, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and land degradation area the main aspects. The eco-environmental information system in the source region of the yellow river grassland is worked out supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge the classification is worked out and multi-source data is gathered. The result indicated that the total degraded land area has reached to 31646.8km2 in2000, occupied 34.4% of the whole region. Based on the analysis of the regional climate changes and human activities tendency in the future, the authors consider the eco-environment in the source region of the Yellow River will deteriorate continuously in the next 20~30 years. So, for environmentally and socially sustainable development in the study area and the middle and Lower River reaches, there is an urgent need to protect eco-environment of the source region of the Yellow River.

  • Original Articles
    ZHANG Yili, ZHANG Wei, DING MingJun
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    The classifications of land use/cover are basis of computing carbon stocks. However they differ from each other in various carbon storage researches. Based on the National Forest Resource Inventory database of Hainan Province in 1993, we classified the data according to the different land use/cover classifications: USGS Land use/cover Classification, LCCS Land cover Classification and CAS Land Resource Classification, and calculated the carbon stocks and densities. The results may help in accurate carbon estimation and classification researches. It was shown that there was a difference between each classification in carbon stocks and densities. Based on National Forest Resource Inventory database, Anderson Land use/cover Classification, LCCS Land cover Classification and CAS Land Resource Classification the carbon stocks (Tg C) were 28.98, 28.71, 21.04 and 21.04, respectively; the carbon densities (t C/ha) were 31.24, 30.95, 22.68 and 22.68, respectively. What is more, the differences between land use and land cover classifications were distinct: 7.67~7.94 Tg C in carbon stocks as well as 8.27~8.56 t C/ha in carbon densities. In comparation with other scholar’s work, the increase or decrease of carbon stocks was not definite according to specific classifications and BEF functions. Different classifications of land use/covers leading to different BEF functions and areas caused the disparate results. Although there were several different land use/cover classifications, they had difficulties in accurate computing carbon storage. Thus the different biomass, different leaf and figure types, different species and different forest age classes are needed in a land use/cover classification for farther carbon cycle researches.

  • Original Articles
    YANG Cong|YU Jingjie|SONG Xianfang|XIA Jun|LIU Changming
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    It is important to estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) in short inter val not only to meet the need of real time flood forecast and agrometeorology forecast but also to accelerate researches on water cycle and transfer in small catchment in North China. Limited by the observing apparatus and local geographical condition, the studies of the reference crop evapotranspiration in short interval have rarely been done in semi-humid and semi-arid mountainous area of North China. With four representative months (Aug. 2003, Nov. 2003, Feb. 2004, May 2004) detail data from standard automatic weather station in an experimental catchment named as Dongtaigou, daily ET0 is calculated by FAO Penman-Monteith equation(ET0(P-M)),FAO Penman equation(ET0(P)), and Priestley-Taylor equation(ET0(P-T)), respectively. The results show that the average calculated value from ET0(P) is 16% higher than that from ET0(P-M). And two sets of calculated data have a very good correlation. Multiplying a constant (e.g. 0.84), the ET0 calculated by ET0(P) in the experimental catchment is approximatively equal to the value from ET0(P-M). However, the calculated values from ET0(P-T) and those from ET0(P-M) have lower correlation. Failing to consider aerodynamic influence in Priestley-Taylor equation should be the reason for the difference. If Priestley-Taylor equation is used to estimate short-interval reference crop evapotranspiration in the study area, the parameter in Priestley-Taylor equation should be modified for different season. In this paper, the comparative analysis between calculated daily results by Priestley-Taylor equation and Penman-Monteith equation has been done based on the observing data from Aug. 2003 to Aug. 2004 and the parameter in Priestley-Taylor equation for different season has been suggested.

  • Original Articles
    LI Jun, XU Xinliang, ZENG Lan
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    Regional scaled management is a process in which regional production elements accumulate spatially to use interior and outside resources effectively, and it is also a method and a pattern through which regional society and economy get better and better with the environment. Evaluation of regional scaled management for certain regions can help the regional decision maker with more efficient and appropriate planning for regional social and economic development. Based on the evaluation index metric for regional scaled management following the index for regional sustainable development evaluation, the paper focuses on the establishment of spatial models for the regional population scaled management, regional cultivated land scaled management and regional economy scaled management, taking Shandong province of China as an example region. Following the regional scaled management evaluation models developed, the regional population scaled management, regional cultivated land scaled management, regional economy scaled management and a comprehensive regional scaled management maps of Shandong province in 1995 and 2000 are calculated.

  • Original Articles
    LI Rendong
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    The research on the land use/cover change and its impact on ecologic environment is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the globe change research. Based on the Chinese resource and environment spatial-temporal database, and using the Landsat TM, MSS and ETM data which were acquired in the end of 1970's and 1990's respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area, then made an assessment on changes of volume of the adjusted flood and lake water after the land use/cover change. The result shows that, during the last twenty years, the cultivated land decreased by 1.97% of total cultivated land. The construction land and the water area expanded, with an increase of 14.88% and 8.77% respectively. The ability of adjusting the flood water in this area had grown by 6.23×108m3, and the maximum storage capacity of the lake water had increased by 13.01×108m3 due to the land cover changes.

  • Original Articles
    HOU Lisheng, CAI Yunlong
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    Although the research of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) involves many scientific issues, there exist some inherent relations. Based on the analysis to the fundamental goal of the LUCC Plan, the author points out that the essential relationship among those issues is causality. According to this relation, the research on LUCC can be simply divided into three components: reasons of LUCC, states of LUCC and results of LUCC, and four research aspects: drivers and mechanisms of LUCC, states of LUCC, effects and processes of LUCC and models and simulations of LUCC. After reviewing the current research situation of LUCC, this paper also puts forth several prospects on its future development: the whole trend will be synthesis, the environmental effect and the micro mechanism of LUCC are still the research hotspots, and the synthesis of scales and the establish of models will be the research difficulties.