Green finance is also called environmental finance or sustainability finance. As an important kind of financial development, green finance focuses on the win-win situation between the environment and economic growth by supporting the environmental protection industry. On the other hand, the green low-carbon transformation development can form diversified green capital needs, which will induce financial institutions to adjust products and services structure, innovate green finance service models and application scenarios with ecological concepts, and this will promote the development of green finance. Therefore, the concept and practice of green financial development and green low-carbon transformation are highly consistent, and there is an inherent logic of coordination and mutual promotion. However, there is limited literature on the coupling and coordination relationship between green financial development and green low-carbon transformation, and the research on influencing factors needs more in-depth discussions. To reveal the status of coupling and coordination between green financial development and green low-carbon transformation, this study used the entropy method to measure the level of green financial development and green low-carbon transformation, and introduced the coupling and coordination degree model, geodetector, and ArcGIS technology to explore the spatial and temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of coupling and coordination between green financial development and green low-carbon transformation based on the data of Hunan Province from 2013 to 2021. The results show that the coupling and coordination degree between green financial development and green low-carbon transformation in Hunan Province was on the rise year by year, and continued to improve over time. The status was transiting to a coordinated stage step by step. The coupling and coordination degree in various regions showed a relatively consistent trend with the entire province. The coupling and coordination degree exhibited spatial agglomeration characteristics and presented a green development pattern radiating from Changsha City to the surrounding areas. The spatial differentiation of the coupling and coordination degree was obvious, greater in the eastern region than the western region, and in the northern region than the southern region. However, the growth speed in the western and southern regions was higher than that in the eastern and northern regions. The geodetector test results show that the coupling and coordination degree was influenced by factors of economic development, financial development scale, green R&D investment, digital infrastructure, and regional openness. Among them, the explanatory power of green R&D investment and financial development scale was greater than other factors, and both of them were the driving factors for the coupling and coordination between green financial development and green low-carbon transformation. The research may enable governments to clearly understand the integrated pattern of green financial development and green low-carbon transformation, so as to provide a decision-making reference for the integrated development of green financial development and green low-carbon transformation, and a reliable theoretical basis for cultivating new quality productivity according to local conditions to promote high-quality development.

The world is undergoing unprecedented changes that have not been seen in a century, with an era of uncertainty and precarity beginning to emerge. Over the past 20 years, the concept of precarity has rapidly become a topic of great interest in Western human geography. This article first explained the basic connotations of precarity in terms of labor conditions, ontological experience, and class categories based on the classic literature of Western social science. It then reviewed the research trajectory of precarity in Western human geography and found that the geographical research on precarity exhibits a significant critical thinking approach. It focuses on the impact of structured environments of precarity on individuals and their responses within such environments, forming two main research threads: one is the study of precarity in labor conditions under specific historical circumstances, focusing on the structural mechanisms of precarious employment and the agency of the precariat; the other is the study of precarity as an ontological experience of human life, focusing on the impact of precarity caused by geopolitics and the politics of everyday urban life on residents and the political consequences that arise. Finally, the article suggests that research on precarity in the Chinese context can be carried out by integrating the economic situations of emerging economies, the new normal of the economy, flexible capital accumulation, and international politics. This article aimed to promote the field of human geography in China to extend into the realm of precarity, preparing for research in understanding social risks brought about by precarity and achieving long-term stable development of the social economic system.

With the in-depth development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, intelligent manufacturing equipment has become an important force to promote the high-quality development of industry, and the study of its production and supply relationship is of great significance to optimize the distribution of new quality productivity.Based on the data of core enterprises and suppliers in China's intelligent manufacturing equipment industry from 2010 to 2023, this study explored the spatial change characteristics of production-supply relationships of China's intelligent manufacturing equipment industry from three dimensions: production and supply linkage, production and supply network, and production and supply cluster by Pareto analysis and k-kernel analysis. The results are as follows: 1) The number and intensity of enterprise connections were increasing, and 700-1800 km was the general distance of production and supply connection of intelligent manufacturing equipment enterprises. The pattern of intercity production and supply links evolved from the shape of dual core radiation, triangle, to bow and arrow in China, and there were similarities and differences in the dominant flow of intercity production and supply links. The strong production and supply links between enterprises gradually shifted from intracity to intercity, and the number of export-oriented cities increased rapidly. 2) For more than a decade, the structure of the intercity production and supply network of China's intelligent manufacturing equipment industry has become increasingly compact and complex. After 2015, the city hierarchy of the intercity production and supply network has moved from a "pyramid" to a flat structure. 3) The number of production and supply clusters of China's intelligent manufacturing equipment industry has increased from 21 to 29. The production and supply cluster of the Yangtze River Delta has always maintained a leading position, the production and supply clusters of the Pearl River Delta, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and Shandong Peninsula have developed steadily, and the status of the production and supply clusters in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Chengdu-Chongqing region have significantly improved. The pattern of association of node cities within the clusters can be divided into five types: Single center, one core and multiple subordinates, two cores and multiple subordinates, multi-center, and low-level equilibrium, and the node association patterns within the clusters have showed spatiotemporal heterogeneity from 2010 to 2023.

Urban affordable housing communities are often located in suburbs, and these large communities have increasingly become focal points in urban social geography research due to the unique social, economic, and cultural attributes of their residents, the impact of affordable housing communities on residents' employment, lifestyle, and behavioral patterns, as well as the urban social-spatial issues such as residential spatial differentiation and resource distribution disparities induced by the construction of affordable housing. To address the deficiencies in relevant existing studies, including the lack of big data, comprehensive samples, and multi-dimensional, small-scale analyses, this study selected Daishan, the largest affordable housing area in Nanjing City, as the research object. Using 21 residential communities (groups) within the area as spatial units, and utilizing mobile user profiles and questionnaire survey data, combined with social, spatial, behavioral, and perceptual factors, this study investigated the social-spatial characteristics and issues of large affordable housing districts on urban outskirts. The findings reveal that the Daishan area exhibits characteristics such as aggregation of vulnerable groups, insufficient service facilities, heavy commuting burdens, and weak community belonging. While the social space across the area is relatively homogeneous, residents of communities with high concentration of public rental housing have the poorest economic conditions. Conversely, areas with better environmental and residential quality tend to house high-income young professionals. Future development in the area must pay attention to potential risks such as the perpetuation of poverty, community decline, and social discrimination. By integrating big data and conventional data sources to explore social spaces on a fine-grained spatial scale, this approach effectively compensates for the deficiencies of traditional data sources, such as socioeconomic statistics and sample questionnaire survey. This enables a nuanced exploration of urban social-spatial phenomena, providing detailed and authentic insights into the complexities and issues within social spaces.

Exploring the impact of urban morphology on the thermal environment is crucial for implementing sustainable urban planning and improving thermal conditions of cities. However, current research on the multiscale analysis of the heterogeneity in urban morphology's thermal environmental effects at the community scale is still insufficient, and the process of effectively integrating research findings into urban planning and management practices also faces numerous challenges. This study focused on the Nankai District, a typical high-density urban area in Tianjin Municipality, and used the building vector data and Landsat 8 remote sensing imagery to quantify urban morphology and land surface temperatures during the summer at the community scale. It integrated the multiscale geographically weighted regression and K-means clustering methods to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of urban morphology's impact on land surface temperatures and to perform cluster zoning. The results revealed that: 1) The summer land surface temperatures in Nankai District exhibited a high in the north and low in the south distribution with significant spatial autocorrelation, forming high-high and low-low aggregation patterns. 2) The multiscale geographically weighted regression model significantly outperformed ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models in fitting and explaining the relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperatures. 3) The impact of urban morphology factors on summer land surface temperatures showed multiscale spatial heterogeneity, with influences ranking from highest to lowest as follows: building density > normalized difference vegetation index > floor area ratio > building volume density, where building density and building volume density contributed to higher temperatures, whereas the normalized difference vegetation index and floor area ratio had a notable cooling effect. 4) Clustering based on the spatial heterogeneity of urban morphology indicators affecting summer land surface temperatures allowed the study area to be divided into three distinct regions, which enabled the formulation of differentiated planning strategies. The findings of this study provide a basis for optimizing community thermal environments. Moreover, effectively integrating multiscale geographically weighted regression and K-means clustering methods offers new perspectives and methodological frameworks for urban thermal environment research and related fields.

Nearby urbanization is a new urbanization development path relative to remote urbanization, which refers to the process in which the rural population migrates to small and medium-sized cities and towns near their home areas for employment and residence rather than to distant places. Under the background of new-type urbanization, the regional difference of nearby urbanization constitutes a significant part of China's overall regional urbanization disparities, and it will profoundly affect China's urbanization process and the coordinated development of the economy and society. In this study, we used Theil index nested decomposition and the spatial Markov chain model to analyze the overall difference and decomposition of China's nearby urbanization development, and describe the regional convergence pattern of China's nearby urbanization development in detail, focusing on the impact of spatial effects on the nearby urbanization. The results show that: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the overall difference of nearby urbanization level in China showed a trend of continuous narrowing, consistent with the gradual narrowing of the development direction of the country's regional nearby urbanization gap. The overall difference of the urbanization rate within provinces was the largest, followed by the urbanization rate within counties, and the urbanization rate within towns was the smallest. 2) From the perspective of scale decomposition, local urbanization and its three subtypes (provincial urbanization, county urbanization, and town urbanization) showed the largest differences within provinces. By comparing the inter-provincial differences in the four regions, the western region had the largest inter-provincial differences, while the other regions showed relatively small differences. Comparing the intra-provincial differences of the four regions, the differences in the western and central provinces were large, while the differences in the eastern and northeastern provinces were small. 3) With regard to convergence patterns, there were spatial convergence clubs for nearby urbanization and its decompostions in China. The development of nearby urbanization in China showed obvious spatial linkage effect with the surrounding environment, and there was a certain spatial spillover effect. The results imply that the regional inequality of nearby urbanization in China follows the neoclassical convergence hypothesis and will narrow in the long term. Overall, the regional inequality of nearby urbanization in China from 2000 to 2020 stemmed mainly from inter-provincial inequality, especially in the central and western regions. With the improvement of the development level and radiation capacity of central cities in central and western China, we should strengthen support for the economic development of secondary regional node cities and improvement of public service facilities in small towns. This study provides a scientific support for comprehensively grasping the regional differences of urbanization in China and scientifically formulating the strategic measures of differentiated urbanization.

The world is currently experiencing unprecedented changes, with frequent geopolitical conflicts, major public health incidents, extreme natural hazards and disasters, and other emergencies. The risks of the global grain supply chain are becoming increasingly prominent, and enhancing the resilience of the global grain supply chain has become a fundamental way to ensure the security and stability of the global grain supply chain. This study measured the resilience of international grain supply chains by identifying multidimensional supply chain network resilience measurement indicators based on the perspective of complex network. The characteristics of change of resilience and node anti-interference ability were analyzed. The results show that: 1) The global supply chains of rice and corn have a higher level of resilience, followed by the global supply chain of wheat, and the global supply chain of soybean has the lowest level of resilience. 2) The global supply chain networks of the four types of grain products are all resilient networks with fast recovery capacity and adaptability and their resilience levels have all improved. However, there are differences in their improvement levels, with soybeans, rice, wheat, and corn in descending order. 3) In the global supply chain network of the four types of grain products, China's anti-interference level is higher than the world average, but lower than the United States, and the anti-interference level of wheat and corn needs to be improved. The results of this study have important practical and theoretical significance for clarifying the resilience level and characteristics of change of the global grain supply chain, which may help enhance China's position and anti-interference ability in the global grain supply chain network.

In the context of global warming, there is a higher probability of occurrence of the summertime compound hot extremes when daytime and nighttime heat sustains, which lead to the reduction of continuous precipitation and increase of precipitation with short duration and high intensity, resulting in changes of diurnal precipitation pattern at summertime in the Northern Hemisphere land area. Compared with the well-understood summer precipitation on the annual scale, current knowledge about combined daytime and nighttime precipitation remains too scarce for the Loess Plateau of China. Based on the daily precipitation and maximum temperature dataset from 1970 to 2020 released by the National Meteorological Information Center and using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and Mann-Kendall trend analysis method, we investigated the spatiotemporal variations of rainfall amount, days, and intensity for four types of diurnal precipitation process on the Loess Plateau in summertime (from June to August), including sunny days and rainy nighttime, hot daytime and rainy nighttime, rainfall days for diurnal composite precipitation, as well as rainy daytime and rainless nighttime. The results are as follows: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the Loess Plateau witnessed a significant increase of precipitation amount in summertime and nighttime, which had not changed the spatial pattern characterized by a decreasing gradient of precipitation from southeast to northwest. 2) Consistent with the fluctuating precipitation amount and decreased precipitation days, there was a significant increasing trend for the precipitation intensity in sunny days and rainy nighttime, rainfall days for diurnal composite precipitation, rainy daytime and rainless nighttime from 2000 to 2020, while for hot daytime and rainy nighttime the precipitation intensity maintained stable fluctuations after the 1990s. 3) Areas in the central arid zone of Ningxia, eastern part of the Hetao Plain, northern Shanxi Province, and from the Fen-Wei Plain to the Yiluo River Plain were sensitive to the variations of sunny days and rainy nighttime. However, the Earth-Rock Mountain and high-altitude regions of the southwestern Loess Plateau are sensitive to hot daytime and rainy nighttime changes. Meanwhile, we observed a high sensitivity for the variations of rainfall days for diurnal composite precipitation, as well as rainy daytime and rainless nighttime in the valley and plain areas of the southeastern part of the Loess Plateau. The findings highlight that the increased intensity of daytime precipitation and diurnal composite precipitation is changing the patterns of diurnal extreme precipitation on the Loess Plateau, inspiring to enhance the research regarding the variations and mechanism of diurnal extreme precipitation in summertime.

Functional polycentricity is a reflection of the essential attributes of urban agglomerations, and an important way to build a new urbanization pattern of division of labor and cooperation with improved functions.Based on Tencent's population movement data from 19 urban agglomerations of China, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics of population flow networks at the national and regional scales and functional polycentricity in urban agglomerations, and further explored the influencing factors of functional polycentricity. The results show that: 1) The regional functional polycentricity index of urban agglomerations of China as a whole is larger than the national functional polycentricity index and evolves toward stronger polycentricity, and there is a large gap between the national and regional functional polycentricity indices of the three types of urban agglomerations. 2) The regional functional polycentricity index of most urban agglomerations is larger than the national functional polycentricity index, which is in line with the general pattern that the larger the scale, the smaller the polycentricity index. The functional polycentricity type of each urban agglomeration is stable, but the direction of change differs. There is no obvious relationship between the functional polycentricity type of urban agglomerations and the type of urban agglomerations' development, and the type of urban agglomerations' functional polycentricity shows complexity. 3) The increase in GDP per capita reduces the national functional polycentricity index and shows a "U"-shaped correlation with the regional functional polycentricity index. The increase in the ratio of the total value of the secondary and tertiary industries promotes the increase of the national functional polycentricity index, and the increase in the size of the resident population and the decrease in the proportion of Internet users promotes the increase of the regional functional polycentricity index. The results of this study can provide relevant references for the development strategy of the spatial structure of urban agglomerations.

As China's economic and trade cooperation with Southeast Asia and other regions becomes increasingly close, accelerating the construction of the new western land-sea corridor and enhancing the quality and efficiency of logistics development is of great significance for promoting economic development and high-level opening-up in the inland areas of western China. This study focused on 30 urban units within the core coverage area of the new western land-sea corridor. Based on long-term statistical data, it employed the back propagation (BP) neural network model to predict the railway and highway freight volumes of each city after the completion of the main corridor. An improved gravity model was used to simulate the freight connections between cities under future corridor capacity conditions. Additionally, social network analysis was applied to compare the railway and highway logistics network structures before and after the completion of the corridor. The results indicate that: 1) The construction of the new western land-sea corridor helps reduce the railway and highway distances between cities in the core coverage area, increasing the total freight volume of each city. 2) Upon completion of the corridor, logistics connections between seaports and landports, such as Fangchenggang and Kunming facing Southeast Asia, and cities such as Chongqing and various provincial capitals, will be significantly strengthened. This will also promote the flow of goods to prefecture-level cities, leading to a hierarchical and integrated development pattern in the logistics network. 3) In terms of the distance reduction effect, changes in freight volume, and shifts in logistics network structure, the construction of the corridor has a stronger impact on the railway logistics network compared to the highway network. By comparing the changes in land logistics network patterns before and after the construction of the corridor, this study provides scientific insights for optimizing corridor layout, upgrading logistics networks, and promoting high-quality regional economic development.

Since 2000, great changes have taken place in the spatial pattern of the development in western China, and the internal differentiation has become increasingly prominent. Optimizing the spatial pattern of development is an important way to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development in the western region. This study used the trajectory of gravity center of development and Theil index to examine the change of the spatial pattern of development and regional inequality at different spatial scales in western China from 2000 to 2019. The results show that: 1) The change of the spatial pattern of development of the western region showed obvious stages. From 2000 to 2010, the population gravity center and economic gravity center moved northward, and the development in the northwest was better than that in the southwest generally. The overall regional development inequality in the western region had been widening. After 2010, the population and economic gravity centers began to move southward, and the development in the southwest was obviously better than that in the northwest. The overall gap in regional development was also narrowing. 2) There was a significant spatial heterogeneity and diversity in the changes of regional development inequality in the western region. Although the economic gap between the far west and the near west was small, it continued to widen since 2005. The per capita GDP gap between the southwest and the northwest and the income gap between urban and rural residents in the west show an inverted U-shaped trend. Although the income gap of rural residents in northwestern China and southwestern China had been narrowing, the gap was still significant. The income gap of rural residents between northwestern and southwestern areas had shown a widening trend, but the gap was not significant. 3) The development trend of the provinces showed a clear differentiation, forming four different types of development. Finally, the article put forward the strategy of optimizing the development pattern of the western region in the future.

Rhythmmanalysis, as an important theory in geographic research, has received extensive attention in the international academic community, but has not yet been fully emphasized in the Chinese academic community. This article first defined the connotation of Henri Lefebvre's concept of rhythm, and explained the theoretical connotation and inner connection of polyrhytmia, arrhythmia, eurhythmia, dressage, and isorhythmia in the theory of rhythm analysis; second, it systematically reviewed the rhythm research of the international geography community in the dimensions of the subject, the place, and the mobility. The article further discussed the deep insight of rhythm analysis in understanding the interactions between human activities and geographical space. Third, the article explored two theoretical perspectives of rhythm analysis—a localized time and a temporalized place—and explained the differences and connections between them in terms of research focus. Ultimately, rhythmanalysis, as a humanistic research method, pays attention to the comprehensive development of individuals, offering new theoretical perspectives and research methodologies for issues such as life rhythm, cultural rhythm, and ecological rhythm within the context of contemporary China. The article posits that the localization and modernization of the theory of rhythm analysis will provide a scientific guidance for the theoretical innovation of human geography practice in China, and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of society and the comprehensive development of human beings.

In the context of China's rapid urbanization, the migration of ethnic minority population is becoming increasingly more active, and has become an important component of China's migration groups, which has attracted widespread attention. This article reviewed the existing studies from the perspective of geography, which is conducive to enhancing interdisciplinary dialogue and expanding the research direction of ethnic minority population migration in China. Based on the reality of ethnic minority migration in China, this study incorporated the relevant migration theories on the basis of Chinese ethnicity theories, and established a macro-micro analytical framework. The study found that the migration of ethnic minority population has entered an active period, and the overall pattern of migration was from rural to urban areas, mainly within the provinces and across provinces from west to east; China's ethnic minority migration was also affected by factors that are common for the overall migration of the country, including ethnic minority languages, specific cultural practices, and co-ethnic network connections. Other factors related to ethnic culture also played an important role, but existing studies are weak in examining the mechanism of cultural factors; Ethnic minority migration in China not only promotes urbanization but also facilitates a wide range of interaction, communication, and integration among all ethnic groups, and its impact on urban-rural integration and the protection and revitalization of ethnic villages in ethnic minority areas requires the joint attention of different disciplines. Looking forward to future research, the study can be expanded in terms of the dispersal pattern and characteristics of change of ethnic minority migrants in urban scale hierarchies, the examination of the role of cultural factors in whether and how to migrate, and the effects of migration on the development of urban-rural transformation in ethnic minority areas and on ethnic minority individuals, respectively.

Under the background of globalization, informatization, industrialization, and urbanization, the hierarchical structure of China's urban system and its flow networks are intertwined and interact with each other. Based on the improved gravitational field model and the spatial econometric model, this study analyzed the economic efficiency of the Wuhan metropolitan area under the interaction of urban hierarchy and population flow (hierarchy-flow). The study found that the economic performance of cities and towns in the Wuhan metropolitan area showed a significant center-periphery pattern, and the Wuhan-Ezhou-Huangshi-Huanggang axis of economic efficiency is initially formed. The total economic volume of cities and towns grew super-linearly with the increase of urban population scale, but the gap between them tended to narrow. Population flows across scales promoted the growth of urban economic efficiency, and there was heterogeneity in the effects of different dimensions of urban hierarchies on urban economic efficiency. The influence of scale hierarchy on urban economic efficiency was negative, while increased population flows to large cities reduced scale diseconomies. Functional hierarchies contributed to the economic efficiency of cities and towns, and they further promoted agglomeration economies through cross-scale population flow. The administrative hierarchy promoted efficient economic growth in cities and towns, and growth in the scale of urban mobility at high administrative tiers promoted hierarchical diffusion. The interaction of hierarchy-flow expands the research perspectives of urban economic growth, deepens the understanding of the mechanism of high-efficiency growth of cities with different hierarchies, and lays the foundation for the coordinated and high-efficiency development of urban economy in metropolitan areas.

China's vast agro-pastoral ecotone, primarily located in ecologically fragile areas, comprises complex livelihood types and was concentrated areas of poverty in the past. By 2020, these areas had eradicated absolute poverty, marking a significant contribution to global poverty alleviation efforts. Focusing on Zhangbei County in the northern agro-pastoral ecotone, we explored the spatiotemporal patterns of farmers' income from 2016 to 2022, differences in income factors among three livelihood types, and their temporal changes using annual village-level field survey data, spatial autocorrelation, standard deviation ellipse, and geodetector analysis. The findings reveal that: 1) The average income of farmers in Zhangbei County increased from 7000 yuan in 2016 to 11000 yuan in 2022, and the income gap widened. High-income areas shifted from the center of Zhangbei County to the northern villages by 2020, while low-income areas dispersed from the northwestern concentrated area to larger areas of the county since 2019, with spatial variability in per capita income increasing. 2) The factors that influence farmers' per capita income exhibited significant temporal changes and differences across livelihood types. The role of grassroots-level government in driving income change for all three types of livelihoods has significantly strengthened. In farming-dominated areas, growth in farmers' income was more reliant on the provision and support of external market resources by local governments. In pastoral-dominated areas, it depended more on the guidance of experienced leaders in linking the labor force to the local market. In areas with mixed farming and pastoral activities, the influence of local governments is weaker compared to predominantly farming and pastoral areas, and farmers' income growth relied more on internal regional interactions. 3) Over time, the influencing factors have shifted from a sole focus on infrastructure and labor elements to a greater emphasis on the role of grassroots-level government, transportation accessibility, and market connectivity. 4) Future policies for increasing farmers' income should consider the differences in livelihood types more carefully, strengthen the capacity of grassroots-level governments, improve education levels, enhance transportation facilities, and promote the effective integration of resources. This study may provide a scientific reference for global poverty alleviation efforts and sustainable rural development in ecologically fragile areas.

Urban afforestation has been a significant artificial forestation approach in China. In theory, it serves as a crucial sink for urban carbon emissions, but it remains challenging to quantitatively assess the current status and potential of carbon sequestration of urban forest vegetation. This study, based on the biomass-age relationship in forest succession theory (FCS model), used 30-m high-resolution remote sensing imagery data and integrated IPCC climate scenario data to assess and predict the current status and potential of carbon sequestration in newly added forest vegetation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban area from 1985 to 2020. The research findings indicate that the total carbon sequestration in newly added forest vegetation in the area from 1985 to 2020 is approximately 14.28 × 10⁴ t, with Beijing urban area having the highest carbon sequestration amount of about 10.34 × 10⁴ t, possibly due to the largest growth rate of urban forest area in Beijing. By 2060, the potential carbon sequestration of this newly added forest vegetation is expected to be close to 39.72 × 10⁴ t, with Beijing urban area still having the highest potential of around 25.93 × 10⁴ t. From the perspective of city or district-level administrative units, in the period from 1985 to 2020, the district with the highest carbon sequestration in newly added forest vegetation in Beijing urban area was Shijingshan District, while in Tianjin urban area it was Jizhou District, and in Hebei urban area it was Chengde City. However, carbon sequestration potential differs, with Shunyi District becoming the area with the highest potential in Beijing urban area, Jizhou District remaining the highest in Tianjin urban area, and Langfang City becoming the highest in Hebei urban area. It is evident that there are significant differences in historical carbon sequestration and future carbon sink potential among different urban areas, which also suggests that future management of urban forest carbon sinks needs to integrate the current status and potential of carbon sinks comprehensively. This study innovatively proposed an accurate assessment method for quantifying urban forest carbon sinks, and its research findings provide important references for the scientific management and optimization strategies of urban forest carbon sinks.

Vegetation phenology is a critical indicator reflecting the impact of climate change on ecosystems. Northeast China boasts rich vegetation types and has experienced stronger warming than the national average, thus research on its vegetation phenological responses to climate change is particularly significant for providing scientific underpinnings for ecosystem management under global change scenarios. This study used the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) data from 2000 to 2020 to extract greenness and photosynthetic phenology in Northeast China. It analyzed the spatial-temporal variations of spring phenology in the region and combined meteorological data to diagnose the dominant factors that affect spring phenology across different vegetation types. The results revealed that: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the spring phenology of vegetation in Northeast China exhibited an advancing trend. Specifically, the start of growing season derived from the EVI data (SOS_EVI) advanced significantly at an average rate of 0.657 days per year (P < 0.05). Similarly, the start of growing season derived from the SIF data (SOS_SIF) showed a statistically significant advance at an average rate of 0.443 days per year. Spatially, 76.8% and 88.5% of the pixels displayed an advancing trend for SOS_EVI and SOS_SIF, respectively. 2) Among the environmental factors, spring temperature (temperature of air at 2 m above the surface) and soil moisture (volumetric soil water in the surface layer) content exerted a strong influence on the spring phenology in Northeast China. For SOS_EVI, approximately 44.5% of the pixels were primarily dominated by spring temperature, while about 24.5% were governed by soil moisture content. For SOS_SIF, spring temperature played a dominant role in around 61.5% of the pixels, and soil moisture content was the primary driver in about 20.0% pixels. Thus, rising spring temperatures and increased soil moisture levels were identified as the main factors driving the earlier onset of spring phenology. 3) The dominant factors influencing spring phenology varied among different vegetation types. The spring phenology of deciduous broadleaf forests was mainly affected by spring temperature, whereas the spring phenology of grassland was predominantly more sensitive to soil moisture conditions. This study disclosed the spatial-temporal patterns and dominant factors of spring phenological changes of various vegetation types in Northeast China, providing robust evidence for the understanding of climate change impacts on regional vegetation dynamics.

Rural and urban spatial systems are a spatial support for implementing the rural revitalization strategy. Against the backdrop of increasingly prominent issues in individual village development, constructing a rural and urban spatial system identification path that serves rural cluster development is an effective way to achieve regional coordinated development. This study established a rural and urban spatial system identification path of "rural development poles-rural development clusters" and used multi-source data from 379 villages of 18 towns in Jinghai District, Tianjin Municipality, to analyze the spatial network characteristics of villages and towns. Based on the rural and urban spatial system identification path, rural development clusters were then delineated, and revitalization paths for different development clusters were proposed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial network characteristics under the dimensions of economic development, resource endowment, and living environment vary, with notable local agglomeration characteristics of comprehensive development levels. The network density exhibits a distribution pattern that decreases from the northeast to the southwest. 2) Based on resource characteristics, villages were categorized into four types and eight variants: multi-resource dominant (P-C-A), dual-resource dominant (P-C, P-A, C-A), single-resource dominant (P, C, A), and non-resource dominant (p-c-a), with single-resource dominant and non-resource dominant villages being the majority in Jinghai District. 3) According to the rural and urban spatial system identification path, central villages, characteristic villages, and rural development clusters were sequentially identified based on the spatial network. Furthermore, sub-clusters of rural development were identified based on the dominant resource evaluation results. A rural and urban system in the study area was ultimately mapped, comprising 24 central villages, 13 characteristic villages, 9 rural development groups, and their 30 subordinate rural development sub-groups. 4) Based on the optimization pattern of the rural and urban spatial system, the characteristics of rural development clusters were further analyzed, and a clustered development path for promoting rural revitalization by zoning and classification was proposed.

To support the safe and effective growth of regions, resilient city networks should be built in metropolitan areas. Current research is focused on understanding how disaster risk propagates in city networks and assessing network resilience. This study developed a multiplex city network model composed of facility and function based on the fundamental concept of the city network, and investigated the functional, physical, and geographic relationships across networks. Second, we examined the resilience of the multiplex city network in terms of both the structure and function and the network as a whole and local areas. Third, we illustrated how disaster risks spread in the multiplex city network from three perspectives—propagation path, propagation process, and propagation impact, which establish a logical relationship between disaster impact and network resilience. Lastly, we proposed a three-step framework for assessing the resilience of multiplex city networks: modeling the multiplex city network, simulating risk propagation of the network, and using indicastors to measure the network's resilience. The feasibility and validity of the framework were verified by the case study of resilience assessment of the "road-people's flow" multiplex city network in the Wuhan metropolitan area under the impact of flooding. The case results demonstrate that as disaster risks spread through the network, certain cities' structural and functional status will alter, drawing attention to these changes as a means of enhancing network resilience. For instance, some cities and network paths will have much less connectedness and as a result, these cities should improve their own preparedness during the latent phase of disasters and recovery capacity during the mitigation phase. Certain cities and paths have an absorptive capability during the risk outbreak period that helps keep the city network operating as intended. This research offered a fresh look at the theory and methodology of city network resilience assessment that considers disaster risk transmission. It concentrated on the real requirements for the development of regional network security. By examining and altering the interactions between cities, the suggested framework can contribute to making city networks more resilient.

With the increased rate of urbanization, health problems resulting from the distant separation of jobs and housing as well as increased reliance on motorized travel have become increasingly prominent. As a healthy and sustainable mode of transportation, active travel holds significant positive potential for achieving the peak emission and carbon neutrality goals and realizing the Healthy China strategy. The impact of active travel on residents' physical health has garnered significant interest among scholars in geography, transportation, and urban planning. However, research on its impact on psychological health and well-being is still in an early stage. This study aimed to contribute to this area by providing a systematic summary of the empirical effects surrounding the relationship between urban active travel and psychological health and well-being, drawing on relevant journal publications in China and internationally. The results of our review show that the majority of the studies have confirmed the positive impacts of active travel on psychological health and well-being. However, these impacts were also moderated by personal and spatial factors, resulting in heterogeneity. Furthermore, this study found that the impact path of active travel on psychological health and well-being is complex, involving the joint action of multiple direct and indirect factors. The main action paths include: the direct effect of intrinsic characteristics, the mediation effect of individual physiological functions, the moderating effect of the physical environment, and the mediation effect of the social environment. In addition, psychological health and well-being can also have a feedback effect on active travel behaviors by influencing travel willingness. Finally, based on the current status of the research conducted, this article also put forward relevant recommendations for improvement, especially to provide new ideas for conducting similar research in China. These findings offer insights for promoting active travel through policy measures and urban planning strategies, and facilitating the research and development of healthy cities in China.

Famous mountain resorts in China are important carriers for displaying the essence of Chinese culture and assisting in the construction of ecological civilization. While the positive interaction between culture and nature is an important goal of high-quality development of famous mountain resorts in China, the social construction of nature has also become a key perspective to interpret their formation and change. This study aimed to develop a theoretical analysis framework for the change of famous mountain resorts in China from the perspective of the social construction of nature to explore the processes of change and mechanisms. It proposed to explore the process logic and system logic of the change of famous mountain resorts in China from the perspective of the social construction of nature, including the production of natural values and meanings under the construction of multiple subject discourse, the social spatial practice of nature, and the feedback and response of human-environment relationships. This study also examined the interrelationships between traditional cultural roots, ancient power, and modern capital, as well as the continuous interaction with local daily life, to construct a multidimensional framework composed of the internal driving force of traditional culture, the control force of power, the transformation force of capital, and the penetration force of daily life, in order to guide the exploration of the mechanism of change of famous mountain resorts in China. Theoretically, this research attempted to bridge the social-natural dichotomy in the study of the change of the regional system of human-environment relations, broaden the perspective of research on human-environment relations, and explore the applicability of the theory of the social construction of nature on a broader scale and specific fields. It also compensated for the situational aphasia of related research on the "humanized nature" of famous mountain resorts in China, and in practice, provides a guidance and reference for realizing the sustainable development of mountain economy and society.

Leisure walking is one of the most important physical activities, and green space exposure is regarded as an important influencing factor of leisure walking. However, previous studies have paid limited attention to the relative importance of each green space exposure indicator to leisure walking, and the threshold effects of green space exposure and the spatial heterogeneity of residences and workplaces. Based on a survey conducted in Shanghai between 2018 and 2019, consisting of 1049 participants, this study used a gradient boosting decision tree approach to explore the threshold effects of exposure to green space around residences and workplaces on the duration of leisure walking. The results show that around both residences and workplaces, among green space exposure indicators, distance to the nearest park is the most important predictor for the duration of leisure walking. Around residences, distance to the nearest park is the second most important predictor and its ranking is only lower than age. Around workplaces, distance to the nearest park is the sixth important predictor, followed by the area of greenspace and the supply-demand ratio of greenspace, ranking seventh and ninth, respectively. Around both residences and workplaces, distance to the nearest park has negative associations with leisure walking when it is lower than 650 m. Beyond this threshold, distance to the nearest park has a trivial contribution to the duration of leisure walking. Value of NDVI around residences, when between 0.10 and 0.14, is positively correlated with the duration of leisure walking. When the supply-demand ratio of greenspace around workplaces is less than 0.2, it has a positive association with the duration of leisure walking. More green areas and parks are positively related to the duration of leisure walking without clear thresholds. With regard to the attributes of the built environment, around both residences and workplaces, land use diversity positively correlates with the duration of leisure walking, while distance to the city center has a negative association with the duration of leisure walking. Population density around residences and the number of transit stops around workplaces are negatively related to the duration of leisure walking with certain thresholds. These findings provide evidence for planning and designing green spaces around residences and workplaces to promote leisure walking.

The economic space of urban-rural interface is an important topic that has long been concerned by geography, sociology, urban and rural planning, and other disciplines. This study adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods: we read the classic literature to examine the research lineage; and we downloaded the Chinese and English publications from China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Web of Science databases and quantitatively analyzed the data by using the CiteSpace 6.26 software, which was used as supporting evidence for the division of the research phases. This study examined the three stages of international research related to the economic space of the urban-rural interface: the emergence of early exploration in Europe and the United States, the development of attention to less developed regions, and the emergence of the post-industrial era. Then it examined the three stages of Chinese research: the reference of foreign theories at the beginning of urbanization, the concern of real problems during the acceleration of urbanization, and the exploration of multiple values in the middle and late stages of urbanization. It also concluded that the economic space of the urban-rural interface presents three characteristics: inclusive mixing of economic types, dynamic fragmentation of morphological evolution, and dualistic coexistence of economic dynamics. There are two paths in the evolution of economic space in the urban-rural interface: one is led by top-down forces, showing the path of peri-urban agriculture-centralized large-scale industry-high-tech industry; the other is driven by bottom-up forces, showing the path of peri-urban agriculture-township industry in the early stage, and then different branches with regional differences in the later stage. Urbanization is the fundamental driving force for the economic space evolution of the urban-rural interface; technological factors are the core factors for this evolution; and the government, the market, and the society all play a key role in the change. Based on the above review, we proposed four directions for future research on the economic space of the urban-rural interface in terms of scale and regional differences, post-industrial characteristics, cross-border network characteristics, and governance guidance.

Resilience is a hot topic in global change and environment and development research, providing a new research framework and practical analytical tool for regional sustainable development studies. This study combined the human-sea regional system with resilience to construct a theoretical framework for the resilience of the human-sea regional system. It integrated internal factors and external disturbances, obtained multi-source data, combined hierarchical analysis, kernel density analysis, and GIS spatial analysis methods to construct an indicator system, and used exploratory data analysis (ESDA) methods to analyze the spatiotemporal change of resilience and the characteristics of land-sea gradient. The main results are as follows: 1) The resilience of the human-sea regional system in Dalian City presents a spatial distribution characteristic of low in the middle and high in the south and north, and low along the coast and high inland, and it increases year by year. The coastal and inland regions exhibit distinct regional differences. 2) The resilience of the system has a spreading effect, with new hot spots sporadically appearing around the continuous hot spots. 3) The resilience of the system has clear land-sea gradient characteristics. The resilience of each criterion layer is ranked in descending order as the resilience of the ecological environment, the resilience to climate change, the resilience of the resources as well as the resilience of human activities; overall resilience presents the gradient characteristic of the further away from the sea, the higher the resilience level. Therefore, the resilience regulation of coastal cities can be combined with the characteristics of the land and sea gradient for detailed governance at the micro level, and improve the level of development of the marine economy at the macro level by developing a low-carbon economy, and formulate a blueprint for the development of a blue-carbon economy.

The structural resilience of the tourism economic network is a structural guarantee for the stability and resilience of the tourism economy, and is an important point for the future recovery and revitalization of the tourism economy. Based on China's inter-provincial panel data from 2001 to 2022, and on the basis of constructing the spatial correlation of China's inter-provincial tourism economy with the help of the modified gravity model, this study used the complex network theory, computer simulation, and fsQCA to explore the characteristics of change of structural resilience of China's inter-provincial tourism economic network and the formation mechanism of differences. The results show that: 1) The structural resilience of China's inter-provincial tourism economic network showed a fluctuating trend of rising-declining-rising in the study period, and there were regional differences in space, with stronger structural resilience in the tourism economic network of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu. 2) The hierarchical nature of China's inter-provincial tourism economic network had been decreasing, and the hierarchical difference between the core and the periphery had gradually narrowed; the network was heterogeneous, with more significant network flattening characteristics in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Guangdong provinces; the network had good transmission ability, with relatively high network accessibility and diffusion in provincial-level units such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Xinjiang; the network agglomeration effect had increased, with Liaoning and Shandong provinces having relatively strong network agglomeration. 3) The structural resilience of China's inter-provincial tourism economic network showed phased change characteristics with the increase of attack ratio, the network showed robustness under random attacks, and the vulnerability of the network became more significant under deliberate attacks. 4) The reasons for the differences in the structural resilience of China's inter-provincial tourism economic networks were asymmetric, with economy-driven and economy and government-led being the antecedent configurations for high structural resilience of the tourism economic networks, and low structural resilience of the tourism economic networks being caused by insufficient supply of acquired conditions such as transportation accessibility and information technology level, as well as the lack of strong economic power. The results of this study can provide a practical reference for promoting the high-quality development of the tourism economy.

The Internet and digital platforms have driven the establishment of external network relationships in creative industries, and the formation of virtual network relationships has profoundly changed the resource acquisition ability of cities and further influenced the development of local creative industries. Based on the data of China's online game industry from 2010 to 2022, this study explored the impact of cities' embeddedness in industrial networks on the development of local online game industries. This study found that: First, while digitization drives decentralized production in the game industry, it also exacerbates the dominance of existing game centers. The main nodes of the online game industry cooperation network are dominated by eastern coastal cities, but small and medium-sized cities in the central and western regions have also begun to rise and are gradually embedded in the external network dominated by core cities due to the widespread use of digital technology. Second, external network embedding has a positive impact on the development of local online game industries. Even though cities with higher network power control the flow, matching, and combination of creative resources in the network, other cities are still able to improve their access to resources through a large number of external collaborations and strengthened connectivity with superior nodes. Lastly, the spatial dependence of local game industry development is low, and the spillover effect of virtual agglomeration-type network relationship is more obvious than that of geographical proximity. The results of the study help to deepen the understanding of the spatial organization of creative industries in the context of high digitization and provide references for local governments to optimize the layout of the game industry on the basis of clarifying the spatial structure and development logic of China's online game industry.

The development of the financial network has broken down geographical and administrative barriers to capital flows, further influencing the level of urban financial risks. This study mapped financial networks based on the headquarters-branch data of financial enterprises in 287 cities from 2011 to 2020. It employed panel fixed-effects regression models, mediation effect models, and so on to empirically test the impact of financial network centrality on China's urban financial risks and mechanism. The research findings are as follows: 1) Financial network centrality had a significant inhibitory effect on urban financial risks. Cities with higher network linkages in terms of scale and quality had lower levels of financial risks. 2) The results of the mediation effect analysis indicate that financial network centrality could suppress urban financial risks by improving the accessibility of financial talents and the resilience of urban economies. The threshold effect analysis results indicate that the inhibitory effect of financial network centrality on urban financial risks increased with the improvement of digital inclusive finance level and financial technology development level. 3) The inhibitory effect of urban financial network centrality on financial risks showed spatial heterogeneity, with a stronger inhibitory effect on core cities and cities in the "optimized upgrading" and "development and growth" city clusters. The benefits that cities in the eastern, central, and western regions gained from financial networks were significantly greater than those in the northeastern region. The research results are expected to provide insights for understanding the transmission mechanism of city-scale financial risks in the context of mobile space and contribute to the systematic risk resistance of China's urban financial system.