Human trafficking has existed since ancient times and persists to this day, causing serious damage to family and social harmony and stability. Based on open-source data on the Internet, this study employed statistical analysis and spatial visualization methods to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of child trafficking in Henan Province from 1970 to 2018. Furthermore, it exploreed the regional types and formation mechanisms of these crimes. The results are as follows: 1) From 1970 to 2018, the annual variation of child trafficking in Henan Province showed an inverted-"V" shape, high in the middle and low at both ends. It was closely related to fertility policies, anti-trafficking enforcement efforts, and shifts in societal attitudes. In terms of monthly variation, a clear seasonal differentiation was observed, with spring and summer being the peak seasons, largely influenced by climate, agricultural activities, and holidays. 2) The spatial distribution of child trafficking in Henan Province showed significant regional disparities. Hotspot areas include Huaxian County, Yuanyang County, and Lankao County in the northeast, and Erqi District in the central region, while most counties in the northwest, west, and south are low-incidence areas. 3) The regional types of child trafficking in Henan Province were mainly dominated by trafficking in boys, trafficking in girls, and trafficking out boys. Through the study period, the number of boy-inflow-dominant areas has decreased, while the number of boy-outflow-dominant areas has shown an upward trend, and the number of girl-inflow-dominant areas has shown a slight increase. 4) Due to the influence of the family planning policy, regions in Henan Province with severe son preference, poor economic development, and lower educational levels tend to traffic in boys due to restricted fertility, inability to conceive, or the loss of a son, driven by the purposes of "continuing the family line" and "providing old-age support", thereby forming the boy-inflow-dominant type. In contrast, regions with less pronounced son preference often desire "having both a son and a daughter", or some economically disadvantaged men seek to enter marriage by purchasing wives. When faced with fertility restrictions, inability to conceive, or marital mismatches, these regions tend to traffic in girls for the purposes of caregiving in old age and childbearing, forming the girl-inflow-dominant type. The formation of the trafficking out boys is facilitated by a robust buyer's market, sufficient criminal motivation, inadequate regulatory enforcement, market-driven criminal choices, and convenient transportation conditions.

Tourism destination is a core concept in tourism research and tourism practice, but the analysis of the trends, key directions, and theoretical bases of tourism destination research is not clear enough. In this case, neither researchers nor professionals have reached a consensus on the definition of a tourist destination. Although a few studies have conducted in-depth analysis of the keyword co-occurrence network and evolution of tourism destination research, there is a lack of coding, classification, and reflection of the research content. In addition, the exploration of the conceptual nature of tourism destination as a unit of analysis needs to be further developed to provide a fuller cognitive picture for the theorization of tourism destination. Therefore, this study used systematic literature review and bibliometric research methods to examine and reflect on the Chinese literature from 1998 to 2024. The results show that: 1) The research on tourism destinations can be divided into four stages, the abundance and depth of the research topics are deepening, and the co-occurrence map also shows a concentrated trend in the time series, among which tourism image, destination residents, and rural tourism are the topics with high attention. 2) The meta-themes of tourism destination research include 23 categories, which can be divided mainly into five levels: tourism destination image, marketing and brand; tourist perception, attitude, and behavior; rural tourism host and guest perception and culture; tourism destination patterns, processes, and mechanisms; and heritage tourism destination governance and residents' livelihood. 3) The research on tourism destinations is mainly carried out under the paradigm of tourism management and tourism geography, and the related theories of life cycle, glocalization, and social construction are insufficient to understand the complexity of tourism destinations, while the emphasis of social-material theory on networks, heterogeneous actors, and relationship effects provides another possibility for understanding the integrity and dynamics of tourism destination reproduction. This study aimed to clarify the genealogy of tourism destination research and deepen the theoretical exploration of the conceptualization of tourism destination.

The non-grain production of cultivated land in China is becoming increasingly severe. A comprehensive understanding of the patterns of change and formation mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land is of great significance for enhancing cultivated land protection and ensuring food security. Currently, there are diverse perspectives and methodologies for measuring non-grain production yet the results vary significantly, and comparative and integrated research on various measurement methods remains inadequate. Therefore, this study employed a meta-analysis approach to statistically examine 207 existing research articles, revealing the characteristics of change and driving mechanisms of non-grain production of cultivated land in China from 2000 to 2021. The findings are as follows: 1) The methods of non-grain crop area proportion, multiple cropping index, and autumn grain crop area are frequently used and widely applied, offering comparability at the national, regional, and provincial scales, which can be considered preferred methods for measuring non-grain production of cultivated land. 2) During the study period of this research, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in China remained stable at around 30.0% overall, with a slight downward fluctuation. Among the nine major agricultural regions, the Northeast China Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and the Loess Plateau had non-grain production rates below 30.0% that remained relatively stable, the rate of non-grain production of cultivated land in South China was higher than 50.0% and the increase was larger, while in other regions the rates were in the range of 30.0% to 50.0%, with a general increase of 10.0% to 20.0%. The rate and growth of non-grain production of cultivated land were both lower in the northern grain crop planting regions than in the southern regions, which gradually increased in the main grain-producing areas, grain balanced areas, and main grain-marketing areas. At the provincial level, non-grain production exhibited a dynamic process characterized by clustered incremental increases and phased differentiation. 3) Non-grain production of cultivated land in China is influenced by multiple factors, including natural environment, economic development, social activities, policies, and technology. Through the foundational, bidirectional, driving, and regulatory effects of common and differential factors, the driving effects of non-grain production of cultivated land such as background, catalytic, enhancement, and retardation effects are formed. This study supports the viewpoints of many scholars, provides data references for in-depth research on the socioeconomic and natural environmental effects of non-grain production, and proposes optimization strategies for the effective implementation of scientific measures to manage non-grain production of cultivated land.

The rise of digital social media platforms has fostered the rapid increase of new farmers short video creators, propelling rural revitalization. Taking Douyin platform as an example, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics of these short video creators in Guangdong Province through kernel density analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis. It further analyzed the configuration paths that influence their agglomeration and high-quality development using entropy-weight TOPSIS and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The results show that: 1) The overall distribution of new farmers short video creators presents a spatial pattern of "one main center and two sub-centers". Guangzhou is the main center with large number of participants and excellent quality of short videos, while Maoming and Chaoshan are the sub-centers with high concentration of participants and high quality of products. 2) Spatial dependence exists, with a "dense in the central area, sparse in the east, transitional in the west "trend in numbers and the quality is characterized by distinct transitional and secondary cold spot areas, alternating with hot and cold spot areas. 3) The synergistic effects of infrastructure, innovation factors, policy support, industrial scale, economic development, agricultural scale, and human resources have led to three configuration mechanisms: the all-factor double-optimal model, the environmental factor-driven growth model, and the technological factor-driven quality improvement model. These mechanisms have emerged as the key factors that influence the spatial differentiation of new farmers short video creators in Guangdong. This study sheds light on the development mechanisms of new farmers short video creators, offering insights for digital rural construction and talent cultivation in China.

Exploring the patterns of change and influencing factors of business is an important basis for promoting the high-quality development of winter tourism destinations. Taking Chongli District of Zhangjiakou City, one of the venues for the Beijing Winter Olympics, as a typical winter tourism destination, this study constructed an industrial system for ice and snow tourism destinations, which took the core dominant formats as the main body to output major tourism products, used the extended synergistic formats to improve the market operation environment, and employed the supporting auxiliary formats to shape the basic development environment. It also clarified the functional relationships among different levels of industrial subsystems. It selected its point of interest (POI) data from 2005, 2010, 2015, 2022, and 2023 and used the ArcGIS spatial analysis method to analyze the spatial-temporal change characteristics of business in Chongli and its influencing factors. The results shows: 1) The number of POIs in the ice-snow tourism destination has demonstrated progressive growth from 2005 to 2023. Especially during the exponential growth stage driven by Winter Olympics preparations, all tourism sectors achieved unprecedented POI proliferation, particularly core dominant sectors that manifested the most substantial quantitative expansion. It also showed a stable development in the high-quality development stage. Significant spatial variations in business distribution have been observed, characterized by predominant concentration within southeastern townships and sparse distribution in northern regions, with dense clustering in southern areas. 2) Chongli's business formats exhibited an agglomerated spatial pattern, transitioning from a "single-core with multiple nodes" configuration to a "dual-core and dual-belt" structure during the study period, with progressively intensified clustering. Spatial diffusion analysis revealed that the distribution centroid is located at the boundary between Hongqiying Township and Xiwanzi Town on the whole. The standard deviational ellipse displayed a distinct northeast-southwest orientation, indicating pronounced directional spread. Spatial correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive spatial interdependence, with prominent clustering features. Low-low clusters significantly decreased, while high-high and high-low clusters gradually increased, indicating enhanced development levels across business formats. 3) The spatiotemporal change of winter tourism destination business formats is mainly driven by the combined effects of multiple factors: distance from administrative centers, socioeconomic development levels, collaborative development with tourism enterprises, transportation network distribution, altitude, slope, sports, and the winter Olympics policy impacts. Particularly during the rapid development stages, administrative centers and ice and snow policies played crucial catalytic roles in accelerating business format development, with the driving force gradually shifting to tourism-oriented enterprises as the primary growth engine.

As the impact of global warming continues to escalate, the number and severity of extreme weather events have increased significantly, posing a huge threat to life and property. Existing disaster research often focuses on single events and ignores their inherent complexity and cumulative impacts resulting from their association with other events. Therefore, we urgently need to have a deeper understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of extreme disaster events. To fill this research gap, this study extracted high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events from the meteorological observation data of 1886 stations in China's mainland from 1961 to 2020 and used Theil-Sen median slope estimation and Mann-Kendall trend test to explore their spatiotemporal distribution and change characteristics. The proportion of compound events in single events, the change cycle of compound events, the impact of urbanization on compound events, and the disaster risk assessment of compound events were explored from multiple perspectives. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The high temperature-heavy rainfall compound events mainly occurred in the eastern monsoon region, and the frequency of events was greatest in the central Sichuan Basin. 2) The frequency of compound events across the country and in each climate zone increased significantly during the study period, especially after 1990. 3) The proportion of compound events in extreme precipitation events increased significantly after 1990. 4) The North China Plain, Huang-Huai, Jiang-Huai, Jiang-Han, Sichuan Basin, and South China coastal areas were at high risk of disasters, and the above areas urgently need to give priority to effective early warning and response strategies to mitigate the impact of compound events.

China is entering an era characterized by severe aging and high population mobility. Identifying regional types of population aging from the perspective of population mobility is essential for the effective implementation of national strategies aimed at addressing aging-related problems across various regions. This study proposed a method for categorizing regional types of population aging by integrating the composite index method of population mobility with elderly population location quotient. Using county-level data from the fifth, sixth, and seventh Chinese censuses, the study identified regional types of population aging across Chinese counties from 2000 to 2020, classifying them into seven categories: aging-in-place, (reverse) accumulation, (reverse) congregation, and (reverse) recomposition. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the factors contributing to population aging in different regional types. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The spatial distribution of aging-in-place counties has significantly contracted, with the Huang-Huai-Hai region, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and southern areas of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangxi identified as the primary regions. 2) The distribution range of accumulation counties has expanded to the Northeast, Chengdu-Chongqing region, mid-Yangtze River Basin, and most part of of Gansu Province, while reverse accumulation counties are primarily located around the Pearl River Delta, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and southern Xinjiang. 3) Congregation counties are mainly urban districts within prefecture-level cities or county-level cities, while reverse congregation counties are concentrated in the core areas of the Beijing-Tianjin, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. 4) Recomposition and reverse recomposition counties are mainly distributed in the northwestern half of the Hu Line, with the number of recomposition counties decreasing while reverse recomposition counties increasing. 5) Population aging in aging-in-place counties is primarily determined by regional socioeconomic development; population aging in congregation and reverse congregation counties is mainly influenced by population inflow; in accumulation and reverse accumulation counties, population outflow has altered the regional aging process; and in recomposition and reverse recomposition counties, the aging process is affected by both population inflow and outflow.

It is crucial for achieving the dual carbon goals and promoting high-quality urban development to reveal the heterogeneity of urban sprawl's impact on carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin, and establish a scientific basis for coordinating urbanization with low-carbon development. This study evaluated the degree of urban sprawl based on long-term nighttime light imagery and LandScan population data, and empirically examined the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions and its spatial effects in 91 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin during 2004-2021 using the spatial Durbin model. It also used the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to assess the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of these effects. The findings demonstrate that, first, a pronounced spatial disparity and spatial aggregation in carbon emissions existed across the study region, with higher levels in the eastern part compared to the western areas. While aggregate carbon emissions continued to rise annually, the rate of increase has shown consistent deceleration. Second, urban sprawl exhibited both significant direct and indirect effects. This result suggests that urban sprawl not only affected the carbon emissions of a city itself but also had spillover effects on those of the neighbors. Third, urban sprawl contributed to the rise in carbon emissions through three principal pathways: expanding the quantity and scale of industrial enterprises, extending residents' commuting distances, and elevating household energy consumption. Finally, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions showed an upward trend in temporal variation, with a dynamic change characteristic of homogenization-differentiation-homogenization. In terms of spatial heterogeneity, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions was predominantly positive, high coefficients mainly concentrated in the midstream regions, and low values mainly occurred in both the upstream and downstream areas. From the perspective of spatial evolution, the impact of urban sprawl on carbon emissions was gradually increasing, especially in the middle reaches. Consequently, the effects of urban sprawl on carbon emissions showed distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity, varying in impact intensity in both the temporal and spatial dimensions. Formulating differentiated spatial development plans tailored to urban realities may prevent disorderly urban sprawl and facilitate both high-quality urban development and the achievement of carbon reduction goals in the Yellow River Basin.

Cultivating and guiding new quality productivity to empower the high-quality development of resource-based regions is an inherent requirement and important focus for advancing Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance. This study incorporated new quality productivity into the theoretical analysis framework for high-quality development in resource-based regions, systematically expounded the theoretical basis for new quality productivity empowering the transformation and high-quality development of resource-based regions, and empirically examined the mechanism and effects of new quality productivity empowering high-quality development of resource-based regions using benchmark regression models, multiple mediation effect models, and spatial Durbin models based on the panel data from 23 resource-based cities in Northeast China from 2010 to 2022. The research findings indicate that: 1) The promotion effect of new quality productivity on high-quality development of resource-based regions was significant, and this effect exhibited characteristics of regional differences, differences in development stages, and structural heterogeneity. 2) New quality productivity provided a solid foundation for the realization of high-quality development of resource-based regions through multiple channels such as technological innovation, industrial structure transformation and upgrading, and optimization of resource factor allocation, among which the mediation effect of industrial structure upgrading was the most significant. 3) New quality productivity had a positive spatial spillover effect on the high-quality development of neighboring resource-based cities. These findings not only help to theoretically clarify the connection between new quality productivity and high-quality development of resource-based regions, enrich the sustainability assessment framework of new quality productivity from the perspective of high-quality development of resource-based regions, but also help to guide local governments in formulating differentiated development strategies at the practical level, providing a policy basis for coordinating new quality productivity and advancing the tasks and goals of Chinese style modernization and modernization of national governance.

Promoting cross-border railway infrastructure connectivity with neighboring countries holds significant strategic importance for China, but the geopolitical strategies of these neighbors often lead to setbacks in cross-border railway cooperation. Existing studies often use a single or the same theoretical framework to explain the geopolitical strategies of different countries, which is not conducive to clarifying the reasons behind the differentiated states of cross-border railways in various countries. This study applied multiple analytical frameworks based on national regime characteristics, comprising the theories of hedging, two-level game, and shatter belt. Through case analyses, it categorically investigated the impact of neighboring countries' geopolitical strategies on cross-border railway construction. The findings are as follows: 1) Based on the hedging theory, neighboring countries seeking a balance between security threats and economic interests affected railway construction. Kazakhstan maintained neutral hedging between Russia and China, while Laos enhanced active hedging with China to mitigate the influence of Vietnam, leading to the successful operation of the China-Kazakhstan and China-Laos railways. Conversely, the China-Vietnam railway faced setbacks due to Vietnam's "bamboo diplomacy". 2) According to the two-level game theory, political elites playing the game at domestic and international levels influenced railway projects too. Despite China's active promotion of cooperation, the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan, China-Pakistan, China-Nepal, and China-Thailand railways were hindered by frequent domestic regime changes in recipient countries and external power interferences. 3) The shatter belt theory indicates that lack of unity and stability of neighboring countries leads to stagnation of cross-border railway projects as well. As the fragmentation situation in Myanmar intensifies, the construction of the Myanmar section of the China-Myanmar railway has been put on hold. Based on these findings, policy recommendations are proposed: First, China should increase aid to countries engaged in active and neutral hedging and guide neutral countries towards active side; for countries engaged in negative hedging, we need to prevent strategic backsliding while enhance "soft connectivity". Second, for countries where the two-level game theory is applicable, it is advisable to deepen domestic engagement to build consensus and prepare for geopolitical risks. Finally, for countries that can be analyzed through the shatter belt theory, we should prioritize "stabilizing political situation through economic means" to achieve consensus while timely implement security measures to ensure railway safety. These findings can provide valuable references for advancing cross-border railway cooperation between China and its neighboring countries.

Raising income levels and narrowing theurban-rural income gap is an important path to realize the well-being equity and common prosperity of urban and rural residents in national key ecological functional zones. This study focused on the national key ecological functional zones in China, comprising 410 counties. Dagum's Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, and the multiscale geographic weighted regression (MGWR) model were used to measure the changes in urban and rural residents' incomes spatially and temporally, with a focus on the dynamic evolution of spatial differences in the urban-rural income gap (URIG). This study also identified factors that influenced the URIG and analyzed their roles over the past 10 years within the ecological functional zones. The results show that: 1) In the past 10 years, the income of urban and rural residents in the study areas has doubled overall, but it was still lower than the national average income level. The absolute income gap between urban and rural residents in the study areas, as well as the average incomes of urban and rural residents in China, was almost three times greater in 2020 than in 2010. The growth rate of income in urban and rural areas was highly consistent with the income growth rate in urban and rural areas across the country, and the growth rate of rural income level was faster than that of urban areas. 2) During 2010-2020, the overall income gap between urban and rural areas has dropped from 3.43 to 2.58, and the narrowing rate was greater than the national average level. By 2020, it basically kept pace with the national average level, tending towards common prosperity. The urban-rural income gap on the eastern and western sides of the Hu Huanyong Line was narrowing. The urban-rural income gap on the eastern side of the line was lower than that on the whole country, while the income gap on the western side of the line was higher than that of the country as a whole; The urban-rural income gap on both the northern and the southern sides of the Qinling-Huaihe Line was narrowing, with the urban-rural income gap in the south higher than that on the whole country, while the income gap in the north remains synchronized with the national average level. 3) The overall spatial difference in the level of urban-rural income gap has gradually narrowed, but there are still large differences. The urban-rural income gap in the eight key ecological functional zones all showed a narrowing trend; the urban-rural income gap extremes between the 23 functional areas also showed a narrowing trend. 4) Factors such as increases in aging rates, population density, urbanization rates, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita household savings, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) all contributed to the decrease in the URIG. Increases in the ratio of added values from secondary and tertiary industries, per capita fiscal expenditure, employment rates, and the concentration of PM_2.5 delayed the reduction of the URIG. Significant spatial heterogeneity characterized the effects of different influencing factors on the URIG. This study provides fundamental understanding and policy insights for fostering urban-rural integration and regional common prosperity in ecological functional zones.

The environmental vulnerability of the Qingzang Plateau constrains the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the local knowledge drawn from the history of agricultural and pastoral activities has given rise to an adaptive and localized development model that is increasingly valued in regional sustainable development practices. This study focused on the agropastoral systems in eastern Qingzang Plateau, a region with distinct geographical and cultural characteristics. Based on field interviews and using a methodological framework of contextual knowledge tracing, case analysis, and systematic exposition, this study explored the human-environment relationship as embedded metaphorically in local knowledge and its implications for sustainable development. The results show that: 1) Constructing a "knowledge-behavior" sustainability framework for agropastoral areas, the study analyzed local knowledge on the Qingzang Plateau and found that agricultural and pastoral production modes shaped by Tibetan Buddhist norms, natural productivity constrained by historical experience, and household production behavior influenced by folk beliefs together constitute three dimensions of the human-environment relationship that metaphorically underpin the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry on the Plateau. These dimensions operate on the human-grassland system in alpine regions through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of grassland resource use, the adjustment of production objectives, and the organization of household production behaviors. 2) The case of Lageri Village reflects localized agricultural-pastoral practices, where ecological perceptions, family-based cultural values, and neighborhood mutual assistance are increasingly integrated with external knowledge. The shift of local knowledge towards locally grounded community of shared future knowledge of universal relevance has been externalized in herders' production and utilization practices, organizational and managerial arrangements, as well as in the application of technologies and institutions, manifesting an agricultural and pastoral development pathway characterized by weak sustainability.3) The chained relationship among contextual factors, knowledge transformation, and behavioral externalization—with corresponding feedback mechanisms—manifests in human-environment coordination, knowledge empowerment, and the activation of local agency. The sustainable development model and its planning practice suitable for the Qingzang Plateau urgently need to systematically explore, scientifically translate, and apply local knowledge for the management of the territorial space on the Qingzang Plateau.

The construction of China's overseas parks is an important platform for production capacity cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative. Exploring the driving mechanism and benefit level of the "one zone with multiple parks" development model of China-EU business and logistics cooperation parks will help to reveal the specific operation mechanism of trade-oriented overseas parks, and provide scientific basis for the high-quality development of overseas parks in the future. It will help to reveal the specific operation mechanism of trade-oriented overseas parks and provide a scientific basis for the future high-quality development of overseas parks. This study identified the contribution of the China-EU business and logistics park to China-Hungary bilateral trade. It then constructed the framework of "one zone with multiple parks" model, examined the linkage and coupling mechanism between multiple parks and multiple parks and neighboring regions, and analyzed the input-output efficiency of the park in recent years by using data envelopment analysis. The study found that: 1) The fluctuation of the proportion of the trade volume of the park in the total trade volume of China-Hungary was significant from 2017 to 2023, and the commodity structure of China-Hungary trade was concentrated. 2) Under the "one zone and multiple parks" model, after the Chinese products entered the park, the logistics park distributed the goods to Hungary and even to various European countries. The exhibition center responded to the feedback of European businessmen's demand with business exhibitions, and promoted the formation of Chinese brand spillover effect. The multiple parks were coupled through the interaction of commerce drive, logistics distribution, and service guarantee links. 3) The comprehensive efficiency and scale efficiency of the park fluctuated obviously from 2017 to 2023, and the technological efficiency was generally higher. Accordingly, this study proposed key measures to promote the high-quality development of the park, such as adjusting the input-output structure, avoiding economic and geopolitical risks, and improving the level of data security. The conclusions of the study are of theoretical and practical significance for improving the research on the type of overseas parks and the popularization and application of the model of "one zone with multiple parks".

Cooperative innovation in the photovoltaic industry among global cities is a crucial cornerstone for sustainable development worldwide. Examining the evolution of innovation cooperation networks among global cities and the changing status of Chinese cities holds significant strategic importance for the development of strategic emerging industries and the enhancement of cities' status. Based on the patent cooperation data from 2000 to 2022, this study constructed innovation cooperation networks among 1382 global cities. Considering the life cycle of photovoltaic products, and using complex network analysis methods, this study elucidated the topological structure and spatial change of the global intercity photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation networks. Then, the changing status of Chinese cities was revealed. The results show that: 1) With the technology of the photovoltaic industry evolving from nascent stage to rapid growth and then to maturity and stability, the intensity of global photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation first grew and then became stable. 2) The global photovoltaic innovation cooperation network exhibited a pronounced spatial clustering, primarily concentrated in the eastern United States, Western Europe, and East Asia. The innovation network has transitioned from a "few-core dominance" centered on cities in the United States and Japan to a "multi-core interconnected" structure, gradually evolving into innovation clusters dominated by cities in China, India, Europe, and the United States. 3) City scale and innovation level had a significant positive impact on the intensity of photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation of cities. The carbon reduction policy had a strong driving effect on photovoltaic industry innovation in the early stage, but later showed a diminishing marginal effect. 4) Cities in China, represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Shenzhen, have shown a continuous upward trend in their betweenness centrality and weighted centrality within networks. They have gradually transitioned from primarily importing technology to establishing mutually beneficial relationships in technology with domestic and international partners, ultimately evolving into technology exporters. Understanding the spatiotemporal change of the global photovoltaic industry innovation cooperation networks and the changing status of Chinese cities within it holds significant promise. It is expected to promote the restructuring of the photovoltaic industrial chain and the reconfiguration of the value chain. This, in turn, can reshape the spatial pattern of strategic emerging industries and regional innovation activities.

China is currently undergoing a pivotal transition towards an innovation-driven economy, and there is an urgent need for universities to play a more significant role in regional innovation. A systematic review of the relevant theoretical and empirical studies in Western economic geography can provide a scientific basis for China to further clarify the functions of universities in the innovation system and to formulate regional innovation strategies. In this study, the role of universities in regional innovation was first conceptualized from six dimensions: human capital, knowledge transfer, knowledge brokers, entrepreneurial activities, engagement patterns, and innovation effects. These dimensions stem from the three missions of universities, namely teaching, research, and regional development. Second, we analyzed the dominant channels, spatial scales, influencing factors, and corresponding policy implications of universities' engagement in regional innovation by reviewing six theoretical frameworks—the linear innovation model and university knowledge spillover, the nonlinear interactive innovation model and relational university, the regional innovation system and regional innovation system university, the triple helix and entrepreneurial university, the adaptive response and engaged university, and the innovation network and broker university. The contributions of these theoretical frameworks to the study of the six dimensions were then compared. Third, the applicability of three empirical methods—case studies, econometric modeling, and social network analysis—was evaluated in terms of their suitability for conducting research on the six dimensions. Fourth, research frontiers were outlined in terms of the channel complexity and regional heterogeneity of universities' external impacts, and the optimization of theories and methodologies for assessing the role of universities. The extant literature on the theoretical frameworks that inform our understanding of the role of universities in regional innovation presents three major trends: 1) Intellectual property activities in universities have been progressively emphasized, with the objective of emulating the successful practices of a few exemplary universities. 2) The third mission of universities is being expanded by key theoretical frameworks dedicated to meeting the development needs of the host region. 3) Functional distances of universities that influence external regions are gradually being superseded by a regional scale, with the aim of enabling universities to serve local development. Theoretical frameworks on this topic are closely related to development strategies and innovation policy adjustments across countries. Additionally, our findings indicate that the three empirical methods have been extensively employed to investigate the role of universities in regional innovation. However, it is evident that none of these methods can fully address the six dimensions of research simultaneously. Case studies are frequently used to examine engagement patterns, while econometric models offer distinct advantages in the analysis of knowledge transfer and innovation effects. Social network analysis is also gaining prominence in the examination of knowledge transfer and knowledge brokers. As in Western universities and regions, intellectual property activities have become the primary means of knowledge and technology transfer in universities in China. However, the contribution of Chinese universities to regional innovation remains limited. In light of these findings, future research should focus on the Chinese context and regional differences, employing a combination of empirical methods to examine the role of universities in regional innovation.

Humanistic geography and behavioral geography represent two pivotal schools of thought within human geography, each possessing distinct theoretical and methodological foundations. Despite their significant potential for mutual enrichment, scholarly discourse, particularly within some regional academic contexts, has not fully explored the inherent complementarity between these two paradigms. This article offers a comparative study of their leading proponents, Yi-Fu Tuan for Humanistic Geography and Torsten Hägerstrand for Behavioral Geography, whose seminal works have profoundly influenced geography and cognate disciplines. Employing a tripartite analytical framework that examines representative figures-school characteristics-methodological system, this study meticulously compared their academic trajectories, core theoretical propositions, and methodological approaches. It specifically endeavored to uncover the humanistic undercurrents within Hägerstrand's time geography and to scrutinize the behavioral dimensions underpinning Tuan's experiential perspective. This comparative lens allowed for a nuanced analysis of each school's characteristics, thereby elucidating their critical distinctions and, more importantly, their areas of convergence. Both schools emerged from a shared critique of the "rational economic man" assumption prevalent during the quantitative revolution, instead emphasizing the intricate interplay of human behavior, emotion, and lived experience of place. In doing so, they introduced vital human-centered dimensions to geographical inquiry. A multi-dimensional analysis—encompassing ontological foci, philosophical foundations, epistemological stances, research methodologies, and practical applications—reveals significant compatibilities and potential synergies. The concept of "home", a profound concern for both scholars, serves as a compelling unifying thread, highlighting their shared commitment to understanding the deep meanings of place and human dwelling. This dialogue between Humanistic and Behavioral Geography not only facilitates theoretical cross-fertilization but also promises to stimulate new theoretical innovations. The article concludes by advocating for continued and strengthened exchanges among diverse schools within geography. Such inter-paradigmatic dialogues are essential for identifying the unique methodological value of each school, exploring fruitful integrations of ideas, theories, and methods, and ultimately propelling the ongoing development of the geographical discipline.

Promoting the spatial and temporal adaptation of the cultural system and tourism system along the Long March Route is helpful for facilitating the orderly flow and optimal allocation of cultural and tourism production factors along the Long March Route, and it is of great significance to promote the high-quality development of cultural and tourism integration along the Long March Route and optimize the Long March National Cultural Park strategy. Taking 15 provinces within the scope of the construction of the Long March National Cultural Park as the research sample, this study constructed an evaluation indicator system for the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route, and comprehensively used the adaptability evaluation model, coupling coordination model, kernel density estimation, obstacle degree model, and optimal parameter geographical detector to analyze the characteristics of change of the integration development driven by the spatiotemporal adaptation of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route from 2013 to 2022 and its mechanism. The key findings include: 1) The adaptation and integration levels of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route showed a high degree of convergence in the spatial and temporal dimensions. With the dynamic adjustment and collaborative optimization of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route, the integration level of culture and tourism in the region has shown a significant continuous deepening, which confirms the key driving role of system adaptability in the deep integration of culture and tourism. 2) The obstacles faced by the culture-tourism system in the process of adaptation showed significant differences. The driving factor analysis showed that talent reserve and financial support are the core leading forces to shape the adaptation pattern of the culture-tourism system, and industrial structure optimization and innovation potential mining played an important supporting role, jointly promoting the dynamic adaptation and coordinated development of the culture-tourism system. 3) The development of the integration of culture and tourism driven by the adaptation of the culture-tourism system along the Long March Route is essentially a process of wave-like advance and spiral rise, following the logical mechanism of "external drive-internal response-dynamic adjustment-deepening integration". That is, the external driving factors first break the original balance of the system and trigger the internal response mechanism; through dynamic adjustment paths such as resource integration and factor reorganization, system structure optimization and function upgrading are promoted, and finally the integration of culture and tourism is realized from primary coordination to deep integration.

The construction and development of museums is an important area for China to promote the strategy of building a strong cultural nation and the high-quality integration of culture and tourism. In the era of new media, the involvement of various media continues to deepen the media transformation process of museum space. The Henan Museum is a representative case of museum construction in the era of new media, providing vivid samples for exploring the mediatization of space in specific regional and local contexts. This article focused on spatial research from the perspective of media by constructing an analytical framework for the mediatization of space from the perspectives of media geography, including spatial embodiment, spatial platformization, and spatial intermediation. It explored and deconstructed the process of mediatization of space practice and development trajectory of the Henan Museum. The research found that the Henan Museum has enriched the public's embodied experience and transformed their perception of museum space through scene design and various technological media; By creating high-quality local and virtual platforms through rich interactive activities and various online official media, the interactive relationship between the public and museum spaces has been restructured; Through the integration of ancient and modern art and the exchange of world cultures, the temporal and spatial framework of museum space has been rebuilt, becoming the core field of "super temporal narratives" and "cross regional interconnections". The mediatization of space is a continuous process of technological penetration and spatial feedback, and the mediatization of space process of the Henan Museum validates the applicability of the analytical framework in this study. This study also calls for increased attention from the academic community to the subject of museums, while strengthening the exploration of the mediatization of space in different regions and types of spatial contexts. This is of great significance for further promoting the integration of media geography with the practical needs of Chinese cultural tourism.

The development of digital media has transformed traditional human-environment relationships, as specific narratives and story scenarios within media continuously attract people to visit destinations. Some traditional villages have become Internet-famous check-in spots through the viral dissemination of digital media. However, more traditional villages remain marginalized due to their lack of discursive power in daily spatial representation, raising questions about how they can leverage digital media to gain modern recognition. This study took Taipan Village in Guizhou Province as a case to analyze how multiple actors present and shape this traditional settlement in four dimensions from the digital media perspective: representational change, relational construction, local practices, and power dynamics. The findings reveal that: 1) The spatial representation of traditional villages evolved in phases around media events. 2) The construction of digital-real relationships facilitated consensus on meanings. 3) Individual remote and on-site practices co-created localized symbolic representations. 4) Power dynamics created tension between digital capital operation and local identity preservation, steering development toward sustainability. The research expanded application scenarios for media geography, illuminated the place-making process of traditional villages, and provided insights for innovative and sustainable development of traditional settlements in the digital media era.

The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in precipitation are efficient tracers for identifying regional precipitation processes. Analyzing the changes in stable isotopes of atmospheric precipitation helps quantify the complex regional precipitation processes under climate change. Therefore, based on data from 767 precipitation events at six sites in the monsoon marginal zone from 2019 to 2024 and taking the Wei River source area as an example, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of precipitation isotopes and their influencing factors. The results show that: 1) Precipitation isotopes are enriched during the monsoon period and depleted during the non-monsoon period; the spatial pattern shows higher values in the north and lower values in the south. The local meteoric water line indicates that the precipitation isotopes in this area are significantly affected by evaporation below the clouds, but the influence of the monsoon in Weinan is stronger. 2) In Weibei, the δ¹⁸O of precipitation during the monsoon period is dominated by the precipitation amount effect, while in the non-monsoon period it shifts to the temperature effect, and both temperature and precipitation amount effects are insignificant in Weinan; the correlation between convective activity during the monsoon period and precipitation δ¹⁸O is stronger than that during the non-monsoon period, with the cumulative time decreasing from 3-6 days to 1-2 days; the altitude gradient change rate ranges from -0.0043‰/m to -0.0048‰/m, reflecting a significant altitude effect. 3) During the monsoon period, precipitation is mainly influenced by both the southeast monsoon and the westerlies, while in the non-monsoon period, it is primarily influenced by the westerlies carrying water vapor (59.74%); Weinan is more influenced by the southeast monsoon (24.59%) and water vapor from the Tibetan Plateau (31.56%), and the influence of vegetation coverage and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are higher in Weinan than in Weibei, which is more conducive to local water vapor recirculation. This study provides a reference for understanding the precipitation mechanisms in monsoon marginal zones and for water resource management in arid and semiarid regions.

With the penetration of digitalization in the field of environmental activities, digital platforms that use gamification design to motivate daily pro-environmental behavior emerge. Based on the perspective of Nature 2.0 in human geography under the "digital turn", this study took Ant Forest as an example and adopted mixed qualitative research techniques including the walkthrough method, in-depth interview, and diary recording to explore the logic and function of platform gamification design, the spatiotemporal process of users' platform practice, and the construction of "human-platform-environment" relationship. We found that the Ant Forest platform attempts to motivate pro-environmental behavior in daily space through environmental protection in natural space based on gamified design. Ant Forest users embed platform practices in the small interstitial of their spatiotemporal activities, integrating them into their daily lives. The "human-platform-environment" relationship constructed by this process presents the characteristics of "connection" and "fracture". By narrowing the psychological distance between users and natural space, and mobilizing their support and participation in environmental protection, platform practice establishes a connection between users and environmental protection in natural space. However, the tendency of platform practices to follow the trend based on daily habits, rhythms, and considerations of everyday factors, as well as the contradictions inherent in the platform's gamified design, still lead to fracture between platform practices and the pro-environmental behavior of daily space. Through the discussion of this case study, this study expands the research content of human geography around digitalized environmental activities, highlights the outstanding value of combining spatial processes to understand this emerging phenomenon, and also inspires the academic community, policymakers, and managers to treat carefully the actual environmental significance of using gamification design on digital platforms to motivate pro-environmental behaviors.

The rapid development of online food delivery services is profoundly shaping urban dining spaces. However, most current studies measure the growth of delivery services from a city-wide perspective and focus on single dimensions, with few studies conducting multidimensional analyses at the neighborhood level. Taking Nanjing City as a case study and drawing on multiple data sources, this research applied spatial statistical analysis methods and found the following: Firstly, at the neighborhood level, the density, diversity, and accessibility of online food delivery services exhibit a gradient spatial distribution pattern, with better development in the central area of the main city. Notably, compared to other two sub-cities, the Dongshan sub-city's central area forms clusters of neighborhoods with "high-high" concentrations of online food delivery services across all three dimensions. Secondly, the development of online delivery services is still influenced by various factors. Both population density and road network density consistently have a positive impact on the density, diversity, and accessibility of delivery services. Neighborhoods located closer to the city center tend to have higher delivery service density and diversity. Those with higher housing prices have access to more diverse delivery options. Additionally, neighborhoods with better accessibility to educational facilities also tend to enjoy higher delivery service accessibility. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of online delivery services at the neighborhood scale, offering support for the formulation of strategies to optimize food service facility planning.

Under the background of population decline, the number of cities in China with shrinking urban population continues to increase, posing challenges to the allocation of urban construction land resources. This study, based on multi-source population and land use data and taking Northeast China as a case example, constructed a hierarchical constraint plus multi-scenario simulation forecasting method to predict urban population changes from 2020 to 2035. It further identified construction land development risks from the perspectives of "static coordination" and "dynamic adaptation", proposing ideas for optimized land allocation. The study found that: 1) Urban population forecasts reveal a continued decline in Northeast China, with a growing number and intensifying severity of shrinking cities. The spatial pattern exhibits a clear "core growth-peripheral shrinkage" characteristic, with resource-based and old-industrial cities facing particularly severe shrinkage. 2) Urban population changes show diverse types, with differentiated pressures on land allocation transformation, dominated by "deepening shrinkage" and "falling into shrinkage" types, and significant interprovincial differences. 3) The region is characterized mainly by "static scale redundancy" and "insufficient dynamic adaptation" in the human-land relationship, with widespread redundancy in prefecture-level cities' construction land and most cities still following expansion-based land allocation patterns at the baseline period. 4) Risk identification of construction land highlights deep-seated conflicts; different levels of land allocation risks exist in 30 shrinking cities. High-risk cities form a "land-asset decline cycle" and urgently need to explore "value pathways" within "land reduction". By constructing a systematic logical framework linking population forecasting and land use risk, this study innovated population prediction methods and provided a comprehensive diagnosis of land use risks, offering valuable exploration for guiding optimized construction land allocation in shrinking cities.

The coordinated development between digitization and greenization is of great significance in accelerating the formation of new quality productivity and promoting the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. On the basis of constructing an analytical framework and evaluation indicator system, this study examined the spatial-temporal change of the coordinated development between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in 2012-2021 by using the longitudinal and transversal pull-difference method, coupling and coordination model, and ESDA (exploring spatial data analysis), and identified its spatial spillover effect by using the SDM (spatial Durbin model). The results show that: 1) From the perspective of time series change, the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration had steadily increased, from nearly uncoordinated at the beginning of the period to an medium level of coordination, and the transfer of state had the effect of path dependence, which makes it difficult to achieve high-quality coordinated development in a short period of time. 2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration presented a coastal-riverside-inland stepped decline pattern, and at the city level it showed a core-periphery and "V"-shaped distribution. In terms of spatial correlation, the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration showed significant local agglomeration characteristics. High-high type was mainly concentrated in the Shanghai metropolitan area, and low-low type was mainly distributed in Anhui Province. 3) The SDM regression showed that the coordinated development level between digitization and greenization in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration had a significant positive spatial spillover effect, and economic development and scientific and technological innovation were the main sources of the positive spatial spillover effect. The spatial spillover effect showed an inverted "U-shaped" pattern of increase followed by decrease with distance, reaching a maximum at 300 km. Therefore, in the future, we should strengthen the two-way co-progressive effect of digitalization and greening, break down the institutional barriers that impede the flow of digital and green factors and resources, expand the spatial spillover boundaries for the coordinated development of the two, and boost the high-quality integrated development in the Yangtze River Delta region.

With the transformation of urban rail transit station areas from serving transportation transit functions to performing urban service functions, it is highly relevant to examine the relationship between their built environment and spatial vitality. Taking the subway station areas of the four central districts of Guangzhou City as an example, this study clarified the distribution characteristics of spatial vitality based on subdivided station area units. It optimized the built environment variable system relying on the extended "node-place" theory, and employed the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and SHAP explanation model to measure the impact of built environment variables on spatial vitality in station areas and their heterogeneity. The results reveal the following: 1) The overall level of spatial vitality in station areas exhibits a pattern of low vitality surrounding high vitality spaces, with high vitality station units showing a clustered scatter distribution, primarily concentrated in the core zones of the stations. 2) Variables related to the place dimension have a significantly greater impact than those concerning the connection and node dimensions. The density of consumer-related points-of-interest (POI) has the most significant impact on spatial vitality in the station areas, and there are notable interaction effects between multiple variables. 3) Within the stations' buffer zones, the impact of different built environment variables on spatial vitality in the station areas is significantly heterogeneous, with limited supporting effects of the built environment on spatial vitality for most station area units. This study provides some insights and recommendations for enhancing spatial vitality in station areas and promoting the sustainable development of urban rail transit.