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Research Progress on Economy Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity LIU Jianguo, LI Guoping, ZHANG Juntao PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2011, 30 (10): 1263-1275.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.10.009 Abstract （1118）      PDF （536KB）（1138）       Knowledge map    TFP (Total factor productivity), a hot topic in today’s academia, is an important concept in the field of economic growth. In recent years，the study has been changed from the single measurement of labor productivity and capital productivity to the integrative measurement of total factor productivity. Moreover, the use of some new models and methods has also promoted the study of productivity onto an absolutely new height. The article systematically sorts out the research progress on total factor productivity at home and abroad, from the aspect of theoretical approaches and empirical research. It is found that there is some insufficiency in the existing research. Firstly，the theoretical study on total factor productivity is still inadequate. Secondly, there are relatively few studies on systematical and comprehensive empirical research on urban economy efficiency. Thirdly, the study on the policy system study for enhancing the economic efficiency is relatively weak. Finally the research method is not innovative. The paper also proposes the possible research directions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(79) CSCD(5)

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Measures of subjective well-being: a review Fenglong WANG, Donggen WANG PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2015, 34 (4): 482-493.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.04.010 Abstract （1829）   HTML （24）    PDF （834KB）（1727）       Knowledge map    In recent years, subjective well-being has attracted increasing attention in psychology, economics, and sociology. Geographical studies on the topic in English language is also growing rapidly. Since measurement is the foundation of empirical studies, this article reviews the major approaches to measuring subjective well-being. We first provide a theoretical framework of subjective well-being, in which two major components are identified: the cognitive component which is mainly known as life satisfaction; and the affective well-being which is usually termed as positive affect and negative affect. Each component can be further divided according to its temporal span. Previous studies mainly adopt self-reported scales to measure different components of subjective well-being, while some facial or ecological indicators are also developed to measure short-term emotions. The self-reported scales are quite flexible and probably provide the most proper insights into individuals' subjectively experienced well-being. These scales can be classified into two types: while the reflective scales select items based on a latent model, the formative scales consider the items as different facets which can be aggregated within an aggregate model or profile model. In general, more reflective scales of subjective well-being have been developed as compared to formative scales. The most widely used scales to measure life satisfaction include the single-item self-anchoring scale and the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale . Some formative scales such as the 8-item Personal Well-Being Index (PWI) were also developed to assess one's global life satisfaction. The most often applied measures of affective well-being include the single-item Gurin scale, the multi-item core affect model, and PANAS. Special methods such as the Experience Sampling Method and Day Reconstruction Method and artificial indicators such as U-index were also developed to measure emotional experiences in activity episodes. The current article also reviews the strengths and weakness of those measures. In order to reduce the biases and errors of measurement caused by respondents'cognitive process and the artificially assigned weights for various sub-domains, the multi-item reflective scales are recommended. However, future studies should develop better understanding of the convergence among various measures of subjective well-being. It is also necessary to pay more attention to the cognitive mechanism of evaluating global well-being and select proper models in empirical analysis. Based on the review of measures of subjective well-being and empirical studies in English literature, this article proposes some important topics and issues for future studies in Chinese human geography. This review article mainly contributes to existing literature by providing a framework to understand and design measures of subjective well-being and introducing some widely adopted scales which are readily available for the Chinese geographers to collect data in future studies. This article also points out that existing studies about smart cities mainly focus on the application of information technologies in the analysis of urban built environment and human activities. However, not many studies have investigated the question to what extent smart cities may promote people's subjective well-being. Therefore, the measures of subjective well-being summarized in this article may provide a pool of indicators to monitor national well-being and facilitate the development of smarter cities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(60)

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The Influence and Strategy of Global Climate Change to Agricultural Geographical Distribution XU Bin, XIN Xiao ping, TANG Hua jun, ZHOU Qin po, CHEN You qi PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    1999, 18 (4): 316-321.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1999.04.004 Abstract （742）      PDF （121KB）（1626）       Knowledge map    The change of greenhouse gases and its contribution to climate change, as well as impact of climate change on geographical distribution of crops in China and in the world are analyzed in the paper. Temperature will increase notably when CO 2 concentration double the present and the trend will be more obvious in northern China. This paper reviewed the influence of climate change on paddy, wheat and maize in different part of China. Adaptive strategy for different types of agricultural production and agro ecosystem in China was given, and diminution strategy such as controlling the discharge of greenhouse gas was also discussed. They include: (1) the strategies and measures of slowing down greenhouse gases discharge, further divided into non industry and industry gases let out. For example, to increase the coverage of vegetation and to control grassland degradation and desertification are non industry methods. And retarding the industry gases let out or traffic vehicles gases discharge belongs to industry method. (2) The adaptive strategies after the greenhouse gases increase include adjusting land use and plant system, improving the agricultural ecological conditions and so on. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(42)

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Land Use System Dynamic Modeling: Literature Review and Future Research Direction in China PEI Bin, PAN Tao PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (9): 1060-1066.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.09.006 Abstract （1562）      PDF （858KB）（975）       Knowledge map    The dynamic inter-relationship of land use/cover change (LUCC) and its environment has been one of the major issues since the LUCC study started in the 1980x. To integrate both processes of land user’s decision making and environmental change to investigate land use system dynamics is one of the feasible approaches to couple physical system and social syetem into a more complicated land use system. Based on the complexity analysis of land use system, this paper summarizes the major research problems in LUCC modeling, including (1) how to analyze the influence of physical characteristics on decision making process, (2) how to quantify the interaction between different user, and (3) how to build regional land use dynamic models. Models are recongnized as one of the powerful methods to study the structure and function of land use system. Till now, few models can truly intergrate the physical subsystem and socio-economic subsystem into more comprehensive models to simulate more realistically the land use change processes. While the agent based modeling (ABM), which considers the spatial dimension and the decision making process of land use change, is more suitable for simulating land use change process on spatial, interactive and multi-scale dimensions. Based on the review of the researches on agent based modeling of land use change, this paper proposes some suggestions for such works in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(28) CSCD(13)

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Urban Network System in Chengdu-Chongqing Region in the Perspective of Advanced Producer Service TAN Yiming, YANG Yongchun, LENG Bingrong, LI Tiantian PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2011, 30 (6): 724-732.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.06.010 Abstract （982）      PDF （825KB）（668）       Knowledge map    Based on the advanced producer service research, we build a quantified matrix which includes all of the 149 companies located in the 17 smallest units for analysis (FUR), and gain the architecture and features of the urban network system of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration by analyzing the value, connectivity, and symmetrically and asymmetrically connected networks. FURs cover most of the prefecture level cities, and the Chongqing Development Economic Zone, and the Western Corridor. The results are drawn as follows. Chengdu and Chongqing Development Economic Zone constitutes a first level dual-core structure in the network of advanced producer services. Mianyang leads a number of connections among other FURs outside the first level. There are tiny differences in position and structure among other cities or regions in the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and they interrelate and develop together. The producer services of Chengdu-Chongqing region is at a preliminary stage and the urban network system based on advanced producer services is still in its infancy. Especially, the cities or regions which have developed economies are not connected and the eonomies in the areas between the regional central cities are underdeveloped. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(28) CSCD(23)

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The Application of GIS in Health Fields ──the Design and Construction of Medical GIS of the Plague in China CHEN Ru gui, YANG Lin sheng, WANG Wu yi PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    1999, 18 (4): 368-372.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1999.04.011 Abstract （1220）      PDF （189KB）（1160）       Knowledge map    The medical GIS has been built by the methods of medical geography and GIS. The temporal and spatial structure of plague and its relations with its environment and economic factors are analysed . Under the quantitative evalution of the plague,the dynamic supervise and forecast models are built. These provide scientific basis for the control of the plague and make a contribution to the construction of geographical information system of the environment and illness in theory and practice. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(24)

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Flood Processes and Channel Responses in Typical Years of the Different Channel Patterns in Neimenggu Reaches of the Upper Yellow River WANG Suiji,FAN Xiaoli PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (4): 501-506.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.04.017 Abstract （675）      PDF （940KB）（578）       Knowledge map    The sedimentation on channel bed in the Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia) reach of the upper Yellow River has been relative severe since the last two decades. Some of researchers expect that artificial flood can erode the channel bed and lower the channel bed. In this work, the discharge-water level hydrographs of the maximal floods that occurred in the typical years have been revealed, and the shapes of the hydrographs include single line, clockwise loop, anticlockwise loop, and complex line plus anticlockwise loop, anticlockwise loop plus line, “8”-shape plus line, nested anticlockwise loop and cross lines. These relations can reflect whether the channel bed is eroded or deposited, when eroded or deposited, and whether the erosion and deposition are iterative. The responses of the Neimenggu channel of the upper Yellow River are different from those at the downstreams. The downward erosion and the depressed channel bed have a braiding channel pattern, the evident upward aggradation has a meandering pattern, and the slight upward aggradation or the balanced erosion-deposition has a straight pattern. This trend is adaptive to the stream power decrease downstreams. The decrease of concentration of suspended sediment downstream is the evidence. Artificial flood can not change the sedimentation trend on the meandering channel bed and can not help people to inhabit in the Hetao plain to avoid the flood hazard. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(18) CSCD(9)

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THE MAIN FIELDS OF STUDY ON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN 21TH CENTURY IN CHINA Wang Wuyi, Li Ribang, Tan Jian’an PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    1997, 16 (1): 11-14.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1997.01.003 Abstract （765）      PDF （263KB）（760）       Knowledge map    The main fields of the study on environment human health and development in 21th Century in China are briefly discussed in the paper. The main fields include: (1) To control the endemic diseases caused by chemical factors in the environment, the protective methods which is applicable to local environmental conditions must be adopted;(2) The risks to human health from contaminants in water, air, food or commercial products have arised more attention, the study of human populations exposed to potential environmental hazards should be developed; (3) Some citizens are more at risk from urbanization due to the change of lifestyle factors, therefore, the way to protect human health in the process of economic development and urbanization should be explored. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(17)

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Accessibility and urban spatial connections of cities in the Silk Road Economic Belt based on land transportation Xiaoshu CAO, Tao LI, Wenyue YANG, Xiaoyan HUANG, Jiangbin YIN, Yongwei LIU, Feiwen LIANG, Wulin WANG, Miaomiao WANG, Huiling CHEN, Baixian ZHANG PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2015, 34 (6): 657-664.   DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.06.001 Abstract （1856）   HTML （18）    PDF （10479KB）（2330）       Knowledge map    Analyzing accessibility and urban spatial connection of the Silk Road Economic Belt is the basis for implementing the strategy of the Silk Road Economic Belt and facilitating cooperation and achieving mutual benefits of the region along the economic belt. Based on GIS spatial analysis technology, the spatial pattern of raster grid accessibility for the Silk Road Economic Belt is studied and the states of urban spatial relation are simulated using land transportation network in this research. The result shows that the spatial distribution of urban accessibility in the Silk Road Economic Belt presents clear spatial characteristics of aggregated distribution along the main corridors. Average accessibility of urban nodes as measured by travel time is 16.25 hours, and the areas accessible within 2 hours occupies 10.6% of the total area. Most of the areas with the lowest accessibility are found in the margins of the deserts, with the worst accessibility of 171 hours. Xi'an as the gateway city connects the five provinces of Northwest China and other countries, regions, and cities of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The spatial connections of Central Asian countries within e national boundaries and with cities outside are relatively weak. The Silk Road Economic Belt is forming four main axes. In the future strategic development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, it should consider to implement a "point-axis" growth structure to drive the development of corridors and central cities (dense urban area). Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(17)

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Reconstruction of MODIS LST Time Series and Comparison with Land Surface Temperature (T) among Observation Stations in the Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau KE Linghong, WANG Zhengxing, SONG Chunqiao, LU Zhenquan PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2011, 30 (7): 819-826.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.07.006 Abstract （1218）      PDF （1108KB）（1504）       Knowledge map    Land surface temperature (RS-LST) derived from remotely sensed data is a good alternative because traditional LST data from meteorological stations have limitations in terms of locality, accessbility and cost. Yet MODIS standard LST products from NASA may suffer from noises from various sources including‘cloud contamination’, which greatly degrade the LST quality and hamper its efficient applications. The paper presents a novel algorithm which can reconstruct complete LST image based on regression analysis of LST with elevation in each sliding window of the original image, after filtering low-quality and unreliable pixels with Quality Asessment (QA) information and Histogram Outliers Removing method. Terra/Aqua MODIS-LST with overall four temperature channels in the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 2008 are reconstructed using this method. Comparison of reconstructed 8-day composite LST data with corresponding landsurface temperature (T) observations from eleven meteorological stations in the study region indicates that LST is significantly correlated with T with an average correlation coefficient of 0.96 and a mean abosolute difference (MAE) of 2.02℃. When aggregated to monthly serials and yearly serials, LSTs and Ts show no significant differences in Paired-T-Test (with MAE of 1.55℃ and 0.60℃, respectively). The differences between LSTs and Ts have certain correlations with their different spatial and temporal definations; however some residual noises existing in the reconstructed LSTs indicate more meticulous algorithem needed to work out more accurate RS-LST data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(14) CSCD(6)

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A Literature Review of Second Residence Tourism: Implication on Mobility Analysis WU Yuefang, XU Honggang PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2012, 31 (6): 799-807.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.06.017 Abstract （1204）      PDF （512KB）（1068）       Knowledge map    The development of second residences and second residence tourism emerges from the macro background of greater mobility and diverse residential choices in post-modern cities. New residential space and physical landscape are created and reshaped by the newly established second residence communities, which in the meantime significantly influence the motivation, perception and behavior of both the residents and tourists in the generating region and destination. The social, cultural and environmental status in the urban areas is experiencing constant changes. From the perspective of mobility, second residence-related mobility can be placed in the broad spectrum from temporary travelling to permanent migration. It is a typical pattern of seasonal migration, which is as changeable as that of individual’s encountering and life path. In the meantime, it provides a new angle of view to investigate into the consumption-oriented tourism migration, in contrast with production-led tourism mobility. However, due to the difficulty in getting access to second residences and the lack of statistics, investigations into second residence tourism and related consequences are still invisible in Chinese scholars’gaze. Based on the analytical framework of mobility, this paper reviews the research development of second residences and second residence tourism from both overseas and domestic scopes. An analytical framework of mobility is constructed with the composition of tourist in-flowing region, tourist out-flowing region, tourism transit and macro background. Further research potentials were also examined in this paper while suggestions were given about alternative data and the change of methodology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(14) CSCD(6)

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The Relationship Between the Urban-rural Income Inequality and Urbanization in West China: A Case Study of Qinghai Province YANG Guo’an,XU Yong PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (8): 961-967.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.08.009 Abstract （942）      PDF （1025KB）（697）       Knowledge map    Abstract: Over the past decade, China has developed very fast. Great achievements have been made almost in every field, especially in urbanization. However, regional difference and urban-rural inequality are still a bottle neck problem for sustainable development. The urban-rural income inequality is evoking a heated discussion in China at present. The study area of this paper is Qinghai Province, a typical western province in China located on the Tibetan Plateau with an average altitude more than 3000 meters above the sea level, and more than half of the province is in arid and semi-arid areas. The urban-rural disparity is higher than the average level and much higher than eastern China. The Granger causality test and cointegration tests have many advantages in time series analysis. This paper uses them to analyze the urban-rural income inequality time series and urbanization time series from 1985 to 2008. By constructing the cointegration tests and error correction model of the urban-rural income inequality time series and urbanization time series, this paper argues that there exists a long term balanced relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and urbanization. The Granger causality tests suggest that the urban-rural income inequality has the Granger-causality with urbanization, but urbanization does not have the Granger-causality with urban-rural income inequality. Urbanization is indeed an important measure to reduce the increasingly urban-rural inequality. But there are many influencing factors in reducing urban-rural disparity, such as historical economic background, scale of central city, geographical environment and natural resources, level of market development, location and transportation, impact of globalization and climate change, quantity and quality of the population and regional development strategy. All of the factors mentioned above will have impacts on the development of urban economy and regional economy in Qinghai Province. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(14)

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Prediction on Ecological Water Demand in the Mainstream of the Tarim River Based on Ecological Restoration GUO Bin, WANG Xinping;, LI Yin|LI Huimin, LI Weihong, ZHAO Ruifeng PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (9): 1121-1128.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.09.015 Abstract （896）      PDF （1404KB）（772）       Knowledge map    In this paper, the ecological water demand in the mainstream of the Tarim River under the current year 2005 was calculated with the quota-area method, the phreatic evaporation method and the groundwater storage quantity change method. The ecological water demands calculated with these methods are 33.89×108 m3, 23.97×108 m3; and 33.07×108 m3;, respectively. In comparison, the reasonable ecological water demand is 30.31×108 m3. Besides, the monthly ecological demand in the mainstream of the Tarim River was acquired on the basis of monthly phreatic evaporation calculated by Aweliyongrufe formula and Qunke formula based on monthly average evaporation (1995-2004) from Aksu, Shaya, Ruche, Luntai, Korla, Yuli and Tikanlik weather stations. Analyzing the monthly ecological water demand, it was found that the ecological water demand in the growing season(from April to October) was 86% of the annual total, with May, June, July and August accpunting for 59% of the annual total. According to the ecological restoration scheme formulated, the ecological water demand of the three target years were forecasted with the quota-area method and the phreatic evaporation method. The reasonable ecological water demand in 2010, 2015 and 2020 are 31.88×108 m3, 34.08×108 m3 and 36.84×108 m3, respectively by averaging the two results. This study provides a scientific basis for optimal allocation of water resources in the Tarim River Basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(11) CSCD(8)

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS Zheng du PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    1997, 16 (1): 6-10.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1997.01.002 Abstract （626）      PDF （192KB）（547）       Knowledge map    Geography can play an important role in implementing the blueprint and planning of the China’s Agenda 21, which includes four parts: overall strategy for sustainable development, sustainable social development, sustainable economic development and sustainable ecological development. According to the object and nature of geography as well as its integrative and regional features, geographers may make efforts in such aspects as the man land relationship coordinating, regional sustainable developemnt, global environmental issues and geographic information technique. With hopes and opportunities, as well as difficulties and challenges, the countermeasures of geography are to keep up with the widespread intergrative trend of modern science, strengthen intergrated research, meet the needs for construction, develop talent for resolving practical problems, promote geographical education and train transcentury high level talents. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(9)

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Comparative Studies on Degree of Adaption of Wheat under Climate Change between Areas South and North of Huaihe River in Henan Province SU Kunhui, YAN Junping, BAI Jing, ZHANG Liwei, WANG Xiaozhe, LI Jianshan, TIAN Qingxia PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2012, (1): 63-71.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.01.009 Abstract （954）      PDF （1292KB）（570）       Knowledge map    Degree of adaption is one of the key components of adaptability processes under climate change. In this paper, we established the concepts and methods of degree of adaption (DA) in order to comparably analyze the DA of wheat in area south and north of the Huaihe River in Henan Province. Results demonstrate that the climate dividing line is not the mainstream areas of Huaihe River, but the largest tributary of the area is located in were the further north, about 300 km away from the original zone. And the spatial variation of DA of winter wheat is approximately distributed around this area. The DA of the area, which is to the south of the dividing line of the Huaihe River, is 62.57%, which is higher than 56.81% in the northern area. Therefore there is still a large space which requires the human regulation and control to adapt the wheat to the climate change. And the pressure on human control in the northern area is greater than in the southern. As regards to the annual change, accompanied by the abrupt climate change in the 1980s, the temperature DA surged but the moisture DA plunged. In the following periods when the climate became stable, DA kept an increasing tendency. However the increasing speed of DA declined in the early 21st century when a plunge trend appeared, indicating that the negative impact on wheat from global warming has become increasingly prominent. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(9) CSCD(7)

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The Characteristics of Urban Spatial Cognitive Distortion in Beijing WANG Maojun, SU Haiwei, HUO Tingting PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (10): 1185-1192.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.10.005 Abstract （859）      PDF （1947KB）（832）       Knowledge map    This article analyzes the spatial cognitive distortion of Beijing residents, and emphatically discusses the systematic distortion and the characteristics of it, in the way of BR and standard deviational ellipse. Three conclusions were obtained as follows: Firstly, the cognition of the informants in the investigated places is clockwise centripetal convergency, presenting the magnet effect, the urban spatial cognition of Beijing residents is clear; the cognitive distortion in the center is smaller than the outlying areas. This can be well explained by urban central attraction of reward hypothesis. Tian'anmen has the core effect of organizing urban spatial cognition of Beijing. Secondly, the systematic distortion in Beijing urban space is smaller, and the regular annular traffic makes the residents’cognition datum lines, leading to a high similarity of topological structure and a distortion effect with small deflection angles, and reflecting the distinct characteristic of Beijing urban spatial structure. Thirdly, in the investigated places of Beijing city, the difference of location cognition is significant. The convergency of outlying areas is smaller than that of the town center, and the convergency in places far away from annular traffic is smaller than that near the annular traffic. The suburbs are more obvious than the town center, suggesting that the places near the annular traffic have more obvious convergency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(9) CSCD(3)

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Review on distributed hydrological modelling software systems Jingchao JIANG, A-Xing ZHU, Chengzhi QIN, Junzhi LIU, Lajiao CHEN, Hui WU PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2014, 33 (8): 1090-1100.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.08.009 Abstract （1491）   HTML （23）    PDF （1503KB）（2404）       Knowledge map    Distributed hydrological modelling software systems are crucial because they provide technical support to the application of distributed hydrological models. Currently, applications of distributed hydrological models have exhibited new characteristics including multi-process synthesis simulation, a wide range of users, and intensive computation. Because of these new characteristics, the existing software systems are facing great challenges with respect to flexibility, usability, and efficiency. This paper reviews existing software systems for distributed hydrological models. Firstly, we analyzed the distributed hydrological modelling applications workflow including model structure determination, parameter extraction, model running, and calibration. The characteristics of existing software systems are discussed: (1) model structure flexibility of the existing software systems is divided into three types: no support of process and algorithm selection, only support of algorithm selection, and support of both process and algorithm selection; (2) parameter extraction methods of the existing software systems are divided into menu/command line and wizard method; (3) computing forms of the existing software systems are divided into parallel computing and serial computing; (4) computing modes of the existing software systems are divided into stand-alone and network mode. Secondly, we summarized the limitations of existing software systems with respect to their flexibility, usability, and efficiency. The limitations include the following: (1) contradiction between model structure flexibility and user knowledge dependence-the more flexible the model structure is, the more knowledge users need to have; (2) the existing methods of parameter extraction are too fussy for non-expert users; (3) the serial and stand-alone softwares usually encounter computing bottleneck as the appliaction scenario is data and/or computing intensive. In the last part of this paper, the emerging trends of distributed hydrological modelling software systems are discussed. These include (1) Modular modelling. The modular development ensures software reuse, but it is not enough when scale or semantic is unmatched, so the ontology knowledge needs to be considered; (2) Intelligent modelling. Using expert knowledge to realize model structure determination and parameter extraction and combining expert knowledge and optimization algorithm to parameter calibration is needed in future work; (3) On-line modelling. The development of cloud computing and network techniques makes on-line modelling practical. In addition, mobile terminals with powerful computing and storage capacity could be potential application platforms. This means that special user interface and data format are needed; (4) Parallel computing. Taking full advantage of new parallel programming standards (CUDA, OpenCL) and exploring the finer granularity parallelizability is an emerging trend. In addition, virtual simulation is another important trend. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(8) CSCD(9)

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Spatial patterns of logistics industry based on a geographic analysis of hotness degree Guoqi LI, Fengjun JIN, Yu CHEN, Sijing LIU PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2015, 34 (5): 629-637.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.05.011 Abstract （2075）   HTML （370）    PDF （5608KB）（16010）       Knowledge map    ：Spatial patterns of logistics industry is formed by the spatial distribution and structure of logistics facilities and enterprises. In order to examine the current situation and change of spatial patterns of logistics industry in China, we put forward the concepts of "logistics hotness degree "and "primacy index of cities." In August 2014, we obtained 80507 samples of logistics hotness degree data at the prefecture level or above in China based on "logistics" key word search using Baidu maps (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). Through establishing an index of logistics hotness degree, the correlation between logistics hotness degree and indicators were analyzed. This article presents the construction of the logistics hotness degree index and demonstrates the effectiveness and validity of Internet-based data on logistics industry. Spatial patterns of logistics industry are analyzed in terms of capacity, level of service, and spatial influence at the prefecture,provincial, metropolitan area, and economic zone scales. We explored the impact of economic development and logistics park construction on the evolution of the spatial patterns of logistics industry. Logistics centers were identified and compared to the national and regional logistics hub cities designated in the "Logistics Industry Restructuring and Revitalization Plan" issued by the State Council and the "National Logistics Park Development Planning" issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and 11 other ministries. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: the logistics hotness degree information is a comprehensive representation of logistics facilities and logistics enterprises.It is highly correlated with GDP, number of primary industry corporation units in transportation, warehousing, and postal services. Economic development level is highly correlated with logistics industry development. The spatial layout of logistics facilities and enterprises is significant correlated with industrial demand and their locations in the transport system; and it increasingly influenced by the of consumption demand and distribution and socioeconomic conditions of population. In the eastern coastal region of China, logistics industry distribution shows the spatial characteristics of "single-center and multiple sub-centers" or "multiple-centers and multiple sub-centers." In the central and western regions, however, the spatial pattern of distribution is characterized by "single -centers," which shows a clear regional difference from the coastal region. The result of this research may provide some guidance for logistics plann ing and logistics industrial policy of the central and regional governments for the thirteenth Five-Year Plan period and beyond. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(7)

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The Environmental Problems in Urban Fringes of the Metropolitan Area and the Countermeasures:A Case Study of Fangshan District of Beijing TAN Minghong,RAN Shenghong,MA Suhua PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (4): 422-426.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.04.005 Abstract （778）      PDF （1054KB）（640）       Knowledge map    The urban fringe area is the main region to which urban population and industries moves outwards. As a result, built-up areas expand quickly, and land use changes are dramatic in these areas. Furthermore, the area is adjacent to the large built-up area, and has the similar living style and industrial structure to those of urban areas, which may bring more waste compared with remote rural villages. At the same time, the basic infrastructure is poor in this area. So, the Environmental problems are very serious and sensitive. Fangshan district is located in the southwestern part of Beijing, and is one of typical urban fringes. The Environmental problems of the district discussed in this paper include those related to the processes of land use, use of water resources, the exploitation of mineral resource, and the development of tourism. To solve these problems, corresponding measures are put forward. The research may provide a reference for the study of Environmental problems in urban fringes of big cities. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(6)

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The Model Analysis of Decision Support System for Economic Development and Environmental Protection ZHANG Xiao dong, CHI Tian he PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    1999, 18 (4): 306-315.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1999.04.003 Abstract （727）      PDF （364KB）（864）       Knowledge map    Model system is the most important part of the DSS. The key point of Decision Support System for Economic Development and Environmental Protection is that the change of the environment is caused by the economic development. Analyses show that different policy systems bring different economic state, and different economic states result in different environmental state characters. Firstly, according to the principle, the model system shows the policy classification including object layer, decision layer and state layer. Secondly, the logic model between economic development and environmental protection is introduced. For the more, the main models are put forward on three levels including assessment model, analysis model and decision model. At the end of the paper, the structure of the DSS and the running process of the model are displayed. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(5)

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Transformation of economic and technological development zones in the context of new urbanization: a case study of the Guangzhou Private Science and Technology Park Zongcai WEI, Kaiyong WANG, Tingting CHEN PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2015, 34 (9): 1195-1208.   DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.09.012 Abstract （1226）   HTML （12）    PDF （5616KB）（1983）       Knowledge map    The National New Urbanization Planning (2014-2020) is regarded as the top institutional policy design to deal with urbanization-related issues at the national level. With the deepening of the reform and opening-up, policy advantages of economic and technological development zones have been gradually diminishing, and their comprehensive competitiveness and vitality have dropped. Using a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews and based on the analysis of different interest groups, this research found that the development of the Private Science and Technology Park not only promotes the transformation from low-level urbanization to new urbanization for implementing the national new urbanization policy, but also should put forward development strategies to move from "manufacture" to "innovation" , so as to reshape the competitiveness and transformation from manufacture to innovative industry. This article may provide some references for the sustainable development of Chinese economic and technological development zones in the transitional age. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(4)

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Research on Coordination Degrees of Industry-Resources-Environment in Guangdong and Guangxi YANG Wei,JIN Fengjun,WANG Chengjin PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (8): 913-919.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.08.003 Abstract （905）      PDF （551KB）（637）       Knowledge map    This paper designed an indicator system of industry-resource-environment and calculated the evaluation index of industry-resource and environment for the 35 cities in Guangdong and Guangxi based on the projection pursuit method. The coordination of industry-resource-environment of those cities was analyzed and appraized based on the coordination degree calculation model. The obtained results included the following aspexts. (1) There was significant correlation and significant difference of industrial development, resources consumption and industrial pollution among the 35 cities in Guangdong and Guangxi. Also, industries in the cities of Guangdong were much more developed than those of Guangxi, and the intensity of industrial pollution and resources consumption in the cities of Guangdong was higher than those of Guangxi. (2) There was a negative correlation between industry-resource-environment coordination and economy development, that is to say, the higher the economy development level, the worse the industry-resource-environment coordination. The difference was evident in the coordination of the 35 cities. The coordination in Guangxi was better than that in Guangdong, with the Pearl River Delta having the worst coordination. The difference was not obvious in the city coordination in Guangxi, while that in Guangdong was distinct. (3) Coordination was relative, and there was no absolute standard for industry-resource-environment coordination. Coordination should be analyzed combined with the real situation in a certain region. Although the coordination in Guangxi was better, it was still at a relatively low level. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(4)

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The Inspiration of Japanese National Land Development on the West Exploitation in China ZHANG Wen zhong PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2000, 19 (3): 251-258.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2000.03.008 Abstract （659）      PDF （296KB）（575）       Knowledge map    The plan of Japanese national land development played a positive role on solving the problems such as the regional economic difference, the industrial space distribution, the development of outlying districts and the environmental protection.\;In this paper, on the basis of the comments and summarize the successful experiences of Japanese national development, four main problems needed to be pay attention in the west exploitation in China were presented as follow. First, it’s important to draw up a clear development goal and a feasible development pattern, in addition, through legislative formality to ensure the implementation of the exploitation plan. Second, give full play the part of the public capital and private capital in the west exploitation. Third, bring about a great advance in the development of middle and small cities in the west. Fourth, correctly handle the problems of resources, environment and natural calamity in the west exploitation. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(4)

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Review on spatial interpolation methods of temperature data from meteorological stations Yuechen LI, Zhiming HE, Chunxia LIU PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2014, 33 (8): 1019-1028.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.08.002 Abstract （1206）   HTML （14）    PDF （537KB）（1776）       Knowledge map    Spatial interpolation is an important method for creating spatial representation of temperature in geographic and ecological research and is important for supplying fine resolution temperature data for ecological models. This paper reviews existing spatial interpolation research of meteorological factors and compares a number of interpolation methods, including global interpolators (trend surfaces and regression models), local interpolators (inverse distance weighting, gradient plus inverse distance squares method, PRISM, splines, ANUSPLIN), geostatistical methods (Ordinary Kriging, Co-kriging), and mixed methods (combined global, local, and geostatistical methods). These methods are commonly used for the spatial interpolation of temperature data. The aim of this study is to explore the suitability and inadequacies of these methods in order to provide references for future research involving spatial interpolation of temperature data. It also attempts to explore ways to improve the application of the various methods. The comparison of these methods shows that each method has its own strength in particular applications. There is no universal method suitable for all practical applications. In practice, specific geographical characteristics of the study area must be considered and tests should be done to determine the suitability of specific methods. In order to achieve optimal interpolation result of regional temperature, parameters of the methods should be adapted based on actual geographical conditions. Global interpolation and geostatistical methods can be applied to study global trends. Local interpolation based on distance similarity principle does not apply to global trends simulation. Mixed methods are able to combine advantages of global interpolation, local interpolation, and geostatistics, and improve the simulation accuracy. Mixed methods and PRISM and ANUSPLIN are more suitable for application under complex terrain conditions. In future research, integration of various temperature spatial interpolation methods will improve, and more mixed methods combining global, local, and geostatistical methods will be created. Methods based on the physical distribution characteristics of temperature and combined with GIS technology will be prevalent. In order to improve the simulation accuracy of temperature in microscopic details, introduction of additional factors, such as terrain, will be an important future trend. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(4) CSCD(13)

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Impact of Xiaolangdi Water Conservation Project on Deposition Reduction of the Huanghe River Estuary YOU Liang yuan PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2000, 19 (2): 142-149.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2000.02.007 Abstract （1029）      PDF （287KB）（490）       Knowledge map    Xiaolangdi Water conservation project is the largest one in the Huanghe River. It changes the oncoming water and sediment process of the Lower Huanghe River and consequently, the deposition of the Huanghe River Estuary. Using obtained experimental formulas, this paper gets the following results:\;1. Comparing with the situation without Xiaolangdi project, deposition volume decreases at the first utilization stage, and then deposition volume is restored at the second utilization stage. Besides, the deposition volume is also depended on different discharge level of the Xiaolangdi reservoir.\;2. Global warming and human activities impact on deposition volume of the Huanghe River Estuary. If the water and soil conservation works are continuously increased with the normal speed, in addition to Xiaolangdi project, it is possible to make a good deposition volume reduction, which is better than that under only Xiaolangdi project.\;3. The river mouth spit is also related to oncoming water and sediment, consequently, to Xiaolangdi project. The Changing amplitude of the river mouth spit at the second utilization stage of Xiaolangdi project is faster than that of the first utilization stage. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(3) CSCD(3)

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Progress in soundscape studies from the perspective of cultural geography LIU Aili, LIU Fucheng, DENG Zhiyong, LIU Min, YAO Changhong PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2014, 33 (11): 1452-1461.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.11.003 Abstract （1484）   HTML （25）    PDF （1181KB）（2261）       Knowledge map    With the development of cultural geography, sensory geography represented by soundscape and auditory geography has become an important subfield of cultural geography. However, reviews of related research show that sound phenomenon and soundscape have not been paid enough attention by cultural geographers. Out of the need of research of cultural geography on sound phenomenon and soundscape, this article introduces the concept and related framework of "soundscape" to expand the perspective of cultural geography. The article first elaborates on the significance of studying sound phenomenon and soundscape by reviewing the previous research of cultural geography both within China and abroad. Three temporal and spatial characteristics of sound phenomenon are identified: (1) Sound is produced in certain place and on certain time spot; (2) Sound is broadcast and distributed from one space to another, therefore, spatiality is one of sound's inherent attributes; (3) Sound together with the environment in which it exists forms a certain cultural symbiosis phenomenon, which means sound could reflect the social and cultural meanings of local communities and regions. Second, related literature of soundscape studies is reviewed from the perspective of cultural geography in six aspects. Third, distinctive differences are identified in sound research between Chinese and Western scholars. Chinese scholars mainly use music geography as a theoretical basis to conduct studies on sound phenomenon, while Western scholars borrow the concept of soundscape to analyze relationships among sound, listeners, and the native environment that produces sound. Bearing these differences in mind, this article makes a systematic review of literature on soundscape, with the hope of providing detailed and effective guidance on future Chinese study on sound phenomenon under the framework of soundscape. The conclusions of this article include two parts: (1) Sensory geography including hearing, smell, touch, memory, and so on will become an important subfields of cultural geography. The innovation of research subjects, perspectives, and methodologies of sensory geography will ultimately facilitate the enrichment of cultural geography's theoretical framework. Cultural geographers in China have not paid much attention to the study of sound phenomenon, even on music geography. The system and framework of music geography still need consistent research by cultural geographers to reach its maturity. Apart from music geography, Western scholars have conducted research on sound systematically from the perspective of soundscape. Through introducing the concept of soundscape and methodology of soundscape study in the West, the emergence and development of soundscape research in China will benefit studies of cultural geography on sound phenomenon. (2) The review on the progress in soundscape research, that is, the temporal and spatial characteristics of soundscape, the relationship between soundscape and sense of space, the relationship between soundscape and well-being, the socio-cultural implications of soundscape, the application of soundscape in geography practice, and music geography, provides detailed information about how to use soundscape to study sound phenomenon, especially in the fields of recreation management and landscape planning. This will be instrumental to the study of soundscape by cultural geography in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(3) CSCD(2)

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Spatial Behavior and Its Driving Mechanism of the Minority Migrations: A Case Study of the Hui and Dongxiang Ethnic Groups, Lanzhou City GAO Xiang,YU Tengfei,SONG Xiangkui,CHENG Huibo PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2010, 29 (6): 716-724.   DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.06.011 Abstract （970）      PDF （1707KB）（649）       Knowledge map    The paper discusses the spatial behaviors and driving mechanism of the ethnic migrations based on extensive field investigation and GIS spatial analysis, taking Hui and Dongxiang ethnic groups in Lanzhou as examples. It is concluded that: (1) The source of minority migration in Lanzhou has a distribution pattern of spatial aggregation. Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County are the main sources, accounting for 56.47% of the total. (2) It has the characteristics of “living around the temple, working around the temple”. The spatial living pattern of “big gethering and small groups” has been formed to meet the needs of survival and adaptation in urban areas. (3) In the driving forces of minority migration, there are “the pushing forces” such as geographical environment, and socioeconomic gradient caused by regional differences and “the pulling forces” such as urban agglomeration and diffusion, traffic accessibility, the homogeneity of ethnic groups in different regions and the convenience of religious activities. The research results have an important practical significance for promoting the harmonious development of urban ethnic relations, urban planning, population management and community development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(2)

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Multi-objective evaluation of urban transportation efficiency:Take Beijing as an example Jue JI, Xiaolu GAO, Xingchen LIU PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2016, 35 (1): 118-125.   DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.01.013 Abstract （813）   HTML （15）    PDF （2013KB）（2121）       Knowledge map    With rapid urbanization, huge populations concentrate in cities, greatly increasing the environmental pressure of urban systems. Improving convenience of travel and at the same time reducing its negative effects on the environment, such as mitigating carbon emissions, is the key objective of present and future sustainable urban transportation development and important indicators of urban transportation efficiency. This research adopted a multi-objective evaluation method to evaluate transportation efficiency, including quantitative models for estimating carbon emission and convenience of travel and integrated methods of carbon emission and transport convenience. The six central urban districts in Beijing were chosen as our study area to test the evaluation method and explore mechanisms of transportation efficiency. The results show that transportation efficiency in Beijing differs between the central city and the outside areas. The efficiency is lower outside the 5th ring road, and higher inside the 3rd ring road. Especially, there are several centers of high and low transportation efficiency areas. The high efficiency centers are located in (1) the Gongzhufen-Wukesong area around the west 3rd and 4th ring roads; (2) the Anzhen Bridge area near the north 3rd ring road; and (3) the Sanlitun area near the east 3rd ring road. The low efficiency centers are located in the suburban areas, such as along the northwest 6th ring road, some areas between the 5th and 6th ring road in the southwest, and the Changying area outside the 5th ring road in the east. Besides, the spatial differences of transportation efficiency in Beijing have a close relationship with the geographic context. High carbon emission is the main cause of low transportation efficiency; this is particularly true in the areas where luxury-villas are located, and where public transportation service provision is insufficient. High proportion of car usage and long commuting distance are the main causes of high carbon emission. In the future, the construction of public transportation, especially the optimization of the subway system development, will improve the spatial distribution of transportation efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(1)

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Spatial accessibility analysis of primary schools at the county level based on the improved potential model:A case study of Xiantao City, Hubei Province Pengfei TANG, Jingjing XIANG, Jing LUO, Guolei CHEN PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2017, 36 (6): 697-708.   DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.06.005 Abstract （1477）   HTML （14）    PDF （8724KB）（1672）       Knowledge map    Spatial accessibility is an important index to evaluate the configuration of educational facilities, and potential model is an important method to measure the accessibility of educational facilities. This study improved the potential model from two aspects: by introducing the factor of primary school service ability, and constructing the school influence factor by considering the influence of schools with different grades of service capability and local residents' travel time limit. Based on the data of Xiantao City in Hubei Province by the end of 2010 on primary schools, residents, traffic network, and so on, the improved potential model was applied to assess the variation of spatial accessibility to primary schools in Xiantao City. The results show that: (1) At the village-level settlement scale, the spatial accessibility of primary schools for the residents is universally high at township centers and along transport corridors, and shows a distance attenuation effect at certain radius, but the spatial accessibility of primary schools at settlements between townships is relatively low. (2) At the township scale, the towns with higher spatial accessibility are mainly distributed in the northern area along the G318 road. (3) The improved potential model could reasonably evaluate the spatial accessibility of primary schools in each rural settlement and township. Also, when the value of friction coefficient (β) is set as 2, the educational resources available for rural residents can be reflected more accurately, and this provides a reference for the decision making by relevant government departments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(1) CSCD(9)

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Spatial structure change and optimization strategies of innovation linkage among the cities in Guangdong Province Huixuan ZHANG, Qing LIU, Guicai LI PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY    2016, 35 (8): 952-962.   DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.08.004 Abstract （874）   HTML （12）    PDF （6893KB）（1703）       Knowledge map    Research on innovation linkages of cities has an important significance for revealing characteristics of innovative spatial structure and forming strategies for regional innovation development. This article uses a spatial interaction model to measure the spatial structure of innovation linkages among 21 cities in Guangdong Province in 2003 and 2012, with the aim to reveal the change of the spatial structure. Strategies for the development and optimization of spatial structure of innovation linkages in Guangdong Province are discussed based on data analysis and principles of urban spatial organization. The article concludes that the spatial structure of innovation linkages in Guangdong province shows a new "core-periphery" structure and the Pearl River Delta cities are at the core of this structure, which shows a weakening and differentiation trend compared to the past. The overall degree of network linkage is enhanced, and there is a tendency of anti-polarization in periphery regions of the Pearl River Delta. From 2003 to 2012, the number of innovation center cities dropped from 6 to 5. Both radiation range and direction of innovation center cities experienced some changes, and innovative radiation intensity showed a "strong-strong combination" pattern. In the future, the existing spatial pattern of innovation linkages should be optimized and regional polycentric network innovative pattern should be built on the regional scale. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(1)