PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (12): 2105-2117.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.12.012
• Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
LI Qunji1(), WANG Ling'en2,*(
)
Received:
2020-07-07
Revised:
2020-09-24
Online:
2020-12-28
Published:
2021-02-28
Contact:
WANG Ling'en
E-mail:liqunji86@163.com;wangle@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
LI Qunji, WANG Ling'en. Conflicts and coordination of tourism resource use in protected areas in China[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(12): 2105-2117.
Tab.1
Pattern of use of tourism resources in protected areas"
类型 | 功能分区 | 资源开发利用方式 | 依据 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
自然保护区 | 核心区 | 严格保护,禁止任何单位和个人进入,以保护天然状态的生态系统以及珍稀、濒危动植物为主要利用模式 | ①《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》(1994年) ②《国家级自然保护区总体规划大纲》(2002年) ③《自然保护区生态旅游规划技术规程》(2006年) | ||||
缓冲区 | 限制性开发利用,禁止开展旅游和生产经营活动,以科学研究观测活动为主 | ||||||
实验区 | 生态旅游区 | 游览区 | 适度利用,不得建设污染环境、破坏资源或者景观的生产设施;野外观景、游憩活动 | ||||
景观生态 保育区 | 适度利用,不得建设污染环境、破坏资源或者景观的生产设施;涵养水源、保持水土、维护旅游区生态环境 | ||||||
服务区 | 管理服务机构、服务接待设施 | ||||||
风景名胜区 | 特别保存区 | 除必需的科研、监测和防护设施外,严禁建设任何建筑设施,实施重点保护、涵养与维护 | ①《中华人民共和国风景名胜区条例》(2006年) ②《风景名胜区规划规范》(1999年) | ||||
风景恢复区 | 限制各类建设和人为活动,以恢复、修复、培育、抚育生态与景观环境 | ||||||
风景游览区 | 控制建设,合理安排旅游服务设施和相关建设,区内建设要与风景环境相协调 | ||||||
旅游服务区 | |||||||
发展控制区 | |||||||
森林公园 | 生态保育区 | 严格保护,不进行开发建设、不对游客开放,以生态保护修复为主 | ①《中华人民共和国森林法》(1984年) ②《国家级森林公园总体规划规范》(2012年) ③《国家级森林公园管理办法》(2011年) | ||||
核心景观区 | 限制开发利用,可建设必要的保护、解说、游览、休憩和安全、环卫、景区管护站等设施 | ||||||
一般游憩区 | 适度开发利用,可开展旅游活动,允许规划少量旅游公路、停车场、宣教设施、娱乐设施、景区管护站及小规模的餐饮点、购物亭等 | ||||||
管理服务区 | 适度开发利用,建设满足森林公园管理和旅游接待服务需要的接待服务设施 | ||||||
地质公园 | 地质遗迹保护区 | 特级保护区 | 不允许观光游客进入,只允许开展保护与科研活动 | ①《地质遗迹保护管理规定》(1995年) ②《国家地质公园规划编制技术要求》(2010年) ③《国家地质公园建设标准》(2013年) | |||
一级保护区 | 修建必要的游赏步道和相关设施,严禁机动交通工具进入 | ||||||
二级保护区 | 允许设立少量地学旅游服务设施,且各项建设和设施要与景观环境协调 | ||||||
三级保护区 | |||||||
科普教育区 | 公园博物馆、科普电影馆(影视厅)、地质科普广场一般设于此区 | ||||||
游客服务区 | 发展与旅游产业相关的服务业,控制其他产业,不允许发展污染环境、破坏景观的产业 | ||||||
自然生态区、游览区、公园管理区、居民点保留区、门区 | 未特别说明 | ||||||
水利风景区 | 保护区 | 生态保护区 | 原则上游人不得进入,配备必要的安全防护和环保设施 | ①《水利风景区管理办法》(2004年) ②《水利风景区规划编制导则》(2010年) | |||
历史景观区 | |||||||
游览区 | 开展适当游览活动 | ||||||
服务区 | 提供旅游接待服务设施 | ||||||
管理区 | 建筑等与风景区环境相协调 | ||||||
出入口区 | 水利风景区标识物及出入口建设 | ||||||
湿地公园 | 保育区 | 开展必要的保护、监测、科研等保护管理活动 | ①《国家湿地公园管理办法》(2010年) ②《国家湿地公园总体规划导则》(2010年) | ||||
恢复重建区 | 培育和恢复湿地 | ||||||
合理利用区 | 生态旅游、科普教育 | ||||||
海洋特别保护区 | 重点保护区 | 严格的保护制度,禁止实施各种与保护无关的工程建设活动 | ①《海洋特别保护区管理办法》(2012年) ②《海洋特别保护区 功能分区和总体规划编制技术导则》(2009年) | ||||
预留区 | 严格控制人为干扰 | ||||||
生态与资源恢复区 | 修复海洋生态、资源与关键生境 | ||||||
适度利用区 | 在确保海洋生态系统安全的前提下,适度利用海洋资源,发展生态旅游、生态养殖等海洋生态产业 |
[1] | 李群, 于法稳, 沙涛, 等. 生态治理蓝皮书: 中国生态治理发展报告(2019—2020) [M]// 毛显强, 高玉冰. 全国生态保护修复现状、存在问题及对策. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2019: 63-68. |
[ Li Qun, Yu Fawen, Sha Tao, et al. Blue book ecological governance: China ecological governance development report (2019-2020)// Mao Xian-qiang, Gao Yubing. The status quo, existing problems and countermeasures of ecological protection and restoration in China. Beijing, China: Social Science Literature Press, 2019: 63-68. ] | |
[2] | Krutilla J V. Conservation reconsidered[J]. American Economic Review, 1967,57(4):777-786. |
[3] | Nash R. The value of wilderness[J]. Environmental Review, 1976,1(3):14-25. |
[4] | 张海霞, 张旭亮. 自然遗产地国家公园模式发展的影响因素与空间扩散[J]. 自然资源学报, 2012,27(4):705-712. |
[ Zhang Haixia, Zhang Xuliang. Driving factors and spatial diffusion for the development of national park model for natural heritage sites. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012,27(4):705-712. ] | |
[5] | Lunney D, Pressey B, Archer M, et al. Integrating ecology and economics: Illustrating the need to resolve the conflicts of space and time[J]. Ecological Economics, 1997,23(2):135-143. |
[6] | 周睿, 钟林生, 刘家明, 等. 中国国家公园体系构建方法研究: 以自然保护区为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016,38(4):577-587. |
[ Zhou Rui, Zhong Linsheng, Liu Jiaming, et al. Establishing a national park category system in China. Resources Science, 2016,38(4):577-587. ] | |
[7] | 张书颖, 刘家明, 朱鹤, 等. 国外生态旅游研究进展及启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018,37(9):45-59. |
[ Zhang Shu-ying, Liu Jiaming, Zhu He, et al. Review of progress in international research on ecotourism and implications. Progress in Geography, 2018,37(9):45-59. ] | |
[8] | Eagles P F, Mccool S F, Haynes C D, et al. Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management[M]. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 2002: 44-47. |
[9] | Butzmann E, Job H. Developing a typology of sustainable protected area tourism products[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2017,25(12):1736-1755. |
[10] |
Budowski G. Tourism and environmental conservation: Conflict, coexistence, or symbiosis?[J]. Environmental Conservation, 1976,3(1):27-31.
doi: 10.1017/S0376892900017707 |
[11] |
Mckercher B, Ho P S, Du Cros H. Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management: Evidence from Hong Kong[J]. Tourism Management, 2005,26(4):539-548.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.018 |
[12] | Leslie D. Tourism and conservation in national parks[J]. Tourism Management, 1986,7(1):52-56. |
[13] | Job H, Becken S, Lane B. Protected Areas in a neoliberal world and the role of tourism in supporting conservation and sustainable development: An assessment of strategic planning, zoning, impact monitoring, and tourism management at natural world heritage sites[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2017,25(12):1697-1718. |
[14] | Puhakka R, Pitkänen K, Siikamäki P. The health and well-being impacts of protected areas in Finland[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2017,25(12):1830-1847. |
[15] | Libosada Jr C M. Business or leisure? Economic development and resource protection—Concepts and practices in sustainable ecotourism[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2009,52(7):390-394. |
[16] | Goodwin H J, Swingland I R. Ecotourism, biodiversity and local development[J]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1996,5(3):275-276. |
[17] | Eagles P F. Research priorities in park tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2014,22(4):528-549. |
[18] | Eagles P F, Mccool S F. Tourism in national parks and protected areas: Planning and management[M]. New York, USA: CABI, 2002: 97-103. |
[19] | Jacob G R, Schreyer R. Conflict in outdoor recreation: A theoretical perspective[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1980,12(4):368-380. |
[20] | 陈孝青. 自然保护区生态旅游开发与保护的关系[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2001,23(6):73-74. |
[ Chen Xiaoqing. Relationship between ecotourism development and protection in nature reserves. Journal of Beijing Forest University, 2001,23(6):73-74. ] | |
[21] | He Z, Qin W, Wang Z, et al. Strategies to solve the problems existing in development of the eco-tourism in nature reserves of China[J]. Ecology & Environment, 2007,16(1):253-256. |
[22] | 郭来喜. 中国生态旅游: 可持续旅游的基石[J]. 地理科学进展, 1997,16(4):1-10. |
[ Guo Laixi. Chinese ecotourism: The foundation of sustainable tourism. Progress in Geography, 1997,16(4):1-10. ] | |
[23] | 解永秋. 我国自然保护区生态旅游的现状及可持续发展的对策[J]. 经济与管理研究, 2007(9):87-90. |
[ Xie Yongqiu. The current situation of ecotourism in nature reserves in China and the countermeasures for sustainable development. Research on Economic and Management, 2007(9):87-90. ] | |
[24] | 张广瑞. 生态旅游的理论与实践[J]. 旅游学刊, 1999,14(1):51-55. |
[ Zhang Guangrui. The theory and practice of ecotourism. Tourism Tribune, 1999,14(1):51-55. ] | |
[25] |
Gimmi U, Schmidt S L, Hawbaker T J, et al. Increasing development in the surroundings of US National Park Service holdings jeopardizes park effectiveness[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2011,92(1):229-239.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.006 pmid: 20875699 |
[26] | 杨锐, 申小莉, 马克平. 关于贯彻落实 “建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系” 的六项建议[J]. 生物多样性, 2019,27(2):137-139. |
[ Yang Rui, Shen Xiaoli, Ma Keping. Recommendations on building up China's National-park-centric protected area system. Biodiversity Science, 2019,27(2):137-139. ] | |
[27] |
Soutullo A. Extent of the global network of terrestrial protected areas[J]. Conservation Biology, 2010,24(2):362-363.
pmid: 20491846 |
[28] |
Jones K R, Venter O, Fuller R A, et al. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure[J]. Science, 2018,360:788-791.
pmid: 29773750 |
[29] | Nyaupane G P, Poudel S. Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(4):1344-1366. |
[30] | 刘玉凯. 目前我国自然保护区及其分布[J]. 资源科学, 1981,3(2):92-96. |
[ Liu Yukai. Current nature reserves and their distribution in China. Resources Science, 1981,3(2):92-96. ] | |
[31] | 国务院. 中华人民共和国自然保护区条例[J]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 1994(24):991-998. |
[ The State Council. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on natural reserves. State Council Bulletin, 1994(24):991-998. ] | |
[32] | 刘隆. 关于合理开发和利用西双版纳资源的調查报告[J]. 经济问题探索, 1982(2):23-26. |
[ Liu Long. Investigation report on rational development and utilization of Xishuangbanna resources. Inquiry into Economic Issues, 1982(2):23-26. ] | |
[33] | 胡舜士. 关于自然保护和自然保护区[J]. 环境科学, 1978(6):35-38. |
[ Hu Shunshi. About nature conservation and nature reserves. Environmental Science, 1978(6):35-38. ] | |
[34] | 周学红, 马建章, 张伟, 等. 珲春自然保护区居民对野猪的容受性及其影响因素分析[J]. 资源科学, 2008,30(6):876-882. |
[ Zhou Xuehong, Ma Jianzhang, Zhang Wei, et al. An investigation of residents' acceptance of wild boar and influencing factors in Hunchun natural reserve. Resources Science, 2008,30(6):876-882. ] | |
[35] | Vedeld P, Jumane A, Wapalila G, et al. Protected areas, poverty and conflicts: A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania[J]. Forest Policy and Economics, 2012,21:20-31. |
[36] | 兰思仁, 陈伟. 发展自然保护区森林生态旅游业的探讨[J]. 林业经济问题, 1996(6):21-24. |
[ Lan Siren, Chen Wei. Discussion on developing forest ecotourism in nature reserves. Issues of Forestry Economics, 1996(6):21-24. ] | |
[37] | 李世东. 中国森林公园资源保护和旅游开发[J]. 资源开发与市场, 1993(3):189-193. |
[ Li Shidong. China forest park resource conservation and tourism development. Resource Development & Market, 1993(3):189-193. ] | |
[38] | 袁兴中, 刘红, 高天刚. 我国自然保护区的生态旅游开发[J]. 生态学杂志, 1995(4):36-40. |
[ Yuan Xingzhong, Liu Hong, Gao Tiangang. Ecotourism development in nature reserves in China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 1995(4):36-40. ] | |
[39] | 崔丽娟, 赵欣胜, 李胜男, 等. 北京市湿地公园发展规划研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2011,27(17):282-289. |
[ Cui Lijuan, Zhao Xinsheng, Li Shengnan, et al. Research on wetland park development planning in Beijing. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011,27(17):282-289. ] | |
[40] | 苏杨. 国家公园发展旅游的方式得到明确: 解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》方案之三(上)[J]. 中国发展观察, 2017(23):55-58. |
[ Su Yang. The way in which national parks develop tourism is clear: Interpretation of the third plan of the "Overall Plan for Establishing National Park System" (I). China Development Observation, 2017(23):55-58. ] | |
[41] | 张希武. 建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系[J]. 林业建设, 2018(5):38-46. |
[ Zhang Xiwu. Establish a natural protected areas system based on national parks. Forestry Construction, 2018(5):38-46. ] | |
[42] | 唐小平, 蒋亚芳, 刘增力, 等. 中国自然保护地体系的顶层设计[J]. 林业资源管理, 2019(3):1-7. |
[ Tang Xiaoping, Jiang Yafang, Liu Zengli, et al. Top-level design of the natural protected area system in China. Forestry Resource Management, 2019(3):1-7. ] | |
[43] | 黄丽玲, 朱强, 陈田. 国外自然保护地分区模式比较及启示[J]. 旅游学刊, 2007,22(3):18-25. |
[ Huang Liling, Zhu Qiang, Chen Tian. Comparison of zoning models in protected natural areas overseas and its enlightenment. Tourism Tribune, 2007,22(3):18-25. ] | |
[44] | 钟林生, 王婧. 我国保护地生态旅游发展现状调查分析[J]. 生态学报, 2011,31(24):7450-7457. |
[ Zhong Linsheng, Wang Jing. Investigation and analysis on situation of ecotourism development in protected areas of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011,31(24) : 7450-7457. ] | |
[45] | 钟林生, 马向远, 曾瑜皙. 中国生态旅游研究进展与展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2016,35(6):679-690. |
[ Zhong linsheng, Ma Xiangyuan, Zeng Yuxi. Progresses and prospects of ecotourism research in China. Progress in Geography, 2016,35(6):679-690. ] | |
[46] | 章尚正, 马贤胜. 旅游资源开发与保护中的制衡机制失衡与政府规制优化[J]. 旅游科学, 2009,23(5):1-7. |
[ Zhang Shangzheng, Ma Xiansheng. The imbalance of the check and balance mechanism in the development and protection of tourism resources and the optimization of government regulations. Tourism Science, 2009,23(5):1-7. ] | |
[47] | Futehally Z. Conservation and development[J]. India International Centre Quarterly, 1982,9(3-4):223-229. |
[48] | 张朝枝. 基于旅游视角的国家公园经营机制改革[J]. 环境保护, 2017,45(14):28-33. |
[ Zhang Chaozhi. Reform of management mechanism of national parks based on Tourism. Environmental Protection, 2017,45(14):28-33. ] | |
[49] | Swarbrooke J. Sustainable tourism management[M]. Wallingford, USA: CABI International, 1999. |
[50] | 宋瑞. 我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2005,15(1):36-41. |
[ Song Rui. On stakeholders of ecotourism: with China as an example. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2005,15(1):36-41. ] | |
[51] | 邓毅, 毛炎. 中国国家公园财政事权划分和资金机制研究 [M]. 北京: 中国环境出版集团, 2018. |
[ Deng Yi, Mao Yan. Research on the division of financial affairs and financial mechanism of China national parks. Beijing, China:China Environmental Science Press, 2018. ] | |
[52] | 吴文智. 我国公共景区政府规制历程及其问题研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 2007,22(11):37-40. |
[ Wu Wenzhi. A study on the government regulation course in China's public scenic areas and its problems. Tourism Tribune, 2007,22(11):37-40. ] | |
[53] | 张昕竹. 自然文化遗产资源的管理体制与改革[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2000,17(9):9-14. |
[ Zhang Xinzhu. Management system and reform of natural and cultural heritage resources. The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2000,17(9):9-14. ] | |
[54] | 邓毅, 高燕, 蒋昕, 等. 中国国家公园体制试点: 地方国有旅游开发公司该何去何从[J]. 环境保护, 2019(7):57-61. |
[ Deng Yi, Gao Yan, Jiang Xin, et al. The national park system pilot in China: Future of the state-owned tourism development companies. Environmental Protection, 2019(7):57-61. ] | |
[55] | 殷洁, 张京祥, 罗小龙. 转型期的中国城市发展与地方政府企业化[J]. 城市问题, 2006(4):36-41. |
[ Yin Jie, Zhang Jingxiang, Luo Xiaolong. China's urban development and local government enterpriseization during the transition period. Urban Problems, 2006(4):36-41. ] | |
[56] | 沈兴兴. 国家级自然保护区治理模式的供给侧结构性改革研究[J]. 湿地科学, 2018,16(1):24-29. |
[ Shen Xingxing. Supply-side structural reform research on governance models of Chinese national nature reserve. Wetland Science, 2018,16(1):24-29. ] | |
[57] |
Karanth K K, Nepal S K. Local residents perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal[J]. Environmental Management, 2012,49(2):372-386.
pmid: 22080427 |
[58] | 曾彩琳. 我国自然保护地居民权利保障法律制度研究[J]. 大连理工大学学报(社会科学版), 2012(3):122-126. |
[ Zeng Cailin. Research on legal system of right protection of residents of nature reserves in china. Journal of Dalian University of Technology (Social science), 2012(3):122-126. ] | |
[59] | Krishna V V, Drucker A G, Pascual U, et al. Estimating compensation payments for on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in developing countries[J]. Ecological Economics, 2013,87:110-123. |
[60] |
Cacho O J, Milne S, Gonzalez R, et al. Benefits and costs of deforestation by smallholders: Implications for forest conservation and climate policy[J]. Ecological Economics, 2014,107:321-332.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.09.012 |
[61] | 王昌海, 温亚利, 时鉴, 等. 基于共生理论视角的秦岭自然保护区与周边社区关系的反思: 以陕西长青国家级自然保护区为例[J]. 西北林学院学报, 2011,26(4):236-240. |
[ Wang Changhai, Wen Yali, Shi Jian, et al. Analysis on introspection of the relationship between nature reserves in Qinling and adjacent community from the perspective of symbiosis theory. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2011,26(4):236-240. ] | |
[62] | Hurwicz L. Optimality and informational efficiency in resource allocation processes [M]// Arrow K J, Karlin S, Suppes P. Mathematical methods in the social sciences Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press, 1960: 27-46. |
[63] | 吴后建, 但新球, 舒勇, 等. 中国国家湿地公园: 现状、挑战和对策[J]. 湿地科学, 2015,13(3):306-314. |
[ Wu Houjian, Dan Xinqiu, Shu Yong, et al. Status quo, challenges and strategies of national wetland parks in China. Wetland Science, 2015,13(3):306-314. ] | |
[64] |
Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons[J]. Science, 1968,162:1243-1248.
pmid: 5699198 |
[65] | 庄鸿飞, 陈君帜, 史建忠, 等. 大熊猫国家公园四川片区自然保护地空间关系对大熊猫分布的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2020,40(7):2347-2359. |
[ Zhuang Hongfei, Chen Junzhi, Shi Jianzhong, et al. Impacts of spatial relationship among protected areas on the distribution of giant panda in Sichuan area of Giant Panda National Park. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020,40(7) : 2347-2359. ] | |
[66] | 肖建华, 周训芳. 自然保护区集体土地管理与社区共管契约[J]. 求索, 2009(2):5-7. |
[ Xiao Jianhua, Zhou Xunfang. Collective land management and community co-management contract in nature reserve. Seeker, 2009(2):5-7. ] | |
[67] | 苏杨, 何思源, 王宇飞, 等. 中国国家公园体制建设研究 [M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2018: 80-83. |
[ Su Yang, He Siyuan, Wang Yufei, et al. Research on China national park system construction. Beijing,: China:Social Science Academic Press, 2018: 80-83. ] | |
[68] | 王灵恩, 钟林生, 成升魁. 旅游消费的资源环境效应研究框架及其作用机理探析[J]. 资源科学, 2016,38(8):1452-1464. |
[ Wang Ling'en, Zhong Linsheng, Cheng Shengkui. Analysis of resource and environmental effects of tourism consumption and mechanisms. Resources Science, 2016,38(8):1452-1464. ] | |
[69] | 杨锐, 钟乐, 赵智聪. 基于消费端的自然保护地指标交易机制: 生态产品价值实现的创新思路[J]. 生态学报, 2020,40(18):1-7. |
[ Yang Rui, Zhong Le, Zhao Zhicong. Research on consumer-based quota trading mechanism of protected areas: An innovative approach to achieve value of ecological products. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020,40(18):1-7. ] | |
[70] |
He G, Chen X, Liu W, et al. Distribution of economic benefits from ecotourism: A case study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China[J]. Environmental Management, 2008,42(6):1017-1025.
doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9214-3 pmid: 18853224 |
[71] | Weckerle C S, Yang Y, Huber F K, et al. People, money, and protected areas: The collection of the caterpillar mushroom ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Southwest China[J]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010,19(9):2685-2698. |
[72] | Ahebwa W M, van der Duim R, Sandbrook C. Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: A policy arrangements approach[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2012,20(3):377-394. |
[73] | 伊格尔斯, 海耶斯, 麦库尔. 保护区可持续旅游: 规划与管理指南 [M]. 吴永波, 王智, 刘燕, 等译. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2005: 117-120. |
[ Eagles P J, Haynes, Mccool. Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and managementTranslated by Wu Yongbo, Wang Zhi, Liu Yan, et al. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2005: 117-120. ] | |
[74] | 吴婧洋, 严利洁, 韩笑, 等. 基于我国现行自然保护地制度构建国家公园管理体系[J]. 城市发展研究, 2018,25(3):20-24. |
[ Wu Jingyang, Yan Lijie, Han Xiao, et al. Research for the management system of national park basing on the system of present natural protection area in China. Urban Development Studies, 2018,25(3):20-24. ] | |
[75] | 唐小平. 中国自然保护领域的历史性变革[J]. 中国土地, 2019(8):9-13. |
[ Tang Xiaoping. Historic changes in the field of nature conservation in China. China Land, 2019(8):9-13. ] | |
[76] | 解钰茜, 曾维华, 马冰然. 基于社会网络分析的全球自然保护地治理模式研究[J]. 生态学报, 2019,39(4):1394-1406. |
[ Xie Yuqian, Zeng Weihua, Ma Bingran. Social network analysis of governance types of global protected areas. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019,39(4):1394-1406. ] | |
[77] | Khan M M. Tourism development and dependency theory: Mass tourism vs. ecotourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997,24(4):988-991. |
|