基于水热变化的青藏高原土壤冻融过程研究进展

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.11.014

Abstract

Abstract:

The freezing and thawing processes of near-surface soil are one of the most significant physical characteristics of the land surface on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), as well as an essential index for estimating the existence and development of the permafrost and reflecting the climate change. The seasonal and diurnal freezing-thawing processes of the near-surface soil cause the changes and even anomalies of water and energy balance between the land and the atmosphere on the TP, and thus significantly affect surface hydrological processes, ecological environment, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and the weather and climate system on the plateau and of the surrounding areas. This article discusses the observational and simulated changes and the impact on the climate by reviewing latest research progress in soil freezing-thawing processes (SFTPs) over the past 20 years. Our review shows that: 1) During a complete annual freezing-thawing cycle, each layer of soil generally experiences four stages: summer thawing period, autumn thawing-freezing period, winter freezing period, and spring thawing-freezing period. Due to the influence of local factors, the SFTPs show differences in the start and end dates, rate, and type of change. 2) Diurnal freezing-thawing cycles show large differences between the permafrost regions and the seasonally frozen regions, which are mainly reflected in the duration of diurnal freezing-thawing cycles. 3) Although different land surface models (LSMs) can well capture the spatiotemporal variations of physical quantity of SFTPs, all of them need to be revised according to the characteristic of LSMs of the TP. 4) Unreasonable freezing-thawing model parameterization schemes can be improved through avoiding the unstable iterative computation and determining the critical freezing-thawing temperature according to the thermodynamic equilibrium equation. According to the review of existing research, adding high-quality observation stations, using satellite remote sensing data to retrieve SFTPs and deepen the coupling of LSMs with regional climate models and global climate models, developing parameterization schemes that are suitable for SFTPs of the TP, and adjusting the model structures can be helpful for the simulation of SFTPs on the TP.

Key words: soil freezing-thawing processes, land surface models, model applicability, parameterized modification, Tibetan Plateau

CHEN Rui, YANG Meixue, WAN Guoning, WANG Xuejia. Soil freezing-thawing processes on the Tibetan Plateau: A review based on hydrothermal dynamics[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(11): 1944-1958.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig.1

Tab.1

Fig.2

Tab.2

Change of surface soil freeze-thaw state obtained by different methods"

时间尺度	研究区	资料来源	冻结起始时间/d	滞后天数/d	融化起始时间/d	提前天数/d	冻结持续时间/d	缩短天数/d	冻结天数/d	缩短天数/d	活动层厚度/m	活动层厚度变化速率/(cm/a)	最大冻结深度/m	最大冻结深度变化速率 /(cm/a)	冻结/融化指数变化速率 /( $℃$ ·d/a)	参考文献
1995—2007年	青藏公路沿线	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.41	7.5	—	—	—	[33]
1988—2007年	青藏高原	遥感资料	—	10.1	—	14.3	—	—	—	33.7	—	—	—	—	—	[62]
2006—2010年	青藏铁路沿线	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.1	6.3	—	—	—	[63]
1981—2010年	青藏高原	模式模拟	290	5.1	107	14.1	182	19.2	—	—	2.01	1.5	2.47	3.4	—	[37, 64]
1980—2007年	青藏高原中部	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.12/12.50	[65]
1954—2006年	黑河流域	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.54/—	[66]
1972—2006年	黑河流域	实测资料	—	7	—	14	—	21	—	—	—	—	—	1960—2007年: 0.4	—	[67]
1990—2015年	北半球	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.3	—	—	—	—	[68]
1960—2014年	三江源	实测资料	—	17.6	—	19.5	—	41.4	—	—	—	—	—	0.398	—	[69]
1970—2000年	中国境内	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.658	0.22	—	[35]
1980—2013年	黑河流域	模式模拟	—	—	—	—	—	—	SFG: 21.4~115.4 PF: 176.8~210	SFG: 9.7~11 PF: 7~13	—	—	—	—	—	[70]
2002—2011年	黄河源区	遥感资料	—	0.9	—	3.1	—	5.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[71]
1980—2013年	青藏高原	模式模拟	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.30	3.1	—	—	—	[72]
1980—2015年	青藏高原	实测资料	—	26	—	14	—	41	—	33	—	—	—	—	—	[73]
1971—2013年	黑河上游	模式模拟	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.43	—	0.32	—	[74]
1965—2014年	黄河源区	模式模拟	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.347	—	[75]
1980—2013年	青藏高原	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.6/13.9	[76]
1981—2018年	青藏公路沿线	实测资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.95	—	—	—	[77]
1901—2015年	北半球	再分析资料	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.58/0.98	[78]
1961—2010年	中国境内	实测资料	—	11	—	17.5	—	29.5	—	24	—	—	—	0.47	—	[79]
1988—2008年	怒江上游	遥感资料	275	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[80]

Tab.2

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Soil freezing-thawing processes on the Tibetan Plateau: A review based on hydrothermal dynamics

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站点名称	土壤深度
站点名称	4 cm	20 cm	40 cm	60 cm	80 cm	100 cm	130 cm	160 cm	200 cm
D66	172	177	182	175	174	177	178	180	185
TUOTUOHE	170	169	171	170	169	165	165	162	157
D110	202	206	206	210	205	202	213	173	180
WADD	200	194			209	209	164
NODA	185	186	182			184	176	172	176
AMDO	184	179	174	177	173	172	163	162	155
MS3608	158	155	162	155	143	147	141	130
MS3637	159	165	148	138	132		95

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