PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (8): 1333-1344.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.08.008
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Received:
2019-08-05
Revised:
2019-10-10
Online:
2020-08-28
Published:
2020-10-28
Supported by:
WEI Zhudeng. Spatio-temporal characteristics of famine and its environmental causes in the Jiangsu-Shanghai region during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(8): 1333-1344.
Tab.1
Grading criteria for famine records"
饥荒等级 | 饥荒程度描述关键词 | 意义 |
---|---|---|
1 | 饥,荒,祲,民艰于食,民乏食(食豆饼糟糠),路有流民(零星),赈济(钱粮)等 | 轻度饥荒:粮食严重短缺;通过缩衣节食或接受救济尚可维持;零星人口流移 |
2 | 大饥,大荒(奇荒,大祲),人食草根树皮、观音土,民不聊生,饥民众多,流亡(乞食)载道,道殣相望,卖儿鬻女,聚众抢夺(成群横索),间有死者 | 中度饥荒:粮食极为短缺;依靠替代性食物、大范围流亡迁徙等现象更为普遍;小范围人口死亡和社会秩序趋于混乱 |
3 | 人相食,饥死、饿死者无算(死者甚众),死者枕藉,死者载道,亘古奇荒,死者数万(有具体数字) | 重度饥荒:粮食极端短缺;人口大量死亡;道德伦理和社会秩序崩溃 |
Tab.2
Temporal characteristics of famines in the Jiangsu and Shanghai region in the Qing Dynasty"
编号 | 时段 | 跨越 年数/a | 饥荒年数/平均时间间隔 | 饥荒县次/年均饥荒县次 | 饥荒指数 /年均饥荒县次 | 饥荒 特点 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
等级1 | 等级2 | 等级3 | 总年数 | 等级1 | 等级2 | 等级3 | 总县次 | |||||
0 | 1644—1911年 | 268 | 208/1.29 | 134/2.00 | 35/7.66 | 221/1.21 | 973/3.63 | 444/1.66 | 70/0.26 | 1487/5.55 | 272.5/1.02 | — |
1 | 1644—1683年 | 40 | 33/1.21 | 31/1.29 | 11/3.64 | 35/1.14 | 138/3.45 | 95/2.38 | 15/0.38 | 248/6.20 | 51.3/1.28 | 多发—偏重 |
2 | 1684—1719年 | 36 | 29/1.24 | 23/1.57 | 2/18.00 | 34/1.06 | 113/3.14 | 49/1.36 | 7/0.19 | 169/4.69 | 30.2/0.84 | 多发—偏轻 |
3 | 1720—1760年 | 41 | 38/1.08 | 24/1.71 | 8/5.13 | 39/1.05 | 292/7.12 | 88/2.15 | 18/0.44 | 398/9.70 | 66.4/1.62 | 多发—偏重 |
4 | 1761—1813年 | 53 | 36/1.47 | 20/2.65 | 3/17.67 | 39/1.36 | 128/2.42 | 69/1.30 | 9/0.17 | 206/3.89 | 38.9/0.73 | 少发—偏轻 |
5 | 1814—1857年 | 44 | 38/1.16 | 21/2.10 | 8/5.50 | 38/1.16 | 173/3.93 | 107/2.43 | 16/0.36 | 296/6.73 | 59.0/1.34 | 多发—偏重 |
6 | 1858—1911年 | 54 | 34/1.59 | 15/3.60 | 3/18.00 | 36/1.50 | 129/2.39 | 36/0.67 | 5/0.09 | 170/3.15 | 26.7/0.49 | 少发—偏轻 |
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