PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (5): 792-803.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.05.008
• Special Column: Crime Geography • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2019-10-01
Revised:
2019-12-03
Online:
2020-05-28
Published:
2020-07-28
Contact:
CHEN Peng
E-mail:chenpeng@ppsuc.edu.cn
Supported by:
ZHU Guanyu, CHEN Peng. Spatial evolution and influencing factors of criminals’ cross-area co-offending network: An example of fraud in Beijing[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(5): 792-803.
Tab.1
Main indicators of social network analysis"
指标名称 | 表达式 | 表达式解释 | 参数解释 |
---|---|---|---|
网络密度(D) | 反映网络中节点之间关系的密集程度 | M表示网络中的边数,Z为网络中节点的数量 | |
聚集系数(C) | 反映图中节点之间聚集成团的程度 | Ei为ki个节点间相互连接的边数 | |
度数中心度(CD) | 反映节点在网络中的重要性程度 | aij为表示社会网络关系的矩阵,节点vi与vj之间有关系则赋值为1,否则为0 | |
中介中心度(CB) | 测量网络中所有最短路径中经过某一节点的数量比例,反映该节点对资源的控制程度 | Njk表示节点vj和vk之间的最短路径条数;Njk(i)表示节点vj和vk之间的最短路径经过节点vi的条数 | |
强度中心度(CS) | 测量节点所有关联的关系的权重的集合,反映节点考虑连接关系权重的重要性程度 | Ni表示节点vi的相邻节点集合;wij表示连接节点vi和节点vj的关系权重 |
Tab.3
Function fitting results of cumulative degree distribution of cross-area co-offending networks"
年份 | 拟合函数 | |
---|---|---|
幂次函数 | 指数函数 | |
2005 | P(k)=2.9562k-1.353,R2=0.9013 | P(k)=0.341e-0.066k,R2=0.6680 |
2010 | P(k)=3.4725k-1.173,R2=0.8809 | P(k)=0.5329e-0.06k,R2=0.8668 |
2014 | P(k)=5.7008k-0.849,R2=0.5741 | P(k)=1.3899e-0.031k,R2=0.8932 |
Tab.4
Statistics of the top 10 regional nodes based on degree centrality"
排序 | 点度中心度 | 中介中心度 | 强度中心度 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005年 | 2010年 | 2014年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2014年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2014年 | |||
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 北京 (85) 齐齐哈尔 (36) 沧州 (23) 牡丹江 (22) 哈尔滨 (21) 菏泽 (19) 保定 (19) 衡水 (18) 呼伦贝尔 (17) 张家口 (17) | 北京 (86) 张家口 (86) 承德 (76) 石家庄 (46) 邯郸 (45) 保定 (38) 沧州 (36) 德州 (35) 信阳 (32) 重庆 (31) | 保定 (133) 张家口 (124) 承德 (118) 北京 (117) 齐齐哈尔 (111) 徐州 (106) 济宁 (105) 沧州 (104) 邢台 (104) 咸阳 (101) | 北京 (0.543) 齐齐哈尔 (0.064) 牡丹江 (0.052) 沧州 (0.048) 衡水 (0.043) 沈阳 (0.040) 南平 (0.026) 太原 (0.025) 广州 (0.025) 邯郸 (0.024) | 北京 (0.275) 张家口 (0.226) 承德 (0.105) 石家庄 (0.062) 保定 (0.048) 沧州 (0.044) 达州 (0.042) 菏泽 (0.041) 信阳 (0.041) 六安 (0.036) | 北京 (0.068) 保定 (0.055) 咸阳 (0.042) 张家口 (0.038) 徐州 (0.036) 湛江 (0.035) 齐齐哈尔 (0.032) 廊坊 (0.024) 河池 (0.024) 承德 (0.024) | 北京 (1612) 衡水 (879) 齐齐哈尔 (870) 德州 (862) 呼伦贝尔 (733) 延边 (700) 南平 (700) 秦皇岛 (301) 保定 (259) 咸宁 (225) | 承德 (669) 北京 (656) 保定 (606) 张家口 (556) 聊城 (465) 沧州 (439) 潜江 (342) 宜昌 (331) 牡丹江 (316) 德州 (306) | 呼伦贝尔 (1378) 绵阳 (1338) 廊坊 (1297) 沧州 (1271) 邯郸 (1244) 鹤岗 (1212) 保定 (270) 北京 (237) 张家口 (229) 齐齐哈尔 (225) |
[1] | Frank O . Statistical estimation of co-offending youth networks [J]. Social Networks, 2001,23(3):203-214. |
[2] | D"Alessio S J, Stolzenberg L . Do cities influence co-offending? [J]. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010,38(4):711-719. |
[3] | Tayebi M A, Bakker L, Glasser U, et al. Locating central actors in co-offending networks[C]// International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis & Mining. Kaohsiung, China, 2011: 171-179. |
[4] | Lindquist M J, Zenou Y. Key players in co-offending networks [R]. IZA Discussion Paper No.8012, 2014. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2409534. |
[5] | Fischer C S . The subculture theory of urbanism: A twentieth-year assessment [J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1995,101:543-577. |
[6] | Mcgloin J M, Sullivan C J, Piquero A R , et al. Investigation the stability of co-offending and co-offenders among a sample of youthful offenders [J]. Criminology, 2010,46(1):155-188. |
[7] | Grund T, Morselli C . Overlapping crime: Stability and specialization of co-offending relationships [J]. Social Network, 2017,51:14-22. |
[8] | Tillyer M S, Tillyer R . Co-offending, violence and situational moderators [J]. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2019,64:52-60. |
[9] | Stevenson R J . The stolen goods market in New South Wales, Australia: An analysis of disposal avenues and tactics [J]. British Journal of Criminology, 2001,41(1):101-118. |
[10] | Antonopoulos G . Cigarette smuggling: A case study of a smuggling network in Greece [J]. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 2006,14(3):239-255. |
[11] | Natarajan M . Understanding the structure of a large heroin distribution network: A quantitative analysis of qualitative data [J]. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2006,22(2):171-192. |
[12] | Kersel M M . Transcending borders: Objects on the move [J]. Archaeologies, 2007,3(2):81-98. |
[13] | Coluccello S, Massey S . Out of Africa: The human trade between Libya and Lampedusa [J]. Trends in Organized Crime, 2007,10(4):77-90. |
[14] | Malm A, Bichler G, Stephanie V D W. Comparing the ties that bind criminal networks: Is blood thicker than water? [J]. Security Journal, 2010,23(1):52-74. |
[15] | Schaefer D R . Youth co-offending networks: An investigation of social and spatial effects [J]. Social Network, 2012,34:141-149. |
[16] | Charette Y, Papachristos A V . The network dynamics of co-offending careers [J]. Social Network, 2017,51:3-13. |
[17] | Zhang S X, Chin K L, Miller J . Women's participation in Chinese transnational human muggling: A gendered market perspective [J]. Criminology, 2007,45(3):699-733. |
[18] | Godson R, Olson W J . International organized crime [J]. Society, 1995,32(2):18-29. |
[19] | Mcillwain J S . Organized crime: A social network approach [J]. Crime Law & Social Change, 1999,32(4):301-323. |
[20] | Tenti V, Morselli C . Group co-offending networks in Italy's illegal drug trade [J]. Crime, Law and Social Change, 2014,62(1):21-44. |
[21] | O'Neill A . International trafficking in women from Central Europe and the NIS [J]. Trends in Organized Crime, 1998,4(2):133-136. |
[22] | Albanese J . White-collar crime in America [M]. Englewood Cliffs, USA: Prentice Hall, 1995. |
[23] | 白晓荣 . 兰州市东乡族外来人口聚落的社会关系研究 [J]. 中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2013,33(2):71-74. |
[ Bai Xiaorong . Study on the social relationship of Dongxiang floating population in Lanzhou. Journal of South- Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2013,33(2):71-74. ] | |
[24] | 李吉和, 杨春娥 . 中、东部地区城市穆斯林外来人口社会关系融入状况: 基于武汉、广州、杭州、宁波的调查 [J]. 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版), 2015,36(5):19-23. |
[ Li Jihe, Yang Chun'e. Integration of social relations among urban Muslim migrants in central and eastern China: Based on a survey in Wuhan, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Ningbo. Journal of Southwest Minzu University (Humanities and Social Science), 2015,36(5):19-23. ] | |
[25] | 陈鹏, 胡啸峰, 瞿珂 . 基于社会网络分析的犯罪人团伙地域关系研究 [J]. 中国刑警学院学报, 2016(2):3-6. |
[ Chen Peng, Hu Xiaofeng, Qu Ke . Research on the regional relationship of criminal groups based on social network analysis. Journal of Criminal Investigation Police University of China, 2016(2):3-6. ] | |
[26] | Chen P, Lu Y . Exploring co-offending networks by considering geographic background: An investigation of electric bicycle thefts in Beijing [J]. The Professional Geographer, 2018,70(1):73-83. |
[27] | 李丹丹, 汪涛, 周辉 . 基于不同时空尺度的知识溢出网络结构特征研究 [J]. 地理科学, 2013,33(10):1180-1187. |
[ Li Dandan, Wang Tao, Zhou Hui . The structural characteristics of knowledge spillover networks based on different spatial and temporal scales. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013,33(10):1180-1187. ] | |
[28] | 刘承良, 管明明, 段德忠 . 中国城际技术转移网络的空间格局及影响因素 [J]. 地理学报, 2018,73(8):70-85. |
[ Liu Chengliang, Guan Mingming, Duan Dezhong . Spatial pattern and influential mechanism of interurban technology transfer network in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(8):70-85. ] | |
[29] | 于谨凯, 马健秋 . 山东半岛城市群经济联系空间格局演变研究 [J]. 地理科学, 2018,38(11):1875-1882. |
[ Yu Jinkai, Ma Jianqiu . Spatial pattern evolution of economic links of urban agglomeration in Shandong Peninsula. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018,38(11):1875-1882. ] | |
[30] | 刘承良, 牛彩澄 . 东北三省城际技术转移网络的空间演化及影响因素 [J]. 地理学报, 2019,74(10):2092-2107. |
[ Liu Chengliang, Niu Caicheng . Spatial evolution and factors of interurban technology transfer network in Northeast China from national to local perspectives. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(10):2092-2107. ] | |
[31] | 赵金丽, 盛彦文, 张璐璐 , 等. 基于细分行业的中国城市群金融网络演化 [J]. 地理学报, 2019,74(4):109-122. |
[ Zhao Jinli, Sheng Yanwen, Zhang Lulu , et al. Evolution of urban agglomeration financial network in China based on subdivision industry. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(4):109-122. ] | |
[32] | 马佳卉, 贺灿飞 . 中间产品贸易网络结构及其演化的影响因素探究: 基于贸易成本视角 [J]. 地理科学进展, 2019,38(10):1607-1620. |
[ Ma Jiahui, He Canfei . Structure and change of international trade network of intermediate goods: From the perspective of trade costs. Progress in Geography, 2019,38(10):1607-1620. ] | |
[33] | Liu C, Xu J, Zhang H . Competitiveness or complementarity? A dynamic network analysis of international agri-trade along the belt and road [J]. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s12061-019-09307-5. |
[34] | 任怡 . 街头诈骗案件的分析与控制对策 [J]. 北京警察学院学报, 2006(4):46-48. |
[ Ren Yi . Analysis and control countermeasures of street fraud cases. Journal of Beijing Police College, 2006(4):46-48. ] | |
[35] | 汤放华, 汤迪莎, 汤慧 , 等. 长江中游城市集群经济网络结构分析 [J]. 地理学报, 2013,68(10):1357-1366. |
[ Tang Fanghua, Tang Disha, Tang Hui , et al. Analysis of the economic network structure of urban agglomerations in the middle Yangtze River. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(10):1357-1366. ] | |
[36] | 刘军 . 整体网分析讲义: UCINET软件实用指南 [M]. 上海: 格致出版社, 2009. |
[ Liu Jun. Lecture on whole network approach: A practical guide to UCINET. Shanghai, China: Truth & Wisdom Press, 2009. ] | |
[37] | 德·诺伊, 安德烈·姆尔, 弗拉迪米尔·巴塔盖尔. 蜘蛛: 社会网络分析技术 [M]. 林枫, 译. 北京: 世界图书出版公司, 2014. |
[ Nooy W, Mrvar A, Batagelj V . Pajek: Social network analysis technology. Translated by Lin Feng. Beijing, China: World Publishing Corporation, 2014. ] | |
[38] | 吴康, 方创琳, 赵渺希 . 中国城市网络的空间组织及其复杂性结构特征 [J]. 地理研究, 2015,34(4):711-728. |
[ Wu Kang, Fang Chuanglin, Zhao Miaoxi . The spatial organization and structure complexity of Chinese intercity networks. Geographical Research, 2015,34(4):711-728. ] | |
[39] | Freeman L C . Centrality in social networks' conceptual clarification [J]. Social Networks, 1979,1(3):215-239. |
[40] | 王诺, 董玲玲, 吴暖 , 等. 蓄意攻击下全球集装箱海运网络脆弱性变化 [J]. 地理学报, 2016,71(2):293-303. |
[ Wang Nuo, Dong Lingling, Wu Nuan , et al. The change of global container shipping network vulnerability under intentional attack. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(2):293-303. ] | |
[41] | 龙冬平, 柳林, 周素红 , 等. 地理学视角下犯罪者行为研究进展 [J]. 地理科学进展, 2017,36(7):886-902. |
[ Long Dongping, Liu Lin, Zhou Suhong , et al. Research progress of criminal behavior from the perspective of geography. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(7):886-902. ] | |
[42] | 严小兵, 焦华富 . 犯罪地理国际研究进展 [J]. 地理科学进展, 2012,31(10):1390-1398. |
[ Yan Xiaobing, Jiao Huafu . A review on the foreign criminal geography research. Progress in Geography, 2012,31(10):1390-1398. ] | |
[43] | 叶鹏飞, 康熙熙, 王鼎 . 流动青年的关系重构与城市融入: 北京市F社区青年汇的案例分析 [J]. 北京青年研究, 2015(1):66-72. |
[ Ye Pengfei, Kang Xixi, Wang Ding . Relationship reconstruction and urban integration of floating youth: A case study about F community youth gathering in Beijing. Beijing Youth Research, 2015(1):66-72. ] | |
[44] | 任义科, 宋连成, 佘瑞芳 , 等. 属性和网络结构双重视角下农民工流动规律研究 [J]. 地理科学进展, 2017,36(8):940-951. |
[ Ren Yike, Song Liancheng, Yu Ruifang , et al. Migrant workers' migration patterns from the dual perspectives of attributes and network structures. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(8):940-951. ] | |
[45] | 姚乐 . 城中村外来人口社会融入研究 [J]. 轻工科技, 2019(6):138-139. |
[ Yao Le . Research on social integration of floating population in urban villages. Guangxi Journal of Light Industry, 2019(6):138-139. ] | |
[46] | 李卒 . 亚文化与广州市外来人口犯罪 [J]. 广州市公安管理干部学院学报, 2001(4):4-12. |
[ Li Zu . Subculture and crime of floating population in Guangzhou. Journal of Guangzhou Police College, 2001(4):4-12. ] | |
[47] | 叶鹏飞 . 探索农民工城市社会融合之路: 基于社会交往“内卷化”的分析 [J]. 城市发展研究, 2012(1):89-93, 117. |
[ Ye Pengfei . Exploring the road of urban social integration of migrant workers: Based on the analysis of integration about social interaction. Urban Studies, 2012(1):89-93, 117. ] | |
[48] | 任九光 . 地域性犯罪群体的概念、成因及预防: 对北京地区外来人口犯罪状况的考察 [J]. 中国人民公安大学学报, 2004(5):149-154. |
[ Ren Jiuguang . The concept, cause and prevention of regional crime group: Investigation on the crime situation of floating population in Beijing. Journal of Chinese People's Public Security University (Social Sciences Edition), 2004(5):149-154. ] | |
[49] | 王明涵, 于莉 . 城市化背景下外来人口的城市融入研究 [J]. 管理观察, 2019(8):89-91, 97. |
[ Wang Minghan, Yu Li . Urban integration of floating population under the background of urbanization. Management Observer, 2019(8):89-91, 97. ] |
|