应对气候变化的城市规划实施效应评估研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.01.012

Abstract

Abstract:

With the changing climate and rapid urban development, megacities and urban agglomerations suffer from frequent extreme weathers caused by high temperature and heavy rain and haze, and ecological and environmental problems become increasingly more prominent. Urban planning in response to climate change is an important means to reduce the negative influence of urban climate, environment, and extreme events, through optimization of land use, spatial structure, road traffic, and greening of urban spaces. This article summarizes the impact mechanisms of urban planning implementation on the climate and the environment and examines the evaluation methods of urban planning implementation effects. In consideration of making urban planning in respond to climate change, we put forward a viewpoint to solving optimization problems with multiple controls, objectives, and constraints based on extreme events index, economic feasibility, and regional applicability. We maintain that it is urgent to conduct impact and adaptation research on urban climate change based on the interactions of climate, environment, and social economic systems, including improving the evaluation methods and constructing the multi-scale integrated assessment system of urban planning effects, in order to realize the green, smart, and resilient urban development strategy with the optimal climate environment and the minimum social and economic costs.

Key words: urban planning, climate change, integrated evaluation, land surface and climate model

XIE Zhenghui, LIU Bin, YAN Xiaodong, MENG Chunlei, XU Xianli, LIU Yu, QIN Peihua, JIA Binghao, XIE Jinbo, LI Ruichao, WANG Longhuan, WANG Yan, CHEN Si. Effects of implementation of urban planning in response to climate change[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(1): 120-131.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1

Tab.1

Urban spatial morphology index"

空间形态指数	量化指标	含义
密度	人口密度	单位面积人口数,表征人口密集程度
	高度变率	建筑物高度标准差,表征垂直方向高度变异性
	平均高度	建筑物平均高度
	平面积指数	$η = ∑ l · w A$ ,其中 $η$ 为平面积指数,l表述单个建筑物长度,w表示单个建筑物宽度,A为地表总面积
	正面积指数	$λ = ∑ i = 1 n w (α) i · h i A$ ,其中 $λ$ 为正面积指数, $w (α) i$ 为建筑物长度与宽度在迎风面上的距离, $h i$ 为建筑物平均高度,A为地表总面积
紧凑度	紧凑度指数	$T = ∑ 1 c Z i · Z j · d 2 (i, j) N (N - 1) / 2$ ,T值的大小反映城市用地空间布局的紧凑程度, $Z i$ 和 $Z j$ 代表任意网格i和j的城市建设用地面积,c为常数,N为网格总数, $d (i, j)$ 为网格间的几何距离
复杂度	形状指数	区域内形状与相同面积的圆或正方形之间的偏离程度,表征形状的复杂程度
复杂度	分形维数	面积与周长的关系式： $D = 2 ln P 4 / ln A$ ,P为周长,A为面积,D为分形维数,表征城市边界形状的复杂性
可达性	交通可达性指数	交通网络中各节点相互作用机会的大小,可简单解释为交通系统中从某一区位到达指定区位的便捷程度
居住区形态	容积率	建筑面积与用地面积的比率,表征用地强度
居住区形态	建筑密度	建筑基底面积与规划建设用地面积的比率,表征用地范围内的空地率与建筑密集程度
扩张性	城市拓展强度指数	各空间单位土地面积对其平均扩展速度进行标准化
扩张性	城市扩张各向异性	城市扩展速度和强度在不同方位上的差异,表征城市扩展的方向态势

Tab.1

Tab.2

Fig.2

Fig.3

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陆面模式	城市规划作用
陆面模式	土地利用	城市用水	能源消耗	空间形态	道路交通	生态绿化
CLM (Community land model)	○		○		○
CoLM (Common land model)	○
CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme)	○
ISBA (Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere land surface model)	○
JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator)	○			○
CAS-LSM (Chinese Academy of Sciences Land Surface model)	○	○	○	○	○
Noah-MP (Noah-Multiparameterization Land Surface Model)	○	○		○		○

Effects of implementation of urban planning in response to climate change

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