森林景观模型研究新进展及其应用

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.01.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Forest landscape models simulate temporal change of forests using spatially referenced data across a broad spatial scale (landscape scale) generally larger than a single forest stand. Spatial interactions between forest stands are a key component of such models. These models can incorporate other spatiotemporal processes such as natural disturbances (e.g., wildfires, hurricanes, outbreaks of native and exotic invasive pests and diseases) and human influences (e.g., harvesting and commercial thinning, planting, fire suppression). The models are increasingly used as tools for studying forest management, ecological assessment, restoration planning, and examining the impact of climate change. In this article, we define forest landscape models and discuss their development, components, and types. We also review commonly used methods and approaches in modeling, their applications, and the strengths and limitations of different forest landscape models. New developments in computer sciences, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing technologies, decision-support systems, and geo-spatial statistics have provided opportunities for developing new generations of forest landscape models that are more valuable in ecological research, restoration planning, and resource management.

Key words: forest landscape change, landscape models, temporal and spatial scales, forest management and planning, resource conservation and restoration, decision-making models

Weimin XI, Erfu DAI, Hongshi HE. Advances in forest landscape modeling: Current research and applications[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 35(1): 35-46.

Figures/Tables 1

Tab.1

A list of forest landscape models: features, key research questions, and applications"

参考文献	模型名称	方法和特点	关键问题与应用范围	空间幅度和解析度	空间交互	动态模型
Andrews (1986)	BEHAVE	火行为预测和森林可燃物模拟的耦合模型	估算森林可燃物与野火扩散方式,用于预测林火的扩散行为并提供有效的林火管理决策	不详	否	否
Baker (1992)	DISPATCH	运用GIS管理空间数据	探讨不同干扰作用和气候变化对美国明尼苏达州景观结构的效应	4000 km²; 200 m栅格	是	否
Bugmann (1996)	ForClim	模块化模型结构;包括较少的生态假设,具体的土壤过程	应用整合环境(ForClim-E),植物(ForClim-P)与土壤(ForClim-S)等模块模拟欧洲阿尔卑斯山区森林结构的长期(约1200年)变化	不详	否	是
Li et al (1997)	ONFIRE	侧重林火特征(如林火风险和林火发生机率等)	模拟加拿大安大略省北部林区不同林火干扰情形对森林景观结构的长期影响	100 km²; 0.01 km 栅格	是	否
Baskent (1997)	LANDMAN	基于GIS的空间数据和景观管理模型	探讨不同的初始景观结构和采伐模式导致的加拿大New Brunswick地区未来森林景观变化	43 km²; 解析度不详	是	是
Liu et al (1998)	FORMOSAIC	整合森林管理策略,有机与无机环境因子的森林生长,建立与死亡动态模型	探讨小尺度热带森林景观空间变化过程与相邻区域生态条件的交互关系	5 km²; 10 m栅格	是	是
Mladenoff et al (1999)	LANDIS	基于JABOWA-FORET林窗与LANDSIM整合的栅格模型	引入概率和空间交互方法模拟森林景观空间变化过程(如演替、森林衰退等),探讨森林景观与干扰(如林火)的交互作用	10~10000 km²	是	是
Sessions et al (1999)	SAFE FORESTS	基于非线性回归和栅格模型	研究火灾动态以及采伐对于内华达山脉森林景观变迁的影响,并应用于对林火、次生林和林木采伐的管理	120 km²; 10~25 km栅格	是	否
Dale et al (1999)	DELTA	基于土地利用GIS的空间数据和生态系动态过程的整合模型	应用概率与空间动态模型探讨人为土地利用政策对改变巴西亚马逊地区森林景观的影响,并估算森林破坏的速率	296 km²; 0.53 km 栅格	是	是
Roberts et al (1999)	LANDISIM	采用种类属性/模糊系统模拟方法;空间解译性模型	模拟美国犹他州国家森林内树种分布与树龄结构于空间与时间上的变化过程	142.5 km²; 解析度不详	是	是
Wimberly et al (2000)	LADS	基于树龄级统计特征的景观模拟模型	模拟美国俄勒冈州沿岸地区森林的历史变化和林火对森林结构和树种组成的长期(约3000年)影响	400~22500 km²;1 km栅格	是	是
Klenner et al (2000)	VDDT/TELSA	空间解译模型;强调森林景观变迁与干扰与森林管理策略的关系	研究加拿大英属哥伦比亚地区森林管理策略与自然干扰作用对森林内生物栖息地发展的影响	62966 km²	是	否
Li et al (2000)	SEM-LAND	空间解译模型;侧重于模拟林火前后森林植被与景观变化	模拟不同林火特征(林火面积,发生频率,周期等)对加拿大中西部森林景观结构的效应	74.32 km²; 0.01 km栅格	是	否
Hargrove et al (2000)	EMBYR	基于GIS空间数据模型	运用概率统计模型模拟大尺度林火,并探讨林火对不同景观结构的影响	625 km²; 50 m栅格	是	是
Gustafson et al (2000)	HARVEST	LANDIS模型的采伐模块	模拟美国东南部美国密苏里州森林在不同采伐方式下森林景观的变化	8.36 km²; 30 m栅格	是	否
Yemshanov et al (2002)	BFOLDS	建立在时变马尔可夫链方法上的矩阵转换模型	研究与预测加拿大北部森林林种长期动态变化趋势,并探讨干扰在其中所起的作用	3.7×10⁴ km²; 0.01 km栅格	是	是
Keane et al (2002)	LANDSUM	空间解译模拟模型	模拟美国西北部不同景观尺度上的植被分布随时间尺度变化	25~5160 km²; 解析度不详	是	是
Pennanen et al (2004)	Q-LAND	LANDIS扩展模型;模型林分尺度和景观尺度过程	整合种子传播方式与林分树木体积,模拟加拿大魁北克地区北方针阔混交林长期(约1500年)演替与景观结构变化	约1 km²;0.01~0.1 km栅格	是	是
Pausas (2006)	FATELAND	整合景观特性,干扰作用与植物分布动态变化的栅格模型	研究林火和景观模式对于群落结构的影响	1 km²; 10 m栅格	是	是
Scheller et al (2007a)	LANDIS-II	LANDIS扩展和升级模型;包括生物量模块	模拟森林演替与干扰交互作用的关系与过程	10⁴ km²; 50 m栅格	是	是
Seidl et al (2012)	iLand	以立地为基础的森林景观干扰模型	模拟景观尺度上森林生态系统的动态变化	100 m栅格	是	是
Wang et al (2014)	LANDIS PRO	新一代LANDIS模型	预测美国中部阔叶森林组成与结构变化,整合了立地与景观过程	90 m栅格	是	是

Tab.1

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Advances in forest landscape modeling: Current research and applications

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