2000-2010年中国退牧还草工程区土地利用/覆被变化

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.07.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Using the 3S (RS, GIS, GPS) technologies, quantitative analysis method of landscape patterns, and the 30 m resolution land use/land cover data, this study examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of land use/land cover change in the grassland restoration areas in China from 2000 to 2010. We apply two parameters land use transfer matrix and land use dynamic degree to explore the speed and regional differentiation of land use change. This study analyzes the characteristics of landscape patterns at the class and landscape levels in the study area and explores the ecological effect of land use pattern and regional ecological processes. The results show that: (1) Grassland, woodland, wetland, farmland, tificial surface, and others were the main landscape types in the study area in the past decade. The ecosystem structure was stable. About 0.37% of the total grassland area in 2000 experienced change in land use/land cover types. The area of woodlands, wetlands, farmlands, and tificial surface expanded. The area of "others" has declined. (2) The dynamic degree of regional land use was less than one percent in the recent ten years. The speed of land use and land cover change was low, and regional differentiation of change between the provinces was small. (3) The matrix of the landscape did not change in the study area. Landscape fragmentation index values decreased progressively; landscape diversity rose continuously; landscape aggregation and continuity decreased slightly; the landscape maintained relative integrity. The grassland restoration program implementation evidently improved the structure and stability of the land use / land cover.

Key words: land use/land cover, landscape pattern, dynamic change, grassland restoration programs, China

Haiyan ZHANG, Jiangwen FAN, Quanqin SHAO. Land use/land cover change in the grassland restoration program areas in China, 2000-2010[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(7): 840-853.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1

Tab.1

Lookup table of land use and land cover types in the area of the grassland restoration programs in China"

代码	Ⅰ级分类	类型含义
1	林地	木本为主的植物群落,其郁闭度不低于20%,高度在0.3 m以上,包括自然、半自然植被,及集约化经营和管理的人工木本植被。二级分类包括常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶灌木林、落叶阔叶灌木林、常绿针叶灌木林、乔木园地、灌木园地、乔木绿地和灌木绿地。
2	草地	一年或多年生的草本植被为主的植物群落,在气候不适应季节地面植被全部死亡;草地覆盖度大于20%以上,高度在3 m以下;乔木林和灌木林的覆盖度分别在20%以下,包括人类对草原保护、放牧、收割等管理状态的土地。二级分类包括草甸、草原、草丛和草本绿地。
3	湿地	一年中水面覆盖在植被区超过2个月或长期在饱和水状态下、在非植被区超过1个月的表面,包括人工的、自然的表面;永久性的、季节性的水面;植被覆盖与非植被覆盖的表面。二级分类包括森林湿地、灌丛湿地、草本湿地、湖泊、水库/坑塘、河流和运河/水渠。
4	耕地	人工种植草本植物,1年内至少播种一次,以收获为目的植被覆盖表面。二级分类包括水田和旱地。
5	人工表面	人工建造的陆地表面,用于城乡居民点、工矿、交通等,不包括期间的水面和植被;由于人工表面常与绿地交叉,在制图单元内,人工表面占到50%以上面积属于该类。二级分类包括居住地、工业用地、交通用地和采矿场。
6	其他	一年最大植被覆盖度小于20%的地表、冰雪。二级分类包括稀疏林、稀疏灌木林、稀疏草地、苔藓/地衣、裸岩、裸土、沙漠/沙地、盐碱地和冰川/永久积雪。

Tab.1

Tab.2

Formulas and description of the landscape pattern indices"

景观指数	公式	公式参变量及描述
斑块数目	$NP = ∑ i = 1 n n i$	$n i$ 为景观类型i的斑块数;NP反映景观格局,用于描述景观异质性和破碎度,衡量目标景观的复杂程度;NP值与景观破碎度成正比,即NP越大,景观破碎度越高,反之景观破碎度越小。
平均斑块面积	$MPS = A NP$	NP为斑块数量;A为评价区域总面积。当MPS值越大时,说明斑块面积越大、斑块个数越少,景观类型的连接性越好。
最大斑块指数	$LPI = max (a ij) j = 1 n A × 100$	$a ij$ 为第i类景观要素第j个斑块的面积;LPI值大小决定了景观的优势类型,可显示各个类型中最大斑块占研究区总面积的百分比,同时也说明某景观中能容纳物种数的多少。
边界密度	$ED = E A × 106$	E为景观中边界总长度;ED反映了各景观类型间相互镶嵌的情况,揭示景观或斑块类型被边界分割的程度;并从边形特征描述景观破碎化程度,边界密度越高说明斑块破碎化程度越高。
平均斑块形状指数	$MSI = ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n (0.25 P ij a ij) N$	当景观中所有斑块均为正方形时,MSI=1;MSI值越大表示斑块的形状越复杂。
蔓延度指数	$CONTAG = 1 + ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 m P i g ij ∑ j = 1 m g ij ? [ln (P i) (g ij ∑ j = 1 m g ij)] 2 ln (m)$	P_i为类型i景观类型占总面积的百分比;g_ij：斑块类型i与类型j之间相邻格网单元数目的比例,下同。用于测量景观是否由多种要素聚集分布,反映景观组分的空间配置特征,当某一个单一类型在景观中占较大比例时,蔓延度指数就大,说明同类型的斑块连接性较高。
香农多样性指数	$SHDI = - ∑ i = 1 m (P i ln P i)$	P_i为类型为i景观类型占总面积的百分比;m为除景观边界出现的,研究区斑块类型的总数,下同。SHDI值越大,说明斑块类型增加或各斑块类型所占面积比例趋于相似,则景观破碎化程度越高。在比较不同时间、空间景观时,该指数能够直观表达景观格局的差异。
香农均匀度指数	$SHEI = - ∑ i = 1 m (P i ln P i) lnm$	SHEI值越趋于1,说明景观中斑块分布越均匀;值越小,则说明景观中少数几种斑块类型占优势。
连接度指数	$CONNECT = ∑ j = k n C ijk n i (n i - 1 2 × 100$	C_ijk为斑块类i中斑块j与斑块k在用户给定阈值距离内的连接值(连接为1,不连接为0),n_i为景观中斑块类i的斑块数。连接度指数记录了给定斑块数下的最大可能连接的百分数。
聚集度指数	$AI = [∑ i = 1 m (g ij g ijmax) × P i] × 100$	$g ijmax$ 为同种斑块类型i的所有像元之间最大邻接数, $g ijm ax$ =Ai-n²,式中,A_i为第i类斑块的总面积,n为正方形的边长。反映不同斑块类型的随机性或聚集程度,其值越大表示同类斑块的聚集度越高。

Tab.2

Fig.2

Tab. 3

Fig.3

Tab.4

Tab.5

Tab.6

Tab.7

Tab. 8

Tab.9

Tab.1

Fig.4

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年份	统计参数	林地	草地	湿地	耕地	人工表面	其他
2000	面积/万km²	33.06	105.24	12.25	13.04	1.07	154.55
2000	比例/%	10.36	32.97	3.84	4.09	0.34	48.42
2005	面积/万km²	33.12	105.40	12.40	13.40	1.20	153.71
2005	比例/%	10.37	33.02	3.88	4.20	0.38	48.15
2010	面积/万km²	33.19	104.85	12.77	13.75	1.37	153.28
2010	比例/%	10.40	32.85	4.00	4.31	0.43	48.02

土地利用/覆被类型	林地	草地	湿地	耕地	人工表面	其他	2005年合计
林地	329405	444	56	521	8	723	331157
草地	262	1045398	727	1675	19	5914	1053995
湿地	31	1129	120705	167	3	1923	123958
耕地	742	3801	287	126887	76	2197	133990
人工表面	51	527	72	438	10599	308	11995
其他	103	1127	625	741	4	1534483	1537083
2000年合计	330594	1052426	122472	130429	10709	1545548	3192178

土地利用/覆被类型	林地	草地	湿地	耕地	人工表面	其他	2010年合计
林地	329817	527	15	522	9	1054	331944
草地	68	1043977	1141	840	27	2481	1048534
湿地	165	3977	122040	187	1	1332	127702
耕地	558	3203	210	131528	135	1826	137460
人工表面	74	695	54	544	11815	508	13690
其他	475	1616	498	369	8	1529882	1532848
2005年合计	331157	1053995	123958	133990	11995	1537083	3192178

土地利用/覆被类型	林地	草地	湿地	耕地	人工表面	其他	2010年合计
林地	328607	794	50	980	15	1498	331944
草地	131	1037537	1527	2063	34	7242	1048534
湿地	173	4728	119405	333	4	3059	127702
耕地	1249	6552	445	125265	169	3780	137460
人工表面	123	1225	129	915	10480	818	13690
其他	311	1590	916	873	7	1529151	1532848
2000年合计	330594	1052426	122472	130429	10709	1545548	3192178

土地利用类型	不同时期土地利用年动态度/%
土地利用类型	2000-2005	2005-2010	2000-2010
林地	0.034	0.048	0.041
草地	0.030	-0.104	-0.037
湿地	0.243	0.604	0.427
耕地	0.546	0.518	0.539
人工表面	2.402	2.826	2.784
其他	-0.110	-0.055	-0.082

Land use/land cover change in the grassland restoration program areas in China, 2000-2010

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区域	不同时期土地利用年动态度/%
区域	2000-2005	2005-2010	2000-2010
内蒙古	0.051	0.063	0.047
四川	0.016	0.026	0.021
云南	0.005	0.761	0.402
西藏	0.024	0.016	0.019
甘肃	0.047	0.056	0.047
青海	0.017	0.013	0.014
宁夏	0.469	0.178	0.294
新疆	0.188	0.154	0.147
区域综合	0.077	0.072	0.065

景观指数	年份	林地	草地	湿地	耕地	人工表面	其他
斑块个数/个	2000	24766	34308	28476	11207	6898	28076
	2005	24831	34172	28362	11109	7536	28072
	2010	24900	33726	29095	10971	8180	28198
平均斑块面积/hm²	2000	1334.87	3067.58	430.09	1163.82	155.25	5504.87
	2005	1333.64	3084.38	437.06	1206.14	159.17	5475.50
	2010	1333.11	3108.98	438.91	3108.98	167.36	5436.02
最大斑块指数/%	2000	0.6585	2.4478	0.0286	0.0767	0.0009	4.3782
	2005	0.6588	2.4468	0.0286	0.0769	0.0011	4.3462
	2010	0.6587	2.4373	0.0288	0.0743	0.0013	4.3166
边缘密度	2000	0.2916	0.7784	0.1605	0.1308	0.0235	0.5474
	2005	0.2923	0.7772	0.1606	0.1316	0.026	0.5493
	2010	0.2935	0.7726	0.1656	0.1317	0.029	0.5511
平均斑块形状指数	2000	1.2153	1.2574	1.1302	1.2334	1.0463	1.2370
	2005	1.2155	1.2567	1.1313	1.233	1.0481	1.2381
	2010	1.2163	1.2566	1.1333	1.2338	1.0528	1.2383

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景观指数	2000年	2005年	2010年
最大斑块指数/%	4.3782	4.3462	4.3166
边缘密度	0.9661	0.9685	0.9718
蔓延度/%	44.9433	44.6799	44.3283
香农多样性指数	1.2267	1.2331	1.2409
香农均匀度指数	0.6846	0.6882	0.6926
聚集度指数/%	76.5996	76.5422	76.4653